跨文化交际全部课件教案资料.ppt

跨文化交际全部课件Warming upwMake a list of images from your home culture and try to explain what they express about who the people of your culture are and what their relationship is to people from other cultures.wWhich image do you prefer?Which do you think are the images that most truly express how people feel about themselves and the world?Lecture OutlinedefinitionIntercultural communicationculturecharacteristicscommunicationfunctionsdefinitionelementsmodecharacteristicsdefinitionformselementsright attitudes1.What is culture?More deeply:what the behavior and customs mean to the people who are following them On the surface:customs and behavior In a word:Culture is all about meaningsHall:Culture is everything and everywhereSir Edward Tylors definition in 1871(first use of this term):“that complex whole which includes knowledge,belief,art,morals,law,custom,and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society”wKroeber and Kluckhohn(1952)-Culture:A Critical Review of Concepts and Definitions (listing more than 300 definitions)w Culture consists of patterns,explicit and implicit,of and for behavior acquired and transmitted by symbols,constituting the distinctive achievement of human groups,including their embodiment in artifacts;the essential core of culture consists of traditional(i.e.historically derived and selected)ideas and especially their attached values;culture systems may,on the one hand,be considered as products of action,on the other as conditioning elements of further action.wPorter&Samovar The deposit（沉淀物）（沉淀物）of knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meanings,hierarchies,religion,notions of time,roles,spatial relations,concepts of the universe,and material objects and possessions acquired by a group of people in the course of generations through individual and group striving.-Intercultural Communication:A ReaderBasic functions of cultureCulture makes all things easy.-by providing meaning to events,objects and people-making life less confusing-by providing us with structure-the skills and rules necessary to adapt to our world1 Physiological needs 2 Safety 3 Belongingness 4 Esteem5 Self-actualizationA culture can also be understood as a particular way to satisfy our human needs.Lets follow Abraham Maslow!ADAPTIVELEARNEDtransmittedINTEGRATEDsymbolicCULTURE ISCULTURE ISThe Characteristics of CultureunconsciousSubject to changew1)Culture is learned consciously or unconsciously:(enculturation)*through Proverbs,Folktales,Myths,and legends *through Art e.g.Beijing Opera*through Mass Media Behaviour Traditions Artefacts buildings,clothes,art etc.Beliefs Attitudes Perceptions Values way of doing things(10%)way of thinking(90%)2)Most part of culture is unconscious Culture as an icebergexplicittacitCan you tell which of the following are above the water and which are below?wWhat people eatwWhat people wearwWhat games children playwHow to use timewHow to introduce peoplewHow to participate in ceremonieswRules for gestureswRules for facial expressions and eye contactwEtiquette wWork speedwWhat is right or wrong,beautiful or ugly,clean or dirty,good or bad,etc.wCar parkingwCase Study Richard,an engineer from the United States,was invited to take tea with one of his British colleagues while he was in England.This was a purely social,relaxed occasion.Tea was served along with sugar and cream.As he helped himself to some sugar and cream,he sensed he had done something wrong.Can you tell what went wrong?“Help yourself”VS.“Be my guest”Oct.5,2005 21st CenturyChanging Tastes“This July China Daily reported severe obesity affects 16 to 20 per cent Chinas young urbanites.”“A major study released by Centre for Public Nutrition and Development last September found as income increases,energy intake increases.But a high percentage of that extra energy comes from fat.And grains and potatoes were eaten less.”w3)Culture is subject to change4)Culture is transmitted from generation to generation5)Culture is based on symbols 6)Culture is integrated 7)Culture is adaptive (acculturation)Linell Davis:five metaphors(to be more easily understood)wCulture is like an iceberg some is visible(history,literature,customs)most is invisible(feelings and attitudes)wCulture is our software physical selves as the hardware,become human when programmed with the software of culturewCulture is like the water a fish swims in notice everything except the waterwCulture is the story we tell ourselves about ourselves people tell stories to tell who they are and stories also change to adapt to changing circumstanceswCulture is the grammar of our behavior people learn their cultural grammar unconsciously and apply them automatically in order to behave appropriately in any societyMainstream culture,co-culture or subculture?wWhen we talk about culture,we mainly refer to mainstream culture.wCo-culture Vs subculture2.What is Communication?It comes from the Latin word“communicare”,it means to give or to exchange.Now,the most common meaning of“communication”is to give or exchange information or ideas.Communication is our ability to share our ideas and feelings.(the basis of all human contact)Communication is a dynamic,systematic process in which meanings are created and reflected in human interaction with symbols.(J.T.Wood)Elements of communicationwContextwParticipantswMessages(meanings,symbols,encoding and decoding)wChannels wNoise(external noise,internal noise,semantic noise)wfeedbackLinear Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverChannel(message)encodingdecodingnoiseIs this an effective model of communication?Mode of CommunicationInteractive Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseFeedback is essential to good communicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channelTransactional Model of CommunicationSenderReceiverSenderReceiverencodingdecodingnoiseWe continually influence each other through communicationdecodingencodingmessage/channelmessage/channelFields of ExperienceRelationship DimensionsCharacteristics of communicationw1)Communication is dynamicwCommunication is an ongoing activity.It is not fixed.A word or action does not stay frozen when you communicate;it is immediately replaced with yet another word or action.Characteristics of communication2)Communication is interactivewA interactive view holds that communicators are simultaneously sending and receiving messages at every instant that they are involved in conversations.Characteristics of communicationw3)Communication is irreversible Communication is an irreversible process.We can never undo what has already been done.Although we may try to qualify,negate,or somehow reduce the effects of our message,once it has been sent and received,the message itself cannot be reversed.Characteristics of communicationw4)Communication is contextual.All communication takes place within a setting or situation called a context.By context,we mean the place where people meet,the social purpose for being together,and the nature of the relationship.Thus the context includes the physical,social,and interpersonal settings.6.Intercultural CommunicationwSamovar&Porter Intercultural communication is communication between people whose cultural perceptions and symbol systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event.intercultural communication refers to any communication between two members of any cultural communities.Intercultural Communication Vs Cross-cultural CommunicationwCross-cultural communication the similarities and differences in value orientations,affective dispositions,relationship management,communicative styles(psychological process)wIntercultural communication the penetration by a member of one culture into another culture(practical significance)wInternational communicationwInterracial communicationwInterethnic communicationwIntracultural communicationForms of Intercultural CommunicationDiscussion:Discuss the following cases of communication and decide to what extent they are intercultural.Communication betweenwA Chinese and an American,wA Canadian and a South African,wA male and a femalewA father and a sonwA person from Beijing and one from Tibet,wA first-generation Chinese American and a third-generation one,wA student form Hong Kong and a teacher from XianwA software technician and a farmer,etcw任何人与人之间的交际都应该被视为跨文化交际。任何人与人之间的交际都应该被视为跨文化交际。SingerwSamovar&Porter:西方人亚洲人西方人亚洲人 最大分歧最大分歧意大利人沙特阿拉伯人意大利人沙特阿拉伯人美国人希腊人美国人希腊人美国人德国人美国人德国人美国人操法语加拿大人美国人操法语加拿大人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人拘留地的印第安人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人拘留地的印第安人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人美国黑人盎格鲁撒克逊血统的美国白人美国黑人美国人英国人美国人英国人美国人操英语加拿大人美国人操英语加拿大人美国城市居民美国乡村居民美国城市居民美国乡村居民天主教徒浸礼教徒天主教徒浸礼教徒主张男性权力者主张男女平等者主张男性权力者主张男女平等者异性恋者同性恋者异性恋者同性恋者环境保护者房地产开发商环境保护者房地产开发商 最小分歧最小分歧wWhat we focus on in this course is communication between cultures beyond country boundaries.7.Elements of Intercultural CommunicationwPerceptions(beliefs,values,attitudes,world views,social organizations)wVerbal processes(the ways in which cultures employ symbols to portray things and experiences)wNonverbal processes(share thoughts and feelings by way of bodily behavior,time and space)wContextual elements(business,education and health care,tourism and personal relationships)What was wrong?wCase Study While visiting Egypt,Richard,an engineer from the United States,was invited to a spectacular dinner at the home of an Egyptian friend.As he was leaving their home,making effort to thank them for their dinner,he noticed their picture and made a compliment by saying“What beautiful frames your pictures are in!”However he sensed something wrong.His sincere compliment was obviously misunderstood.n n埃及习俗礼仪-社交礼仪 握手礼-禁忌是不要用左手 拥抱礼-力度适中 亲吻礼-根据交往对象不同分为：吻面礼，一般用于亲友之间，尤其是女性之间。吻手礼，向尊长表示谢意或是向恩人致谢时使用。飞吻礼，多见于情侣之间。n n埃及习俗礼仪埃及习俗礼仪-服饰礼仪服饰礼仪 在大中城市埃及人的打扮已于国际接规，但是，在大中城市埃及人的打扮已于国际接规，但是，老年人着装较为保守，奇装异服埃及人通常不问老年人着装较为保守，奇装异服埃及人通常不问津。津。注意如果送礼品给埃及朋友一定记住，图案千万注意如果送礼品给埃及朋友一定记住，图案千万不要是星星、猪、狗、猫及熊猫的图案，因为有不要是星星、猪、狗、猫及熊猫的图案，因为有悖民族习俗。悖民族习俗。埃及习俗礼仪埃及习俗礼仪-餐饮礼仪餐饮礼仪 埃及人爱吃羊肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、土豆、豌豆、南埃及人爱吃羊肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、土豆、豌豆、南瓜、洋葱、茄子和胡萝卜。他们习惯用自制的甜瓜、洋葱、茄子和胡萝卜。他们习惯用自制的甜点招待客人，客人若是谢绝一点也不吃，会让主点招待客人，客人若是谢绝一点也不吃，会让主人失望也失敬于人。人失望也失敬于人。n n埃及习俗礼仪埃及习俗礼仪-习俗禁忌习俗禁忌 国花：莲花国花：莲花 国兽：猫国兽：猫 国石：橄榄石国石：橄榄石 喜欢的颜色：绿色和白色喜欢的颜色：绿色和白色 讨厌的颜色：黑色、蓝色讨厌的颜色：黑色、蓝色 喜欢的数字：喜欢的数字：5 5、7 7 其他：喜欢葱认为它代表真理；忌讳针，是骂人其他：喜欢葱认为它代表真理；忌讳针，是骂人的话；要会给小费，否则寸步难行；与人交谈注的话；要会给小费，否则寸步难行；与人交谈注意：男士不要主动与妇女攀谈；不要夸人身材苗意：男士不要主动与妇女攀谈；不要夸人身材苗条；不要称道埃及人家中的物品，人家会以为你条；不要称道埃及人家中的物品，人家会以为你是索要此物；不要与埃及谈论宗教纠纷，中东政是索要此物；不要与埃及谈论宗教纠纷，中东政局及男女关系。局及男女关系。What is the correct attitude?wThe communicator cannot stop at knowing that the people he is working with have different customs,goals,and thought patterns from his own.He must be able to work with them and within them,neither losing his own values in the confrontation nor protecting himself behind a wall of intellectual detachment.(Adapted from L.M.Barna,“Stumbling Blocks in Intercultural Communication”,1992)Session 2 Cultural Diversity Right attitude in this global villageAppreciate similarities,Accept differencesWe are alike,We are differentWarm-up:Read the following sayings aloud,and think it over:what do they mean to you?wHuman beings draw close to one another by their common nature,but habits and customs keep them apart.-Confucian saying性相近，习相远 -论语wGod gave to every people a cup,cup of clay,and from this cup they drank life They all dipped in the water,but their cups were different.-R.Benedict 上帝给了每个人一个杯子、一杯粘土，并且人们从这个杯子里面啜饮人生.他们都是浸在水里面的，只是他们的杯子不一样而已 -本尼迪克特 Joke appreciation for cultural diversitywA young ladys miniskirt was accidentally torn open by a young man.Please decide where they come from according to their responses to this incident.Joke appreciation for cultural diversityw1.Before the man saying sorry,the woman bowed down and said in a tender voice:sorry,it is all my fault.It is all the bad quality of my skirt.I am sorry for the trouble I have brought to you.JapanOver-courtesy and male-dominatedJoke appreciation for cultural diversityw2.Before the man saying sorry,the woman gave him a name-card and said:“This is my lawyers phone number.He will talk with you about your sex harassment.See you in the court.”AmericaA place where law talks!Joke appreciation for cultural diversityw3.Before the man saying sorry,the woman covered the torn part of the skirt with a newspaper in hand and shyly said:“Sir,can you send me home?It is not very far from here.”Then the young man put his coat on the girl and called a taxi to send her home.EnglandGentle and conservativeJoke appreciation for cultural diversityw4.Before the man saying sorry,the woman gurgled and put her hand on the mans shoulder:“Sir,if you do not mind,you can buy me a red rose to show your apology.”Then the man bought her a rose and they went to a hotel together to study more about the skirt.FranceFriendly and romanticJoke appreciation for cultural diversityw5.Before the man saying sorry,the woman flew into rage and gave the man a box on the face:“ni ge shao,xiang qi lao niang doufu,lao zi da si ni.”Then she took out a mobile phone and dialed number and a gang of people came.The whole thing developed into a riot.Wuhanhot and irritableJoke appreciation for cultural diversityw6.The man felt very embarrassed and made a sincere apology to the girl.But the beautiful girl smiled and said:_ThailandLadyboy,shemanDont worry,Sir.I am a man,too”.Why is one culture different from another?On the surfacewPerception(how we sense the world)wBelief(what we believe as true)wValue(a system of criteria known as rules and guideposts)Why is one culture different from another?More deeplywWorld view(religion)-Spiritual and psychological needs of people(life and death,creation of universe,relationship between humans and nature)-Social aspects of a culture(origin of society and groups within the society,relationship of individuals and groups to one another)wFamily(gender roles,individualism-collectivism,age,social skills)wHistory(government,community,political system,key historical heroes,geography)What does cultural diversity mean?Cultural patterns -conditions that contribute to the way in which a people perceive and think about the world -the manner in which they live in that worldSome cautions1.The value of the culture may not be the value of all individuals within that culture.2.It is useful to visualize each cultural pattern as a point on a continuum rather than one of only two possible responses.3.The patterns are interrelated with a host of other values and do not operate in isolation.4.Common cultural patterns must be limited to the dominant culture in each country.Significance of studying cultural diversitieswWhen we study cultural differences,we mainly refer to the deep structure of culture(below the iceberg)wAlthough culture is subject to change,the deep structure of a culture is resistant to change.wThe comparison and contrast of different cultures help understand ones own culture and other cultures,which will ultimately enhance the effect of intercultural communication.How to classify different cultures?Culture patternsKluckhohn and Strodtbecks Value Orie