2021小升初英语总复习第四讲动词知识点讲解+练习.docx

知识点1动词分类第四讲:动词、【考点解读】动词在英语的词类中非常重要,在接下来的学习中,小朋友们将会了解它的分类并掌握 其用法。我们本次将从动词的分类、不同时态句型中的变化形式等方面进行纵向对比学习。 学生要特别背诵些不规则动词的变化形式以及谓语动词和非谓语动词的区别。二、【知识讲解】词性的概念:英语词类分十种:名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。(1) 名词(m):表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball.(2)代词(/0,):主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it.(3)形容词(adj.):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange .(4)数词表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.(5)动词(乂):表示动作或状态。如:ant, is, are, have, see.(6)副词("):修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often(7)冠词(art.):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如：a, an, the.(8)介词(prep.):表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如，,on, from, above,.(9)连词(conj.):用来连接词、短语或句子。如0d, but, before.(10)感叹词(interj.):表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.动词的种类定义:动词表示人或事物的动作或状态。及物动词双宾语复合宾语,及物动词“系动词:be. seem. turn. become 等+表语(doing »do (does, did.shall, would, should.、情态动词:may. can. must, might, could.1A常见的实义动词考点-使役动词和感官动词名称含义固定句型例句make使make sb do sthThe boss always makes us do a lot of work.let让let sb do sthHe lets the girl under 18 smoke here.see看见see sb do/doing sthI saw him enter the room.hear听到hear sb do/doing sthThey heard the girl singing .布ear sb do sth:表示宾语完成了某个动作或者经常做这个动作。 二使动词adj（令人.）adj（感到.）interestinterestinginterestedexciteexcitingexcitedsurprisesurprisingsurprisedamazeamazingamazedastonishastonishingastonishedshockshockingshockedpuzzlepuzzlingpuzzledpleasepleasantpleasedamuseamusingamusedentertainentertainingentertaineddisappointdisappointingdisappointedconfuseconfusingconfusedtiretiringtiredboreboringboredrelaxrelaxingrelaxedembrassembrassingembrassedsee/hear sb doing slh:表示宾语正在进行的动作。B系动词（主语+连系动词+形容词作表语）1）系动词的三种词汇意义表示状态的持续。常见的动词有:stand x keep、stay、lie、continue, burn、hold等。如:The soldiers on guard keep alert under all circumstances.The fish stayed fresh.表示具有某种性质、特征和处于某种状态。常见的动词有:smell、sit、look、sound、mean、 break x feel、ring、seem、appear x taste、read、remain 等。如:The actor looked the main part in the play.She didn't look her age.The idea sounds great.What he said appeared true.表示动词的动作或过程所产生的结果或状态的开始。常见的有:g。、come、grow、run、 rise、wear、prove、turn、wash、fall、drop、blush、becomes get、turn、out、come off 等。 如:The food goes bad in hot weather.Her great aim will come true one day in the future.His money ran short.The plan turned out wrong and useless in the end.He came off second best.The technology came in useful.根据以上系动词的三种含义,可将系动词分为三类:持续类系动词、感官类系动词和变成类 系动词。2）系动词的五种语法结构因为系动词是构成系表结构的先决条件,所以五种语法结构都是系表结构。只是表语可由不 同的词,如:形容词（小升初常考）、名词、副词、分词和介词短语充当。系动词+形容词这类结构最常见。常见的系动词有:sound、look、feel、smell、turn、eat、taste、keep、grow、 play、go、become 等。如:The song sounds very beautiful.The soup tastes delicious.C.助动词的分类:一般现在时dodoes一般过去时did/一般将来时will/shall/现在完成时havehasD情态动词的用法情态动 词义&用法 注意事项特殊用法词1.表具备某种 能力can表现在能力;could表示过去 能力.可用be able to代替;was/were able to表示成功做了 某事（1）表惊异、怀疑、不相 信、不耐烦等。（此意常 用于否定句、疑问句或惊 叹句语气）cancould2.表请求和允 许请求用could语气委婉 允许不用could.Can/Could this be true?3.表“可能性”can用于否定和疑问句（could不限）can （be）表示有时候会（常与 sometimes, at times 住用）1.表请求和允 许请求用might语气更委婉。允许时用may,表示“可以''（表 示允许时不用might） may might2.表可能性“也许”此意常用于肯定句。（might可 能最小）3表祝愿固定句型为“May+主语+V原型，May you succeed!mustL表“必须”must多表主观、现在/将来义 务;have to多表客观、过去义务 ©mustn't表"禁止"否定用needn't / don't have to含must的疑问句否定回答用 needn't（1）表示必然结果:All men must die.人固有 死。（2）表示一种与说话人愿 望相反、不耐烦的感情色 彩,可译为“一定要、偏偏、 非要”：2.表推测:“肯之日Vfct日，AC. AE 圧 At只用于肯定句。在否定句/疑问句 中用 can/couldIf you must know, her name is Mary.1 .表意愿,决心等would此时为will过去式,无意 义差别（1） Will表命令（说话者 确定命令一定会得到执willwould2.表经常性,习 惯性,倾向性,would表过去反复的动作/某种倾 向（相对于used to无“现已无此习 惯”之义。）行）或允诺:You will report to me afterwards.（命 令）3.表功能,性质叙述真理" The tree will leave without water for 3 months.（2）可用于祈使句附加疑 问句（反义疑问句）：（此时4.表估计:“想 必,大概（只 时态区别）此意表对目前事物的预料。Thatwill be the postman ringing.（ would表示过去/现在;will表示 现在/将来）would 比 will 委婉）Don't go now, will you?（3） would 短语:would rather/would prefer 宁愿;5.表“请求/要 求“（Will you ?）此意用于疑问句,常与you连用 Will you give me a piece of paper?would like/would love 号 欢/想要。L表征求意见 （“好不好”）用在第一、三人称Shall the reporters wait outside or what?点2其他示例:He shall have the bookshall（shan't ）2.表允诺、威 胁警告、命 令或根据规定 有义务做用于第二、第三人称Passengers shall not talk with the driver while the bus is movingwhen I finish reading.（允 诺）You shall fail if you don't work harder.（警告）3.表规章、法 令、预言:“必 须“用于所有人称Every competitor shall wear anumberYou shall come at once.（命令）1.表示道义上 的责任,义务 或要求,有时表示劝告:You ought to /should pay more attention to what your lawyer says.（1） should用于疑问句 中表示说话人对某事不能 理解，惋惜,感到意外,shouldought to2.表示推测和 可能性,是 “（按理说）应 该”之意肯定的语气没有must用于推测 时强This pen ought to /should beyours.赞叹,愤怒、惊异等感情, 意为“竟会'有时也用于 陈述句中。（2） should还可以用在if3.表示说话人 的种谦逊, 客气,委婉的 语气此意常用于第一人称时:You are mistaken, I should say .（依我看你是搞错了）引导的条件从句,表示 件事听起来可能性很小, 但也不是完全没有可能, 相当于“万一的意思。知识点2动词的表现形式及其构成方法（详见本书”动词的时态”） 知识点3一句子的成分和基本句型子成分分析1 .主语（subject）:句子说明的人或事物。The eartNmoves around the sun.（名词）likes dancing.（代词）K）ne thousand dollaris a large sum of money for a poor family .（数词）is believing.（动名词）is to believe.（不定式）she want is a book.（主语从句）It is very clear thatthe elephant is round and tall like a tree.（It形式主语,主语从句是真正主语）2 .谓语（predicate）:是对主语加以陈述,表示主语的行为或状态,常用动词或者动词词组 担任,放在主语的后面。WeEnglish.（表示行为）He瓜asleep.（表示状态）Tomapples.3 .表语（predicative）:系动词之后的成分,表示主语的性质、状态和特征。He isteachei（名词）Seventy-four! You don't lookBI （代词）Five and five is1.（数词）He is（形容词）His father isin（副词）The picture is on the wall.（介词短语）My watch is gone / missing / lost.（形容词化的分词）To wear a flower is to say "I'm poor, I can't buy a ring.（不定式）【系动词说明】系动词除了 be外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词:表感官的动词，feel, smell, taste, sound, look, seem 等。表转变变化的动词,become, get, grow, turn, go等。表延续的动词keep, seem等。4 .宾语:宾语包括三种,即动词宾语（可以是句子,即宾语从句），介词宾语和双宾语;1）动词宾语表示行为的对象,常由名词或者代词担任放在及物动词之后如:I likeChina.（名词）He likes（代词）How many do you need? We neec.（数词）enjoy Qwith you.（动名词）zorkiniI hopeagain.（不定式）Did you write downwhat he said卜（宾语从句）2）介词后的名词、代词和动名词介宾:Are you afraid of the snake?Under the snow, there are many rocks.3）双宾语间接宾语（指人）和直接宾语（指物）： He gave me a book yesterday.5.宾补:对宾语的补充,全称为宾语补足语。We elected him IWe all think itmonitor（名词）pat she didn't come here.（名）We will make them（形容词）We found nobody Q.（副词）Please make yourself（介词短语）Don't let himuo thatl（省略to'的不定式）His father advised himto teach the lazy boy a lessonj（带to不定式）Don,t keep the lights»umingl（现在分词）I'll have my bikeepaire（过去分词）6 .定语:定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子,汉语中常用，的表7JoThe boy needs a 諮T pen.（名词）噩 boy needs Tom's pen.（代词）We belong to thehirdworld.（数词）He was advised to teach the boy a lesson.（形容词）The manis my old friend.（副词）The womanwith a baby in her armsis my sister.（介词短语）The boysplaying football|are in Class 2.（现在分词）The treesplanted last yeanare growing well now.（过去分词）I have an ideaho doit well.（不定式）You should do everythinghat I dd（定语从句）7 .状语:用来修饰动词,形容词,副词或句子,表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。（以下例句按上述顺序排列）1 will go thereomorroulThe meeting will be held|in the meeting rootThe meat went badbecause of the hot weatherHe studies hardto learn English well|He didn't study hardso that he failed in the exairI like some of you S? muclIf you study hard）you will pass the exam.He goes to schoolThough he is young）he can do it well.句子成分知识总结:主语:名词、代词、动名词、主语从句、数词等谓语:动词、动词短语宾语:名词、代词、动名词、宾语从句、数词等表语:系动词后面的名词、代词、动名词、数词,介词短语等定语:修饰名词或代词的词简单的五种基本句型:I、S（主）+Vi （不及物动词）（谓语）主谓结构例如:Time flies.1） S + V+副词（状语）例如:Birds sing beautifully.2） S + Vi+介词短语（状语）例如:He went on holiday.3） S + Vi+不定式（状语）例如：We stopped to have a rest.4） S + Vi+分词（状语）例如:1111 go swimming.2、S（主）+Vt （及物动词）（谓语）+0 （宾语）主谓宾结构例如:We like English.1） S + Vt+名词/代词例如:1 like music.2） S + Vt+不定式例如:I want to help him.I说明常用于这句型的动词有:decide, hope, learn, need, promise, want,等。3） S + Vt+疑问词+不定式例如:I don't know what to do.说明常用于这句型的动词有:ask, decide, find out, forget, know等。4） S + Vt+动名词例如:I enjoy living here.说明常用于这句型的动词有:advise, enjoy, finish, mind, practise5） S + Vt+宾语从句例如:I don't think （that） he is right.说明常用于这句型的动词有:hope, know, notice, think, wonder等。【难点】3、S（主）+V （谓语）（系动词）+P （表语）主系表结构例如:We are Chinese.1） S + V+名词/代词例如:He is a boy.2） S + V+形容词例如：She is beautiful.3） S + V + Adv 副词例如:Class is over.4） S + V+介词短语例如:He is in good health.5） S + V+分词例如:He is excited.4、S（主）+Vt （谓语）+lnO （间接宾语）+DO （直接宾语）-主动双宾结构例如:I give you help.1） S + Vt+间接宾语+直接宾语例如:1 sent him a book.2） S + Vt+直接宾语+to/fbr+间接宾语例如:He sent a book to me.说明间接宾语前需要加to的常用动词有:bring, give, lend, pass, pay, read, sell, send, show, teach, tell, wish, write 等。间接宾语前需要加的常用动词有:buy, get, make等。【难点】5、S住）+Vt （谓语）+0 （宾语）+OC （宾语补足语） 主动宾补结构例如:I make you clear.强调宾语和宾语补足语之间通常具有逻辑主谓关系。1) S + Vt+宾语+名词例如:We named our baby Tom.说明常用于这句型的动词有:call. End, make, name等。2) S + Vt+宾语+形容词例如:He painted the wall white.说明常用于这句型的动词有:cut, find, keep, leave, make, see, wash等。3) S + Vt+宾语+介词短语例如:She always keeps everything in good order.4) S + Vt+宾语+不定式例如:I wish you to stay.说明常用于这句型的动词有:不定式带to的词:ask, invite, tell, want, warn, wish 等。不定式不带 to 的词:have, know, let, make, notice, see, watch 等。5) S + Vt+宾语+分词例如:1 heard my name called (表示被动)I feel something moving (表示进彳亍)说明常用于这句型的动词有:notice, observe, see, watch等。6) S + Vt+宾语+疑问词+不定式例如:He show me how to do it.说明常用于这句型的动词有:ask, show, teach, tell等。三、【典例探究】【例题 ! . 一What the sign mean?It means you can'there.A. is, smoking B. does, smoke C. did, smoke D. are, smoke例题 2 ： She can't ride a bicycle. She school on foot.A. must get to B. has to get to C. has to go to D. have to go to【例题 3 ： She is willing things and help others.A. to share B. shareC. sharingD. to sharing答案:BCA四、【课堂运用】国础】【练习1I照样子,写出动词的四种形式。例:write writeswritingwrotewritten1. walk 2. study 3. wish 4. play 5. rain 6. go 7. die 8. run 9. come 10. do 11. fly 12. stop13. see14. swim 15. buy 【练习2】选择正确的单词填空。1. He(am, is, are)from England. He and 1 (am,is, are )friends.2. That dog(am, is, are) a fat and lazy.3. We(don't, doesn't, didn't) have lessons every Friday afternoon.4. There(be, is, are) a big hospital and three schools near the park.5. The salad(taste, tastes) delicious.6. Ann is(sitting, siting) in the bedroom, while Andy is (runing, running)in the garden.7. Our school(have, has) two big gates.8. We(will, should) always treat other people nicely.9. Bob(may, can) not like the gift that 1 bought him.10.1 have much work to do this evening and I(don't, can't) go to the party.【巩固】【练习1】用所给的实义动词的适当形式填空。1. Can you(speak) English?2. We(have) a maths test tomorrow.3. John(know) that man in black?4. Peter(ride) his new bicycle in the garden. He's happy.5. Tom wants(drink) some juice.1 .1 like(collect) stamps very much.7 . Jack often(go) to school at seven.8 .you(go) swimming last week?9 . He(open) the door just now.10.1 am good at(sing).【练习2】用所给动词的适当形式填空。1. It's( rain) now. We can't(go) out and play.2. My uncle(come) to see us tomorrow.3. Sit down, please.(have) some tea.4. Lucy(phone) home just now. But nobody(answer).5. Who can(make) him(laugh)?6. People(wear) warm clothes in cold winter.6.1 shall ask Alice(help) you.8. The boy(grow) up. He became a basketball player.9.1(study) in this school in 2001.10.1 saw them(clean) the street yesterday.【拔髙】【练习!I用动词的适当形式填空1. It's the first time I(travel) by plane.2. You(catch) a cold if you(not put) on your overcoat.3. While I(mop) the floor, my mother(do)the washing.4. By last year, he(change) three jobs.5. All work and no play(make) Jack a dull boy.6. He(be) away from home for three years.7. you(be) to Shanghai Grand Theater?Yes, I have. I(go) there last month.8. He told us that he(ask) for leave the next week.9.1 felt sick when I(take) the exam.10. Mother didn't leave the baby until he(fall) asleep.【练习2单项选择填空1. I didn't see you at the meeting. I thought you not there.A. were B. wasC. had D. are2. We were glad to know that he in Shanghai for another week.A. will stay B. would stay C. are staying D. had stayed3. I sure that you the exam.A. am.pass B.am.will pass C. was.passD. was.will pass4. Our teacher told us that water at 0.A. freeze B. froze C. freezes D. would freeze5. Guangzhou in the south of China.A. locatesB.is lying C.is locatingD. lies6. We all the work by last week.A. finished B. have finished C. had finished D. will finish7. I see him when I was walking in the street.A. happen to B. was happening to C. happened to D. happens to8. I the window as soon as it to rain.A. closed.startedB. closed.was startingC. was closing.startedD. had closed.started9. There an English contest next week. Will you take part in it?A. is having B.is going to have C. will have D. will be10. We close friends for more than ten years.A. became B. were C. have become D. have been四、【课后巩固】五、【习题1】1.写出下列动词的过去时和过去分词am/iseatarefallbeginfeelbreakgivebringgobuildhavebuyhearcanhitcomehurtcutkeepdoknowdrawlearndrinkleavedrivemake2 .用动词的适当形式填空。1. He(graduate)from university in two weeks.2. She (read) a lot of English novels in the past few years.3. It(be)three years since we moved here.4.1(write)a composition this time last night.5. The train(leave) when we got to the railway station.【习题2】句型转换。1. My little sister is watching TV now.（对划线部分提问）is your little sister now?2. The book cost me 100 yuan.（变为否定句）The book cost me 100 yuan.3. We used to stay with him happily.（变为一般疑问句） you stay with him happily?4. Tom took the plane to Beijing the day before yesterday.（同义句转换） Tom Beijing the day before yesterday.5. “'m sorry,“said he.（同义句转换）He sorry me.【习题3】1. . 一May I stop my car here? 一No, you.A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. don't have to2. Must we clean the house now?No, you.A. needn't B. may not C. mustn't D. can't3. John his father about his failure in the exam.A. dares not tellB. dares not tellingC. dare not tellD. dares not to tell4. You return the book now. You can keep it next week if you like.A. can't B. mustn't C. needn't D. may not5. Johnny, you play with the knife, you_hurt yourself.A. won't.can'tB.