设计一个可以定位概要培训讲学.ppt
设计设计一个可以定位概要一个可以定位概要警告：這是個很困難的問題，即使世界頂尖的電腦科學家都還無法解決這個問題1966,Marvin Minsky將發展一個電腦視覺系統當作暑假作業，assign給一個大學部同學做 HISTORY of AI 戳破了一般人認為知覺是很簡單的歷程的想法1982,D Marr根據對腦的知識，發展出一套視覺消息處理的模式19911994,David van Essen發現恆河猴皮質區域有一半以上為視覺區（32個），且彼此密切相連結2022/11/252提示提示人與其他生物對這個問題都有很好的解決方案：人與其他生物對這個問題都有很好的解決方案：他們運用兩個富含感光物質的球狀偵測器來感他們運用兩個富含感光物質的球狀偵測器來感光，頭的兩側還有兩個具有可擺動纖毛的偵測光，頭的兩側還有兩個具有可擺動纖毛的偵測器，皮膚有各種形狀的壓力偵測器，還有化學器，皮膚有各種形狀的壓力偵測器，還有化學偵測器來偵測氣體與固體的氣味偵測器來偵測氣體與固體的氣味偵測器所察覺的刺激還需要一個複雜的電腦加偵測器所察覺的刺激還需要一個複雜的電腦加以分析，人類所使用的電腦是一個具有十以分析，人類所使用的電腦是一個具有十億個神經單元的裝置，我們雖然知道它們億個神經單元的裝置，我們雖然知道它們 彼彼此有密切聯繫，但還有很多未知之處此有密切聯繫，但還有很多未知之處 next 2022/11/253MODERN HISTORY of AI(before 1966)http:/www.aaai.org/AITopics/bbhist.html1956John McCarthy coined the term artificial intelligence as the topic of the Dartmouth Conference,the first conference devoted to the subject.Demonstration of the first running AI program,the Logic Theorist(LT)written by Allen Newell,J.C.Shaw and Herbert Simon(Carnegie Institute of Technology,now Carnegie Mellon University).1957The General Problem Solver(GPS)demonstrated by Newell,Shaw&Simon.1952-62Arthur Samuel(IBM)wrote the first game-playing program,for checkers,2022/11/2541962First industrial robot company,Unimation,founded.1963Thomas Evans program,ANALOGY,written as part of his PhD work at MIT,demonstrated that computers can solve the same analogy problems as are given on IQ tests.1964Danny Bobrows dissertation at MIT(tech.report#1 from MITs AI group,Project MAC),shows that computers can understand natural language well enough to solve algebra word problems correctly.2022/11/2551965J.Alan Robinson invented a mechanical proof procedure,the Resolution Method,which allowed programs to work efficiently with formal logic as a representation language.Joseph Weizenbaum(MIT)built ELIZA,an interactive program that carries on a dialogue in English on any topic.It was a popular toy at AI centers on the ARPA-net when a version that simulated the dialogue of a psychotherapist was programmed.http:/ back2022/11/256知覺是一個歷程知覺是一個歷程2022/11/257刺激遠端刺激(Distalstimulus)vs.近端刺激(Proximalstimulus)物體本身vs.物體在接受器上的影像環境刺激(environmentalstimulus)vs.注意刺激(attendedstimulus)vs.受器上的刺激(stimulusonthereceptor)2022/11/258Figure 1.2 (a)We take the woods as the starting point for our description of the perceptual process.Everything in the woods is the environmental stimulus.(b)Ellen focuses on the moth,which becomes the attended stimulus.2022/11/259轉導(transduction)：一種能量的形式轉變成另一種能量的形式神經處理(Neuralprocessing)Figure 1.3 (a)Transduction occurs when the receptors create electrical energy in response to the light.(b)Tranmission occurs as one neuron activates the next one.(c)This electrical energy is processed through networks of neurons.2022/11/2510Transmission vs.Processing2022/11/2511Figure 1.5 (a)Ellen has conscious perception of the moth.(b)She recognizes the moth.(c)She takes action by walking toward the tree to get a better view.知覺歷程知覺歷程(cont.)(cont.)知覺：看到物體具有意識的感官經驗辨認(Recognition):將物體分門別類，赋予意義eg.失認症行動(Action)：知覺的結果，但也會創造新的知覺知覺在演化上的功能可能不在獲得知覺經驗本身,而是在協助動物獵捕,避免被獵捕,控制運動方向etc.(Goodale,1995)知識(knowledge):將儲存在記憶中的知識用在知覺與辨認由上而下(top-down)或以知識為基礎（knowledge-based）vs.由下而上(bottom-up)或以資料為基礎（data-based）的歷程2022/11/2513Figure 1.6 Perception is determined by an interaction between bottom-up processing,which starts with the image of the receptors,and top-down processing,which brings the observers knowledge into play.In this example,(a)the image of the moth on Ellens retina initiates bottom-up processing,and(b)her prior knowledge of moths contributes to top-down processing.2022/11/2514Figure 1.5,page 8Rat-manCopyright 2002 Wadsworth Group.Wadsworth is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group,a division of Thomson LearningAdapted from“The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets,”by B.R.Bugelski and D.A.Alampay,1961,Canadian Journal of Psychology,15,205-211.Copyright 1961 by the Canadian Psychological Association.Reprinted with permission.2022/11/2515Figure 1.7,page 10Rat-manCopyright 2002 Wadsworth Group.Wadsworth is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group,a division of Thomson LearningAdapted from“The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets,”by B.R.Bugelski and D.A.Alampay,1961,Canadian Journal of Psychology,15,205-211.Copyright 1961 by the Canadian Psychological Association.Reprinted with permission.2022/11/2516Figure 1.9,page 12Rat-manCopyright 2002 Wadsworth Group.Wadsworth is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group,a division of Thomson LearningAdapted from“The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets,”by B.R.Bugelski and D.A.Alampay,1961,Canadian Journal of Psychology,15,205-211.Copyright 1961 by the Canadian Psychological Association.Reprinted with permission.2022/11/2517Figure 1.7,page 10Rat-manCopyright 2002 Wadsworth Group.Wadsworth is an imprint of the Wadsworth Group,a division of Thomson LearningAdapted from“The Role of Frequency in Developing Perceptual Sets,”by B.R.Bugelski and D.A.Alampay,1961,Canadian Journal of Psychology,15,205-211.Copyright 1961 by the Canadian Psychological Association.Reprinted with permission.2022/11/2518歷史及科學的根源歷史及科學的根源哲學亞里斯多德(384-322BC)：所有外在環境的知識是透過感官經驗而獲得五種感官:視、聽、味、嗅、觸經驗主義（十七世紀早期洛克(1632-1704)：心智的內涵是感覺經驗的總和。Berkeley(1685-1753)If a tree falls in the forest but no one is around to hear it,does it make a sound?2022/11/2519物理/生理學在十八世紀，感覺/知覺的問題與生理學及物理學的問題不容易被區隔。直到十九世紀早期，光學的研究仍與視知覺研究混為一談何以產生知覺經驗是物理學的初始問題,而光線 就是用以解釋視覺的一個概念Thomas Young(1773-1829):物理學家，色彩知覺2022/11/2520Sir Isaac Newton(1642-1727)物理學家，色彩知覺Hermann von Helmholtz(1821-1894)生理學家，色彩知覺Ernst Mach(1838-1916)物理學家，視覺對比Wilhem Wundt(1832-1920)醫學與生理學Sensation and perception as interdisciplinary science2022/11/2521知覺研究知覺研究分析層次(levelofanalysis)心理物理(psychophysics)層次知覺與環境物理刺激的關係生理學(physiology)層次刺激與生理歷程關係知覺與生理歷程關係認認知知因因子子(知知識識，期期待待)2022/11/2522PP-心理物理學（心理物理學（psychophysics）PH1,PH2 生理學（生理學（physiology）2022/11/25232022/11/2524知覺要如何測量？知覺要如何測量？對於刺激的知覺反應有幾種方式描述今天中午，學校餐廳有很多人用現象學方法（phenomenologicalmethod）知覺研究的開始辨認-那個拿著涼麵的人是小玉刺激辨認分類作業2022/11/2525偵測感受到幾乎無法察覺的刺激層面，嗅出教室中一絲新油漆的味道絕對閾(absolutethreshold)偵測刺激所需的最小刺激能量GustavFechner在19世紀發展出多種古典心理物理學方法,有三種測量絕對閾的方式極限法(methodoflimits)上升/下降系列取交叉點的平均值CDROMdemo調整法(methodofadjustment)固定刺激法(methodofconstantstimuli)2022/11/2526Figure 1.10 The results of an experiment to determine the threshold using the method of limits.The dashed lines indicate the crossover point for each sequence of stimuli.The threshold-the average of the crossover values-is 98.5 in this experiment.2022/11/2527Figure 1.11 Results of a hypothetical experiment in which the threshold for seeing a light is measured by the method of constant stimuli.The threshold-the intensity at which the light is seen on half of its presentations-is 180 in this experiment.2022/11/2528差異閾(difference threshold,DL differenze limen)/恰辨差(just noticeable difference,JND)可以區辨出二個刺激的最小能量差異Ernst Weber韋伯定律(Webers law)DL/S=KS-標準刺激K-韋伯分數(Webers fraction)顯示心智特性可以被量化測量2022/11/2529Table 1.32022/11/2530量(magnitude)的知覺-S Stevens(1957)發展出量估計（magnitude estimation）法先訂定標準刺激的數值(number),再對每個刺激分派數值反應壓縮與擴張不論感官，知覺的量與刺激強度間關係可以用乘幂定律(Stevens power law)來描述P=KSnlogP=n(logK+logS)=nlogK+nlogS2022/11/2531Fig 1.12,1.132022/11/2532搜尋 找找看小玉有沒有來上課視覺搜尋(visual search)測量反應時間2022/11/2533Response Criterion2022/11/2534此此课课件下件下载载可自行可自行编辑编辑修改，修改，仅仅供参考！供参考！感感谢谢您的支持，我您的支持，我们们努力做得更好！努力做得更好！谢谢谢谢
