2000-2013年考研英语一真题已整理无答案完美打印版.docx

2013年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语试题详解Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making individual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that the ability to make judgments which are unbiased by factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of information they were working with., he theorised that a judge of appearing too soft crime might be more likely to send someone to prison he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to probation on that day To this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the of an applicant should not depend on the few others randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr Simonsohn suspected the truth was He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews,by 31 admissions officers. The interviewers had applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale numerous factors into consideration. Thescores were used in conjunction with an applicant's score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardised exam which is out of 800 points, to make a decision on whether to accept him or her。Dr Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interviewees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one that, then the score for the next applicant would byan average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to the effects of such a decrease a candidatewould need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 1 .A grant B submits C transmits D delivers2 .A minor Bobjective C crucial D external3 .A issue B vision C picture D moment4 .A For example B On average C In principle D Above all5 .A fond Bfearfiil C capable D thoughtless6 .A in B on C to D for7 .A ifBuntil C though D unless8 .AJ promote BJemphasize CJ share D test9 .A decision B quality C status D success10 .A chosen BJstupid CJfound D identified1. l.A exceptional B defensible C replaceable D otherwise12. AJ inspired BJexpressed C conducted D secured13. A assigned BJrated C matched D arranged14. AJ put BJgot CJgave D took15. Ainstead Bthen C ever D rather16. Aselected BJpassed C marked D introduced17. Abefore B after C above D below18. A jump BJ float CJ drop D fluctuate19. Aachieve Bundo C maintain DJdisregard20. A promising B possible C necessary DJ helpfulSection II R eading Comprehension Part ADirections： Read the following four texts. Answer the questions after each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET I. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Stre叩,scold her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her. Priestly explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to department stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garmentThis top-down conception of the fashion business couldn't be more out of date or at odds with feverish world described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline's three-year indictment of “fast fashion". In the last decades or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-market labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate demand more precisely. Quckier tumrounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent releases, and more profit. Those labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposalmeant to last only a wash or two, although they don't advertise thatand to renew theirwardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking all industry long accustomed to a seasonal paceThe victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a 5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2300-plus stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage, overseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amount of harmful chemicals Overdressed is the fashion world's answer to consumer activist bestsellers like Michael Pollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma. Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and need, yet is non-durable, and wasteful," Cline argues, Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billion garments a yearabout 64 items perpersonand no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to wasteTowards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named SKB. who, since 2008 has make all of her own clothesand beautifully. But as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumontdecades to perfect her craft; her example, can't be knocked off。Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor and the environmentincluding H&M, with its green Conscious Collection LineCline believes lasting-changecan only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to many advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will only start shopping more sustainably when they can't afford to it。21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill B insensitivity to fashionC obsession with high fashion Dlack of imagination 22. According to Cline, mass-maket labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste B shut out the feverish fashion worldC resist the influence of advertisementsD shop for their garments more frequently 23. The word "indictment" (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation B enthusiasmC indifferenceD tolerance 24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealistsB The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability C People are more interested in unaffordable garments D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyleB Challenge to a high-fashion mythC Criticism of the fast-fashion industry D Exposure of a mass-market secret Text 2An old saw has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted一the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim “behavioural“ ads at those most likely to buy In the past couple of weeks three deals and a quarrel have illustrated the value to advertisers (and their suppliers of software) of such fine-grained information. Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and sent behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission proposed adding a "do not track" (DNT) option to internet browsers, so that users could tell advertisers that they did not want to be followed. Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT; Google's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and the Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests On May 31st Microsoft set off the row. It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear with Windows 8, a new incarnation of the software firm's operating system, would have DNT as a defaultoAdvertisers are horrified. Human nature being what it is, most people stick with default settings. Few switch DNT on now, but if tracking is off it will stay off. Bob Liodice, the chief executive of the Association of National Advertisers, one of the groups in the DAA, says consumers will be worse off if the industry cannot collect information about their preferences. People will not get fewer ads, he says. "They'll get less meaningful, less targeted ads ”It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige anyone to stop tracking, although some companies (including Twitter) have promised to do so. Unable to tell whether someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's default, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, which it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to rile Google, which relies almost wholly on advertising, it has chosen an indirect method: there is no guarantee that DNT by default will become the norm. DNT does not seem an obviously huge selling point for Windows 8though the firm has compared some of its other products favourably with Google's on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: "We believe consumers should have more control " Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that "behavioural" ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersDJprovide better online services27. “The industry”(Line 6,Para.3) refers to:A online advertisersB e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisDJintemet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA many cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryCJ will not benefit consumersDgoes against human nature29. which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgenceB understandingC appreciationD skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no means uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, leading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for alloNow utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the range of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You might even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endured for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years . Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International Union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will read: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently increasing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline.So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organisations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has its flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of years hence Perhaps willfully , it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequences, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurologists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have launched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considerable assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified enough of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evidence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselvesThis long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to be a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enough to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improve the lot of those to come 31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for lives of fulfillmentB our faith in science and technologyC our awareness of potential risksD our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN's "Red List" suggest that human being areA a sustained speciesB a threaten to the environmentC the world's dominant powerD a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studiesB Technology offers solutions to social problemC The interest in science fiction is on the rise D Our Immediate future is hard to conceive34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial toA explore our planet's abundant resourcesB adopt an optimistic view of the worldC draw on our experience from the pastD curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindD Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona's immigration law Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration's effort to upset the balance of power between the federal government and the states In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to '*establish a uniform Rule of Naturalization "and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial. Arizona had attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majority held the congress had deliberately "occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intrud