江苏省南京市东山外国语国际学校高中英语 模块7 Unit6 Infinitives & Paralellism课件 牛津.ppt

普通高中课程标准实验教科书(选修)English Grammar and Rhetoric初级英语语法与修辞2021/8/8 星期日1Infinitivesnit 6Lead-inHomeworkLooking AheadApproaching the TopicDiscovering GrammarApplying GrammarFurther DevelopmentParallelismSelf-assessment2021/8/8 星期日2Lead-inLead-inSome books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;2021/8/8 星期日3Infinitives function as subject/object/adverbial/attributive/object complement/predicative of a sentence2021/8/8 星期日4To master a foreign language is necessary for a college student.Your job is to wash dishes.She promised to give him a chance.I would like the problem to be discussed at the next meeting.Guessing WorkWhich part of the following sentences contains the use of infinitive.Infinitive functions as subjectInfinitive functions as predicativeInfinitive functions as objectInfinitive functions as object complementTo master a foreign languageto wash dishesto give him a chanceto bediscussed at the next meeting2021/8/8 星期日5Some scientists went to Germany to attend a medical conference.She was the first girl to work out the problem.Infinitive functions as adverbialInfinitive functions as attributiveto attend a medical conferenceto workout the problem2021/8/8 星期日6Looking AheadLooking AheadLearn how to use the infinitive.Know how to use parallelism to make language more forceful.Practice using infinitives to construct parallelisms.What are we going to do in this What are we going to do in this unit?unit?2021/8/8 星期日7Approaching the Approaching the TopicTopicComplete the following sentences based on the pictures and linguistic clues given below.The driver failed 需要先判断要填的内容是哪一类语法功能，判断横线部分充当什么成分。to stop the car in front of the police(缺宾语)My dream is to be a doctorDont forget to lock the doorIt is nice to meet an old friend(缺表语)(缺宾语)(缺主语)2021/8/8 星期日8“to+v”结构叫做 infinitive2021/8/8 星期日9Read the passage on page 50 and underline the infinitives.to keep a diary;to get my report done three days in advance;not to put it off;to get it dome earlier;to stop laziness;to be turned in on Friday of last week;to give Mary a call;what I want to do;to talk about our relationship;to take the initiative;to dinner;not to see each other any more;to love and lose;to have loved at all;To feel better;to keep writing every day 2021/8/8 星期日10Discovering GrammarDiscovering GrammarComplete the following table with the sentences you underlined in task 2,so that the functions of the infinitives in the examples match those in the Functions column.FunctionsSubjectObjectAdverbialAttributiveObject complementPredicative to get it done earliernot to see each other any moreto love and loseto talk about our relationship2021/8/8 星期日11TipsIts better to love and lose than never to have loved at all.We consider it illegal to break into a private house.Discuss and find out what the two infinitives function as?When the infinitive is used as the subject or the object,it can be replaced by it,and the infinitive is moved to other places of the sentence.subjectobjectCan you make sentences with this usage of infinitive?2021/8/8 星期日12在更多情况下都用it作形式主语或形式宾语，而把不定式这个真正主语或宾语放到句子后面去，这样可避免头重脚轻的现象。Its hard to say which is better.Its our duty to help other.He made it a rule to walk two miles a day.We dont consider it possible to set back the clock of history.more examples2021/8/8 星期日13Forms of infinitivesFormsStructuresSimpleContinuousPerfectPassiveNegativeWh-formto doto be doingto have doneto be donenot to be/never to dowh-form+to do所表示的动作通常与主要谓语所表示的动作通常与主要谓语的动作同时或几乎同时发生，的动作同时或几乎同时发生，或是在它之后发生。或是在它之后发生。动作在谓语所表示的动动作在谓语所表示的动作之前发生。作之前发生。表示正在进行的与谓语表示正在进行的与谓语动词同时发生的动作动词同时发生的动作主语是这个不定式所表主语是这个不定式所表示的动作的承受者时示的动作的承受者时2021/8/8 星期日14A.当不定式表示的动作在谓语所表示情况之前发生，就需要用完成形式。B.She seemed to have lost her patience.C.He is said to have left Shanghai.D.B.当不定式表示一个正在进行的动作时需用进行时。E.She happened to be traveling in that area.F.C.“疑问词+不定式结构”在句子起名词性作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语。G.I didnt know what to do.H.When to hold the meeting is not known yet.2021/8/8 星期日15Challenge yourself1.Were glad(visit)so many of your beautiful cities.2.I wish(not,tell)him about it.3.They are believed (achieve)some success in their experiment.4.When I came in,he happened (go)over his lessons.5.They dont allow these books (take)out of the room.6.I dont know how(write)a good composition but Id like to learn.to visitnot to tellto have achievedto be goingto be takento write2021/8/8 星期日16Infinitives without toA.动词不定式作feel,hear,see,watch,notice,observe,listen,look at等感官动词或动词短语以及have,let,make等使役动词后面的宾语补足语时，to要省略。I often hear him sing this song.Mary saw Tom entered the classroom.Ps.当不带to的这些句子变成被动结构时，必须保留不定式符号to.He is often heard to sing this song.B.在had better,would rather等后接不带to的不定式。C.Id rather wait till tomorrow.D.C.Help 后的不定式作宾补可以省略to也可以不省略to.Jenny often helps her mother(to)do some housework.2021/8/8 星期日17Omission in the infinitivesA.为了避免重复，有时不定式中的主要动词可以省略，只剩下to。这种情况常出现在expect,hope,wish,mean,prefer,care,forget,want,try;或出现在be glad/happy;would like/love等结构的后面。You may go if you want to.B.如果在省略的不定式结构中含有be,have,have been等，这些词要保留。Are you on holiday?No,but Id like to be.I didnt tell him the news.Oh,you ought to have.2021/8/8 星期日18不定式作宾语1.直接跟不定式作宾语的动词：afford,agree,aim,attempt,decide,desire,expect,manage,hope,pretend,happen,seem,offer,plan,promise,want,prefer等。She preferred to stay behind.I decide to learn Japaness.2.后面可接不定式作宾语的动词短语：be about,be able,do ones best,do what one can,make an/every effort,make up ones mind,set out,take the trouble,be willing to等。We are not willing to wait any longer.He was about to leave when the phone rang.补充材料2021/8/8 星期日19不定式作状语1.不定式作状语表示目的、结果、原因，其作用相当于副词从句。Tom came to see me yesterday.(目的)We jumped with joy to hear the good news.(原因)He woke up to find everyone gone.(结果)2.强调目的时，不定式可以用in order to/so as to+动词原形。so as to 不可放于句首。He got up early in order to/so as to catch the first bus.In order to pick up the passengers,the taxi stopped.补充材料2021/8/8 星期日20不定式作状语3.在某些形容词后可接不定式作状语。这些形容词多表示情感、心理状态、性格特征等。She was eager to see her friends.I was sorry to hear that your mother was ill.He was lucky to find such a fine job.You were foolish to treat her like that.补充材料2021/8/8 星期日21不定式作定语1.不定式可以用作后置定语修饰名词。不定式与所修饰的名词呈主谓或动宾关系。We have a lot of things to do.Its a difficult question to answer.2.作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词，或不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等，不定式后面须有相应的介词。There is nothing to worry about.The Browns have a comfortable house to live in.补充材料2021/8/8 星期日22不定式作定语3.不定式所修饰的名词如果是time,place或way时，不定式后面的介词习惯上省去。He had no money and no place to live(in).We found a way to solve this problem(in).4.当不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的承受者时，不定式既可用主动语态，也可用被动语态，但含义不同。Have you anything to send?(to send的执行者是you)I am going to Beijing.Have you anything to be taken to your aunt there?(to be taken 的执行者是I)补充材料2021/8/8 星期日23不定式作宾语补足语1.许多动词可以跟一个有“名词（代词）+不定式”构成的复合宾语。常见动词：advise,allow,ask,beg,cause,encourage,except,forbid,invite,order,permit,persuade,remind,request,require,teach,tell,want,warn等。The doctor persuaded him to give up smoking.Please remind me to water the flowers.2.有些动词可以跟带有to be 的复合宾语，如consider,suppose,believe,declare,discover,feel,find,know等。I consider him to be an honest man.she found the Chinese people to be happy and cheerful.补充材料2021/8/8 星期日24Applying GrammarApplying GrammarExercise 15)adverbial2)subject4)object3)predicative6)attributive7)object2021/8/8 星期日25Exercise 21)A 2)C 3)D 4)A 5)CExercise 32)We consider that it is our duty to study for our motherland./We consider it our duty to study for our motherland.3)Didnt you think that it is impossible for such a little boy to move the big stone?/4)It was hard to deal with the man.5)We all think that it is immoral to tell lies./We all think it immoral to tell lies.Didnt you think it impossible for such a little boy to move the big stone?2021/8/8 星期日26Further developmentFurther development1)adjective/adverb+enough+to do “足够/足以去”He didnt run fast enough to catch the train.他跑得不够快，没赶上火车。He is wise enough to see his mistakes.他够聪明，能发现自己的错误。2)too+adjective/adverb+to do “太以至于不能”3)His eyesight is too poor to read such small letters.4)他的视力太差了，以至于看不清这么小的字。5)She is too old to take care of herself.6)她年纪太大了，以至于不能照顾自己。2021/8/8 星期日27 Try to make sentences with the usage of infinitives with“too/enough”He drove too fast to break in time.This question is too difficult for us to solve.She is old enough to take good care of herselfThey came early enough to catch the train.高考链接高考链接2021/8/8 星期日281.In April,thousands of holidaymakers remained _abroad due to the volcanic ash cloud.(2010 福建)A.sticking B.stuck C.to be stuck D.to have stuck2.That is the only way we can imagine _the overuse of water in students bathrooms.(2010上海)A.reducing B.to reduce C.reduced D.reduce3.Listen!Do you hear someone _ for help?(2010 湖南)A.calling B.call C.to call D.called4.There were many talented actors out there just waiting _(10 江西)A to discover B to be discovered C discovered D being discovered高考链接BBAB2021/8/8 星期日295.I have a lot of readings _ before the end of this term.(2010 山东)A.completing B.to complete C.completed D.being completed6.It rained heavily in the south,_ serious flooding in several provinces.(2010天津)A.caused B.having caused C.causing D.to cause7.With Fathers Day around the corner.I have taken some money out of the bank _ presents for my dad.(2010全国)A.buy B.to buy C.buying D.to have bought8.His first book _ next month is based on a true story.(2010 陕西)A.published B.to be published C.to publish D.being published9.We were astonished _ the temple still in its original condition.(2010辽宁)A.finding B.to find C.find D.to be foundBCBBB2021/8/8 星期日3010.Many buildings in the city need repairing,but the one _first is the library.(2010重庆)A.repaired B.being repaired C.repairing D.to be repaired11.I still remember _ to the Famen Temple and what I saw there.(2009 陕西)A.to take B.to be taken C.taking D.being taken12.David threatened _ his neighbor to the police if the damages were not paid.(2009上海)A.to be reported B.reporting C.to report D.having reported13.He told us whether _ a picnic was still under discussion.(2009 四川)A.to have B.having C.have D.hadDDCA2021/8/8 星期日31parallelismSome books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested;There are three infinitives,which form a case of parallelism2021/8/8 星期日32 parallelism（平行结构）（平行结构）是并列使用两个是并列使用两个或两个以上结构和功能相同的单词、短语或句或两个以上结构和功能相同的单词、短语或句子来表达相似、相关或相连的事物。汉语中的子来表达相似、相关或相连的事物。汉语中的“排比排比”与英语与英语parallelism基本相应，区别点基本相应，区别点主要在平行项的数目上。排比是由三个或三个主要在平行项的数目上。排比是由三个或三个以上结构相同或相似，语气以上结构相同或相似，语气 一致的短语、句子一致的短语、句子或段落成串地排列在一起，表达相似或相关的或段落成串地排列在一起，表达相似或相关的内容的一种修辞方法。内容的一种修辞方法。Parallelism2021/8/8 星期日33Study itStudy it从语言结构上看，构成平行结构的语言单位可以是单词、词组、从句、句子，甚至段落。1)单词(数个名词、形容词、副词或动词)构成的平行结构：Lumber,corn,tobacco,wheat,and furs moved downtown to the delta country.The letter,short,cold,sharp-tongued,was unexpected.2)短语构成的平行结构：To be or not to be,that is the question.3)从句构成的平行结构：This is our policy and that is our declaration.2021/8/8 星期日34 排比中的并列各项可用逗号、分号连接，也可用并列连词and,but,or,nor 或eitheror,neither nor,not but,not onlybut also,both and等连接。表示两事物的对比时还可用连词than:It is easier to fall than to rise.It is easier said than done.4)句子构成的平行结构：No one can be perfectly free till all are free;no one can be perfectly moral till all are moral;no one can be perfectly happy till all are happy.5)段落构成的平行结构：I shot an arrow into the air,It fell to earth,I knew not where I breathed a song into the air,It fell to earth,I knew not where,2021/8/8 星期日35 Practice itPractice it He wants either to watch TV or read books.他想看会儿电视或者读几本书。She is not only my sister but also she is my friend.她不仅是我的妹妹，更是我的朋友。Exercise 1Find out the mistakes in the following sentences.上面两句误用了平行结构。关连词成对使用的有：eitheror，neithernor,not onlybut also,bothand。两个连接词后边必须具有等同的语法结构。例例改改:He wants either to watch TV or to read books.例例改改:She is not only my sister but also my friend.2021/8/8 星期日36 Exercise 2Write a passage of about fifty words,using parallelism in at least two sentences.2021/8/8 星期日37Self-assessmentSelf-assessmentHomework1.Review the grammar introduced in this unit.2.Find more cases of paradox.3.Preview the new terms to be used in Unit 7.2021/8/8 星期日38Thank You for Your Attention2021/8/8 星期日392021/8/8 星期日409、静夜四无邻，荒居旧业贫。2022/11/262022/11/26Saturday,November 26,202210、雨中黄叶树，灯下白头人。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2611/26/2022 7:28:05 PM11、以我独沈久，愧君相见频。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/26Nov-2226-Nov-2212、故人江海别，几度隔山川。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/26Saturday,November 26,202213、乍见翻疑梦，相悲各问年。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2611/26/202214、他乡生白发，旧国见青山。26 十一月 20222022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2615、比不了得就不比，得不到的就不要。十一月 222022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2611/26/202216、行动出成果，工作出财富。2022/11/262022/11/2626 November 202217、做前，能够环视四周；做时，你只能或者最好沿着以脚为起点的射线向前。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/262022/11/269、没有失败，只有暂时停止成功！。2022/11/262022/11/26Saturday,November 26,202210、很多事情努力了未必有结果，但是不努力却什么改变也没有。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2611/26/2022 7:28:05 PM11、成功就是日复一日那一点点小小努力的积累。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/26Nov-2226-Nov-2212、世间成事，不求其绝对圆满，留一份不足，可得无限完美。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/26Saturday,November 26,202213、不知香积寺，数里入云峰。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2611/26/202214、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。26 十一月 20222022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2615、楚塞三湘接，荆门九派通。十一月 222022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2611/26/202216、少年十五二十时，步行夺得胡马骑。2022/11/262022/11/2626 November 202217、空山新雨后，天气晚来秋。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/262022/11/269、杨柳散和风，青山澹吾虑。2022/11/262022/11/26Saturday,November 26,202210、阅读一切好书如同和过去最杰出的人谈话。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2611/26/2022 7:28:05 PM11、越是没有本领的就越加自命不凡。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/26Nov-2226-Nov-2212、越是无能的人，越喜欢挑剔别人的错儿。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/26Saturday,November 26,202213、知人者智，自知者明。胜人者有力，自胜者强。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2611/26/202214、意志坚强的人能把世界放在手中像泥块一样任意揉捏。26 十一月 20222022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2615、最具挑战性的挑战莫过于提升自我。十一月 222022/11/262022/11/262022/11/2611/26/202216、业余生活要有意义，不要越轨。2022/11/262022/11/2626 November 202217、一个人即使已登上顶峰，也仍要自强不息。2022/11/262022/11/262022/11/262022/11/26MOMODA POWERPOINTLorem ipsum dolor sit amet,consectetur adipiscing elit.Fusce id urna blandit,eleifend nulla ac,fringilla purus.Nulla iaculis tempor felis ut cursus.感感 谢谢 您您 的的 下下 载载 观观 看看专家告诉2021/8/8 星期日41