《计算机专业英语》电子教案PPT第1章.pptx

Computer English Chapter 1 The History and Future of ComputersChapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Key points:useful terms and definitions of computersDifficult points:describing the features of computers of each generation2计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers Requirements:1.The trends of computer hardware and software 2.Basic characteristics of modern computers 3.Major characteristics of the four generations of modern computers 4.了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点了解科技英语的特点，掌握科技英语翻译要点 3计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers New Words&Expressions:computerlike a.计算机似的计算机似的electromechanical a.机电的机电的,电机的电机的 vacuum tubes 真空管真空管Census Bureau 人口普查局人口普查局 thousands of 成千上万的成千上万的 known as 通常所说的，以通常所说的，以著称著称 1.1 The Invention of the Computer Abbreviations:ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)ENIAC(Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer)电子数字积分计算机，电子数字积分计算机，ENIACENIAC计算机计算机 EDSAC(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)EDSAC(Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer)延迟存储电子自动计算机延迟存储电子自动计算机 BINAC(Binary Automatic Computer)BINAC(Binary Automatic Computer)二进制自动计算机二进制自动计算机 UNIVAC(Universal Automatic Computer)通用自动计算机通用自动计算机 4计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers It is hard to say exactly when the modern computer was invented.Starting in the 1930s and through the 1940s,a number of machines were developed that were like computers.But most of these machines did not have all the characteristics that we associate with computers today.These characteristics are that the machine is electronic,that it has a stored program,and that it is general purpose.很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从很难确切地说现代计算机是什么时候发明的。从2020世纪世纪3030年代到年代到4040年代，年代，制造了许多类似计算机的机器。但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所说的制造了许多类似计算机的机器。但是这些机器大部分没有今天我们所说的计算机的所有特征。这些特性是：机器是电子的，具有储存的程序计算机的所有特征。这些特性是：机器是电子的，具有储存的程序,而且而且是通用的。是通用的。1.1 The Invention of the Computer 5计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer One of the first computerlike devices was developed in Germany by Konrad Zuse in 1941.Called the Z3,it was general-purpose,stored-program machine with many electronic parts,but it had a mechanical memory.Another electromechanical computing machine was developed by Howard Aiken,with financial assistance from IBM,at Harvard University in 1943.It was called the Automatic Sequence Control Calculator Mark I,or simply the Harvard Mark I.Neither of these machines was a true computer,however,because they were not entirely electronic.第一个类似计算机的装置之一是第一个类似计算机的装置之一是19411941年由德国的年由德国的Konrad ZuseKonrad Zuse研制的，研制的，叫做叫做Z3,Z3,它是通用型储存程序机器，具有许多电子部件，但是它的存储器它是通用型储存程序机器，具有许多电子部件，但是它的存储器是机械的。另一台机电式计算机器是由霍华德是机械的。另一台机电式计算机器是由霍华德.艾坎在艾坎在IBMIBM的资助下于的资助下于19431943年在哈佛大学研制的。它被称为自动序列控制计算器年在哈佛大学研制的。它被称为自动序列控制计算器Mark I,Mark I,或简称哈佛或简称哈佛Mark IMark I。然而，这些机器都不是真正的计算机。然而，这些机器都不是真正的计算机,因为它们不是完全电子化因为它们不是完全电子化的。的。6计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIACPerhaps the most influential of the early computerlike devices was the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer,or ENIAC.It was developed by J.Presper Eckert and John Mauchly at the University of Pennsylvania.The project began in 1943 and was completed in 1946.The machine was huge;it weighed 30 tons and contained over 18,000 vacuum tubes.也也许许早早期期最最具具影影响响力力的的类类似似计计算算机机的的装装置置应应该该是是电电子子数数字字积积分分计计算算机机，或或简简称称ENIACENIAC。它它是是由由宾宾夕夕凡凡尼尼亚亚大大学学的的J.J.Presper Presper Eckert Eckert 和和John John Mauchly Mauchly 研研制制的的。该该工工程程于于19431943年年开开始始，并并于于19461946年年完完成成。这这台台机机器器极极其庞大，重达其庞大，重达3030吨，而且包含吨，而且包含18,00018,000多个真空管。多个真空管。1.1 The Invention of the Computer 7计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIACThe ENIAC was a major advancement for its time.It was the first general-purpose,electronic computing machine and was capable of performing thousands of operations per second.It was controlled,however,by switches and plugs that had to be manually set.Thus,although it was a general-purpose electronic device,it did not have a stored program.Therefore,it did not have all the characteristics of a computer.ENIAC是是当当时时重重要要的的成成就就。它它是是第第一一台台通通用用型型电电子子计计算算机机器器，并并能能够够执执行行每每秒秒数数千千次次运运算算。然然而而,它它是是由由开开关关和和继继电电器器控控制制的的，必必须须手手工工设设定定。因因此此，虽虽然然它它是是一一个个通通用用型型电电子子装装置置，但但是是它它没没有有储储存存程程序序。因因此此,它它不具备计算机的所有特征。不具备计算机的所有特征。1.1 The Invention of the Computer 8计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIACWhile working on the ENIAC,Eckert and Mauchly were joined by a brilliant mathematician,John von Neuman.Together,they developed the idea of a stored program computer.This machine,called the Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer,or EDVAC,was the first machine whose design included all the characteristics of a computer.It was not completed,however,until 1951.在在ENIAC的研制中，一个天才的数学家的研制中，一个天才的数学家Von Neuman(冯冯.诺伊曼诺伊曼)加入加入到到 Eckert和和Mauchly团队团队,他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部他们一起提出了储存程序计算机的主意。这部机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机机器被称做电子离散变量自动计算机,或简称或简称EDVAC,是第一部包括了计是第一部包括了计算机所有特征的机器。然而算机所有特征的机器。然而,直到直到1951年，它一直没有完成。年，它一直没有完成。1.1 The Invention of the Computer 9计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1.1 The ENIACBefore the EDVAC was finished,several other machines were built that incorporated elements of the EDVAC design of Eckert,Mauchly,and von Neuman.One was the Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Computer,or EDSAC,which was developed in Cambridge,England.It first operated in May of 1949 and is probably the worlds first electronic stored-program,general-purpose computer to become operational.The first computer to operate in the United States was the Binary Automatic Computer,or BINAC,which became operational in August of 1949.在在EDVAC完完成成之之前前，其其他他一一些些机机器器建建成成了了，它它们们吸吸收收了了Eckert、Mauchly和和Neuman设设计计的的要要素素。其其中中一一部部是是在在英英国国剑剑桥桥研研制制的的电电子子延延迟迟存存储储自自动动计计算算机机,或或简简称称EDSAC，它它在在1949年年5月月首首次次运运行行，它它可可能能是是世世界界的的第第一一台台电电子子储储存存程程序序、通通用用型型计计算算机机投投入入运运行行。在在美美国国运运行行的的第第一一部计算机是二进制自动计算机部计算机是二进制自动计算机,或简称或简称BINAC,它在它在1949年年8月投入运行。月投入运行。1.1 The Invention of the Computer 10计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1.2 The UNIVAC ILike other computing pioneers before them,Eckert and Mauchly formed a company in 1947 to develop a commercial computer.The company was called the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation.Their objective was to design and build the Universal Automatic Computer or UNIVAC.Because of difficulties of getting financial support,they had to sell the company to Remington Rand in 1950.Eckert and Mauchly continued to work on the UNIVAC at Remington Rand and completed it in 1951.Known as the UNIVAC I,this machine was the first commercially available computer.像像他他们们之之前前的的其其他他计计算算机机先先驱驱一一样样,Eckert,Eckert和和MauchlyMauchly在在19471947年年组组成成了了一一家家公公司司开开发发商商业业计计算算机机。公公司司名名叫叫Eckert-MauchlyEckert-Mauchly计计算算机机公公司司。他他们们的的目目标标是是设设计计并并建建造造通通用用自自动动计计算算机机或或UNIVACUNIVAC。因因为为难难以以获获得得财财政政支支持持，他他们们不不得得不不在在19501950年年把把公公司司卖卖给给了了Remington Remington RandRand公公司司。Eckert Eckert 和和MauchlyMauchly继继续续在在Remington Remington RandRand公公司司从从事事UNIVACUNIVAC的的研研制制工工作作，并并在在19511951年年取取得得成成功功。众众所周知的所周知的UNIVAC IUNIVAC I机器是世界上第一部商业化计算机。机器是世界上第一部商业化计算机。11计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.1 The Invention of the Computer 1.1.2 The UNIVAC IThe first UNIVAC I was delivered to the Census Bureau and used for the 1950 census.The second UNIVAC I was used to predict that Dwight Eisenhower would win the 1952 presidential election,less than an hour after the polls closed.The UNIVAC I began the modern of computer use.第第一一台台UNIVAC I被被交交付付人人口口普普查查局局用用于于1950年年的的人人口口普普查查。在在投投票票点点关关闭闭后后1小小时时之之内内，第第二二台台UNIVAC I 被被用用于于预预测测D.艾艾森森豪豪威威尔尔会会赢赢得得1952年年总统大选。总统大选。UNIVAC I开始了现代计算机的应用。开始了现代计算机的应用。12计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers New Words&Expressions:result in 导致导致,造成造成结果结果 air conditioning 空气调节空气调节take delivery of 正式接过正式接过Navy lieutenant 海军上尉海军上尉high-level language 高级语言高级语言 mainframe n.主机主机,大型机大型机 more and more 越来越多的越来越多的 range from to 从从到到multiprogramming n.多道程序设计多道程序设计 time-share n.分时，时间共享分时，时间共享virtual memory 虚拟内存虚拟内存 from scratch 从头开始从头开始compatible a.兼容的；兼容的；compatibility n.兼容性兼容性outnumber vt.数目超过，比数目超过，比多多 proliferate v.增生增生,扩散扩散 start off v.出发出发,开始开始 1.2 Computer Generations Abbreviations:VLSI(Very Large Scale Integrated Circuit)超大规模集成电路超大规模集成电路 LSI(Large Scale Integrated Circuit)大规模集成电路大规模集成电路DEC(Digital Equipment Corporation)美国数字设备公司美国数字设备公司COBOL(Common Business-Oriented Language)面向商业的通用语言面向商业的通用语言13计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers:19511958First-generation computers were characterized by the use of vacuum tubes as their principal electronic component.Vacuum tubes are bulky and produce a lot of heat,so first-generation computers were large and required extensive air conditioning to keep them cool.In addition,because vacuum tubes do not operate very fast,these computers were relatively slow.第第一一代代计计算算机机的的特特色色是是使使用用真真空空管管为为其其主主要要电电子子器器件件。真真空空管管体体积积大大且且发发热热严严重重,因因此此第第一一代代计计算算机机体体积积庞庞大大，并并且且需需要要大大量量的的空空调调设设备备保保持持冷冷却却。此外此外,因为真空管运行不是很快，这些计算机运行速度相对较慢。因为真空管运行不是很快，这些计算机运行速度相对较慢。The UNIVAC I was the first commercial computer in this generation.As noted earlier,it was used in the Census Bureau in 1951.It was also the first computer to be used in a business application.In 1954,General Electric took delivery of a UNIVAC I and used it for some of its business data processing.UNIVAC I是是第第一一代代中中最最早早的的商商业业化化计计算算机机。如如前前所所述述，它它在在1951年年被被用用于于人人口口普普查查局局。它它还还是是第第一一部部用用于于商商业业应应用用的的计计算算机机。在在1954年年,通通用用电电气气接收了接收了UNIVAC I,并用它进行一些商业数据处理。并用它进行一些商业数据处理。14计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers:19511958The UNIVAC I was not the most popular first-generation computer,however.This honor goes to the IBM 650.It was first delivered in 1955 before Remington Rand could come out with a successor to the UNIVAC I.With the IBM 650,IBM captured the majority of the computer market,a position it still holds today.然然而而,UNIVAC I并并不不是是最最流流行行的的第第一一代代计计算算机机。这这一一荣荣誉誉属属于于IBM 650。它它在在Remington Rand能能够够造造出出UNIVAC I的的后后续续产产品品之之前前的的1955年年首首次次交交付付使使用用。凭凭借借IBM 650,IBM占占有有了了大大半半计算机市场，它在今天仍然保持这一位置。计算机市场，它在今天仍然保持这一位置。15计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers:19511958At the same time that hardware was evolving,software was developing.The first computers were programmed in machine language,but during the first computer generation,the idea of programming language translation and high-level languages occurred.Much of the credit for these ideas goes to Grace Hopper,who,as a Navy lieutenant in 1945,learned to program the Harvard Mark I.In 1952,she developed the first programming language translator,followed by others in later years.She also developed a language called Flow-matic in 1957,which formed the basis for COBOL,the most commonly used business programming language today.同同时时，硬硬件件在在进进化化,软软件件也也在在发发展展。第第一一部部计计算算机机用用机机器器语语言言编编程程，但但是是在在第第一一代代计计算算机机期期间间，程程序序语语言言翻翻译译的的概概念念和和高高级级语语言言出出现现了了。这这些些主主意意大大部部分分归归功功于于Grace Hopper,她她在在1954年年是是一一名名海海军军上上尉尉，学学习习为为哈哈佛佛Mark I计计算算机机编编程程。在在1952年年，她她开开发发了了第第一一种种编编程程语语言言翻翻译译器器,在在稍稍后后的的数数年年内内为为其其他他人人所所效效仿仿。她她还还在在1957年年开开发发了了一一种种称称为为Flow-matic的的语语言言,为为COBOL今天最广泛应用的商业编程语言今天最广泛应用的商业编程语言奠定了基础。奠定了基础。16计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.1 First-Generation Computers:19511958Other software developments during the first computer generation include the design of the FORTRAN programming language in 1957.This language became the first widely used high-level language.Also,the first simple operating systems became available with first-generation computers.在在第第一一代代计计算算机机期期间间,软软件件方方面面的的其其他他的的进进展展包包括括1957年年FORTRAN语语言言的的设设计计。这这种种语语言言成成为为第第一一种种广广泛泛使使用用的的高高级级语言。同时语言。同时,第一个简单的操作系统随着第一代计算机而出现。第一个简单的操作系统随着第一代计算机而出现。17计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers:19591963In the second generation of computers,transistors replaced vacuum tubes.Although invented in 1948,the first all-transistor computer did not become available until 1959.Transistors are smaller and less expensive than vacuum tubes,and they operate faster and produce less heat.Hence,with second-generation computers,the size and cost of computers decreased,their speed increased,and their air-conditioning needs were reduced.在在第第二二代代计计算算机机中中，晶晶体体管管取取代代了了真真空空管管。虽虽然然发发明明于于1948年年,但但第第一一台台全全晶晶体体管管计计算算机机直直到到1959年年才才成成为为现现实实。晶晶体体管管比比真真空空管管体体积积小小、价价格格低低，而而且且运运行行快快而而发发热热少少。因因此此，随随着着第第二二代代计计算算机机的的出出现现，计计算算机机的的体体积积和和成成本本降降低低、速速度度提提高高，且且它它们对空调的需要减少们对空调的需要减少。Many companies that had not previously sold computer entered the industry with the second generation.One of these companies that still makes computers is Control Data Corporation(CDC).They were noted for making high-speed computers for scientific work.许许多多先先前前不不经经销销计计算算机机的的公公司司随随着着第第二二代代计计算算机机的的出出现现进进入入计计算算机机行行业业，其其中中今今天天仍仍然然制制造造计计算算机机的的公公司司之之一一是是控控制制数数据据公公司司(CDC),他他们们以以制制造造用用于于科科学学工工作作的的高高速速计算机而著名。计算机而著名。18计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers:19591963Remintong Rand,now called Sperr-Rand Corporation,made several second-generation UNIVAC computers.IBM,however,continued to dominate the industry.One of the most popular second-generation computers was the IBM 1401,which was a medium-sized computer used by many businesses.Remintong Rand,现在叫做现在叫做Sperr-Rand公司公司,制造了一些第二代制造了一些第二代UNIVAC计计算机。然而，算机。然而，IBM继续称霸计算机行业。最流行的第二代计算机之一是继续称霸计算机行业。最流行的第二代计算机之一是IBM 1401,这是一部许多企业使用的中型计算机。这是一部许多企业使用的中型计算机。All computers at this time were mainframe computers costing over a million dollars.The first minicomputer became available in 1960 and cost about$120,000.This was the PDP-1,manufactured by Digital Equipment Corporation(DEC).当当时时所所有有的的计计算算机机都都是是价价值值百百万万元元以以上上的的大大型型计计算算机机。第第一一台台小小型型计计算算机机产生于产生于1960年，价值年，价值12万美元，它就是由数据设备公司万美元，它就是由数据设备公司(DEC)制造的制造的PDP-1。19计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.2 Second-Generation Computers:19591963Software also continued to develop during this time.Many new programming languages were designed,including COBOL in 1960.More and more businesses and organizations were beginning to use computers for their data processing needs.在在此此期期间间软软件件也也在在继继续续发发展展。许许多多新新的的编编程程语语言言被被发发明明,包包括括1960年年发发明明的的COBOL。越越来来越越多多的的企企业业和和组组织织开开始始使使用用计计算算机以满足他们的数据处理需要。机以满足他们的数据处理需要。20计算机专业英语Chapter 1 The History and Future of Computers 1.2 Computer Generations 1.2.3 Third-Generation Computers:19641970The technical development that marks the third generation of computers is the use of integrated circuits or ICs in computers.An integrated circuit is a piece of silicon(a chip)containing numerous transistors.One IC replaces many transistors in a computer;result in a continuation of the trends begun in the second generation.These trends include reduced size,reduced cost,increased speed,and reduced need for air conditioning.作作为为第第三三代代计计算算机机标标志志的的技技术术发发展展是是在在计计算算机机中中使使用用集集成成电电路路或或简简称称ICIC。一一个个集集成成电电路路就就是是包包含含许许多多晶晶体体管管的的一一个个硅硅片片(芯芯片片)。一一个个集集成成电电路路代代替替了了计计算算机机中中的的许许多多晶晶体体管管，导导致致了了始始于于第第二二代代的的一一些些趋趋势势的的继继续续。这这些些趋趋势势包包