2005—2016年历年考研英语真题集.docx

2016年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题(一)Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)In Cambodia, the choice of a spouse is a complex one for the young male. It may involve not only his parents and his friends, 1 those of the young women, but also a matchmaker. A young man can 2 a likely spouse on his own and them ask his parents to 3 the marriage negotiations, or the young man's parents may make the choice of a spouse, giving the child little to say in the selection. 4 , a girl may veto the spouse her parents have chosen. _5 a spouse has been selected, each family investigates the other to make sure its child is marrying _6_ a good family.The traditional wedding is a long and colorful affair. Formerly it lasted three days, 7 by the 1980s it more commonly lasted a day and a half. Buddhist priests offer a short sermon and 8_prayers of blessing. Parts of the ceremony involve ritual hair cutting, 9 cotton threads soaked in holy water around the bride's and groom'swrists , and 10 a candle around a circle of happily married and respected couples to bless the J. . Newlyweds traditionally move in with the wife's parents and may 12 with them up to a year, 13 they can build a flew house nearby.Divorce is legal and easy to _4 , but not common . Divorced persons are j_5 with some disapproval. Each spouse retains 16 property he or she 17 into the marriage, and jointly acquired property is 18 equally. Divorced persons may remarry, but a gender prejudice 19 up . The divorced male doesn't have a waiting period before he can remarry 20 the woman must wait the months.LA by way ofB as well asC on behalf ofD with regard to2.A adapt toB provide forCcompete withD decide on3.A closeB renewC arrangeD postpone4.A In theoryIB Above allC In timeD For example5.A AlthoughB LestC AfterD Unless6.A intoB withinC fromD through7.A sineBorC butD so8.A test|BcopyCrecite|D create9.A foldingB pilingC wrappingD tying10.A lightingB passingC hidingD serving11.A meetingB associationC collectionDunion12.A grow|B partC dealDlive13.A whereasB untilC forD if14.A obtainB followC challengeDJavoid15.A isolatedB persuadedC viewedD exposed16.AwhereverB howeverC wheneverDwhatever17.A changedB broughtC shapedD pushed18.A dividedB investedC donatedD withdrawn19.AclearsB warmsC showsD breaks20.Awhile(B so whatConceD in thatSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A» B, C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points)Text 1France, which prides itself as the global innovator of fashion, has decided its fashion industry has lost an absolute right to define physical beauty for woman. Its lawmakers gave preliminary approval last week to a law that would make it a crime to employ ultra-thin models on runways. The parliament also agreed to ban websites that"incite excessive thinness by promoting extreme dieting.Such measures have a couple of uplifting motives. They suggest beauty should not be defined by looks that end up impinging on health. That's a start. And the ban on ultra-thin models seems to go beyond protecting models from starving themselves to death -as some have done. It tells the fashion industry that it must take responsibility for the signal it sends women, especially teenage girls, about the social tape -measure they must use to determine their individual worth.The bans, if fully enforced , would suggest to woman (and many men )that they should not let others be arbiters of their beauty . And perhaps faintly, they hint that people should look to intangible qualities like character and intellect rather than dieting their way to size zero or wasp-waist physiques .The French measures, however, rely too much on severe punishment to change a culture that still regards beauty as skin-deep-and bone-showing. Under the law, using a fashion model that does not meet a government-defined index of body mass could result in a $85, 000 fine and six months in prison.The fashion industry knows it has an inherent problem in focusing on material adornment and idealized body types. In Denmark, the United States, and a few other countries, it is trying to set voluntary standard for models and fashion images that rely more on peer pressure for enforcement.In contrast to France's actions, Denmark's fashion industry agreed last month on rules and sanctions regarding the age, health, and other characteristics of models . The newly revised Danish Fashion Ethical Charter clearly states： "We are aware of and take responsibility for the impact the fashion industry has on body ideals, especially on young people. " The charter's main tool of enforcement is to deny access for designers and modeling agencies to Copenhagen. Fashion Week, which is run by the Danish Fashion Institute . But in general it relies on a name-and -shame method of compliance.Relying on ethical persuasion rather than law to address the misuse of body ideals may be the best step. Even better would be to help elevate notions of beauty beyond the material standards of a particular industry.21. According to the first paragraphy what would happen in France?A Physical beauty would be redefinedB New runways would be constructedC Websites about dieting would thriveD The fashion industry would decline22. The phrase “impinging on"(Line2 Para2) is closest in meaning toA heightening the value ofB indicating the state ofC losing faith inD doing harm to23. Which of the following is true of the fashion industry?A The French measures have already failedB New standards are being set in DenmarkCJ Models are no longer under peer pressureD Its inherent problems are getting worse24. A designer is most likely to be rejected by CFW forA setting a high age threshold for modelsBcaring too much about models' characterC showing little concern for health factorsDpursuing perfect physical conditions25. Which of the following may be the best title of the text?A A Challenge to the Fashion Industry's Body IdealsBA Dilemma for the Starving Models in FranceC Just Another Round of Struggle for BeautyDThe Great Threats to the Fashion IndustryText 2For the first time in the history more people live in towns than in the country. In Britain this has had a curious result. While polls show Britons rate “the countryside'' alongside the royal family. Shakespeare and the National Health Service (NHS) as what makes them proudest of their country, this has limited political support.A century ago Octavia Hill launched the National Trust not to rescue stylish houses but to save "the beauty of natural places for everyone forever''. It was specifically to provide city dwellers with spaces for leisure where they could experience "a refreshing air''. Hill's pressure later led to the creation of national parks and green belts. They don't make countryside any more, and every year concrete consumes more of it . It needs constant guardianship.At the next election none of the big parties seem likely to endorse this sentiment. The Conservatives' planning reform explicitly gives rural development priority over conservation, even authorizing “off-plan'' building where local people might object. The concept of sustainable development has been defined as profitable. Labour likewise wants to discontinue local planning where councils oppose development. The Liberal Democrats are silent Only Ukip, sensing its chance, has sides with those pleading for a more considered approach to using green land. Its Campaign to Protect Rural England struck terror into many local Consecutive parties.The sensible place to build new houses, factories and offices is where people are, in cities and towns where infrastructure is in place. The London agents Stirling Ackroyd recently identified enough sites for half a million houses in the London area alone, with no intrusion on green belts. What is true of London is even truer of the provinces.The idea that "housing crisis'' equals "concreted meadows'' is pure lobby talk. The issue is not the need for more houses but, as always, where to put them. Under lobby pressure, George Osborne favours rural new-build against urban renovation and renewal. He favours out-of-town shopping sites against high streets. This is not a free market but a biased one. Rural towns and villages have grown and will always grow. They do so best where building sticks to their edges and respects their character. We do not ruin urban conservation areas. Why ruin rural ones?Development should be planned, not let trip, After the Netherlands, Britain is Europe's most crowded country.Half a century of town and country planning has enabled it to retain an enviable rural coherence, whilestill permitting low-density urban living. There is no doubt of the altemative-the corrupted landscapes of southern Portugal» Spain or Ireland. Avoiding this rather than promoting it should unite the left and right of the political spectrum.26. Britain's public sentiment about the countrysideA is not well reflected in politicsB is fully backed by the royal familyC didn't start till the Shakespearean ageD has brought much benefit to the NHS27. According to Paragraph 2, the achievements of the National Trust are now beingA largely overshadowedB properly protectedC effectively reinforcedD gradually destroyed28. Which of the following can be inferred from Paragraph 3?A Labour is under attack for opposing developmentB The Conservatives may abandon “ofTplan" buildingC Ukip may gain from its support for rural conservationD The Liberal Democrats are losing political influence29. The author holds that George Osbornes preferenceA shows his disregard for the character of rural areasB stresses the necessity of easing the housing crisisC highlights his firm stand against lobby pressureD reveals a strong prejudice against urban areas30. In the last paragraph the author shows his appreciation ofA the size of population in BritainB the enviable urban lifestyle in BritainC the town-and-country planning in BritainD the political life in today's BritainText 3“There is one and only one social responsibility of business“ Wrote Milton Friedman, a Nobel Prize-winning economist 4*That is, to use its resources and engage in activities designed to increase its profits. " But even if you accept Friedman's premise and regard corporate social responsibility(CSR) policies as a waste of shareholders's money, things may not be absolutely clear-act. New research suggests that CSR may create monetary value for companies at least when they are prosecuted for corruption.The largest firms in America and Britain together spend more than $15 billion a year on CSR, according to an estimate by EPG, a consulting firm. This could add value to their businesses in three ways. First, consumers may take CSR spending as a “signal' that a company's products are of high quality. Second, customers may be willing to buy a company's products as an indirect may to donate to the good causes it helps. And third, through a more diffuse “halo effect'' whereby its good deeds earn it greater consideration from consumers and others.Previous studies on CSR have had trouble differentiating these effects because consumers can be affected by all three. A recent study attempts to separate them by looking at bribery prosecutions under American's Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). It argues that since prosecutors do not consume a company's products as part of their investigations, they could be influenced only by the halo effect.The study found that, among prosecuted firms, those with the most comprehensive CSR programmes tended to get more lenient penalties. Their analysis ruled out the possibility that it was firm's political influence, rather than their CSR stand, that accounted for the leniency: Companies that contributed more to political campaigns did not receive lower fines.In all, the study concludes that whereas prosecutors should only evaluate a case based on its merits, they do seem to be influenced by a company's record in CSR. "We estimate that either eliminating a substantial labour-rights concern, such as child labour, or increasing corporate giving by about 20% result in fines that generally are 40% lower than the typical punishment for bribing foreign officials, '' says one researcher.Researchers admit that their study does not answer the question of how much businesses ought to spend on CSR. Nor does it reveal how much companies are banking on the halo effect, rather than the other possible benefits, when they decide their do-gooding policies. But at least they have demonstrated that when companies get into trouble with the law, evidence of good character can win them a less costly punishment.31. The author views Milton Friedman's statement about CSR withAJuncertaintyB skepticismC叩 provalDJtolerance32. According to Paragraph 2, CSR helps a company byAguarding it against malpracticesBprotecting it from being defamedCwinning trust from consumers.Draising the quality of its products33. The expression “more lenient”(line 2, Para. 4)is closest in meaning toAless controversial Bmore lasting Cmore effective Dless severe34. When prosecutors evaluate a case* a company's CSR recordAJcomes across as reliable evidenceBhas an impact on their decisionCincreases the chance of being penalizedDJconstitutes part of the investigation35. Which of the following is true of CSR according to the last paragraph?A The necessary amount of companies spending on it is unknownB Companies' financial capacity for it has been overestimatedC Its negative effects on businesses are often overlookedDIt has brought much benefit to the banking industryText 4There will eventually come a day when The New York Times ceases to publish stories on newsprint. Exactly when that day will be is a matter of debate. ''Sometime in the future, '' the paper's publisher said back in 2010.Nostalgia for ink on paper and the rustle of pages aside, there's plenty of incentive to ditch print. The infrastructure required to make a physical newspaper - printing presses, delivery trucks - isn't just expensive; it'sexcessive at a time when online - only competitors don't have the same set of financial constraints.Readers aremigrating away from pri