2000-2013考研英语（一）真题及答案.docx

2000年一2013年考研英语（一）真题及答案完整版2013年考研英语(一)真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections: Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank an d mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)People are, on the whole, poor at considering background information when making indivi dual decisions. At first glance this might seem like a strength that 1 the ability to make judg ments which are unbiased by 2 factors. But Dr. Uri Simonsohn speculated that an inability to consider the big 3 was leading decision-makers to be biased by the daily samples of inform ation they were working with. 4 , he theorised that a judge 5 of appearing too soft 6 crime might be more likely to send someone to prison 7 he had already sentenced five or six other defendants only to forced community service on that day.To 8 this idea, he turned to the university-admissions process. In theory, the 9 of an ap plicant should not depend on the few others 10 randomly for interview during the same day, but Dr. Simonsohn suspected the truth was 11 .He studied the results of 9,323 MBA interviews 12 by 31 admissions officers. The intervi ewers had 13 applicants on a scale of one to five. This scale 14 numerous factors into consi deration. The scores were 15 used in conjunction with an applicants score on the Graduate Management Admission Test, or GMAT, a standardized exam which is 16 out of 800 points, t o make a decision on whether to accept him or her.Dr. Simonsohn found if the score of the previous candidate in a daily series of interview ees was 0.75 points or more higher than that of the one 17 that, then the score for the next applicant would 18 by an average of 0.075 points. This might sound small, but to 19 the eff ects of such a decrease a candidate could need 30 more GMAT points than would otherwise have been 20 .1. Agrants Bsubmits Ctransmits Ddelivers2. Aminor Bobjective Ccrucial D external3. Aissue Bvision Cpicture Dexternal4. A For example B On average Cln principle DAbove all5. Afond Bfearful Ccapable D thoughtless6. A in B on Cto D for7. A if B until C though D unless8. A promote B emphasize Cshare Dtest9. A decision B quality C status D success10. A chosen B studied C found D identified11. A exceptional B defensible C replaceable D otherwise12. A inspired B expressed C conducted D secured13. A assigned B rated C matched D arranged14. A put B got C gave D took15. A instead B then C ever D rather16. A selected B passed C marked D introduced17. A before B after C above D below18. A jump B float C drop D fluctuate19. A achieve B undo C maintain D disregard20. A promising B possible C necessary D helpfulSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B,C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In the 2006 film version of The Devil Wears Prada, Miranda Priestly, played by Meryl Str eep, scolds her unattractive assistant for imagining that high fashion doesn't affect her, Priestl y explains how the deep blue color of the assistant's sweater descended over the years from fashion shows to departments stores and to the bargain bin in which the poor girl doubtless found her garment.This top-down conception of the fashion business couldn't be more out of date or at odd s with the feverish would be described in Overdressed, Elizabeth Cline's three-year indictment of ufast fashion". In the last decade or so, advances in technology have allowed mass-marke t labels such as Zara, H&M, and Uniqlo to react to trends more quickly and anticipate deman d more precisely. Quicker turnarounds mean less wasted inventory, more frequent release, an d more profit. These labels encourage style-conscious consumers to see clothes as disposabl e-meant to last only a wash or two, although they don't advertise that -and to renew their w ardrobe every few weeks. By offering on-trend items at dirt-cheap prices, Cline argues, these brands have hijacked fashion cycles, shaking an industry long accustomed to a seasonal pac e.The victims of this revolution, of course, are not limited to designers. For H&M to offer a $5.95 knit miniskirt in all its 2,300-pius stores around the world, it must rely on low-wage ov erseas labor, order in volumes that strain natural resources, and use massive amounts of har mful chemicals.Overdressed is the fashion world's answer to consumer-activist bestsellers like Michael P ollan's The Omnivore's Dilemma. *Mass-produced clothing, like fast food, fills a hunger and ne ed, yet is non-durable and wasteful/ Cline argues. Americans, she finds, buy roughly 20 billio n garments a year - about 64 items per person - and no matter how much they give away, this excess leads to waste.Towards the end of Overdressed, Cline introduced her ideal, a Brooklyn woman named Sarah Kate Beaumont, who since 2008 has made all of her own clothes - and beautifully. Bu t as Cline is the first to note, it took Beaumont decades to perfect her craft; her example ca n*t be knocked off.Though several fast-fashion companies have made efforts to curb their impact on labor a nd the environment - including H&M, with its green Conscious Collection line -Cline believes lasting change can only be effected by the customer. She exhibits the idealism common to m any advocates of sustainability, be it in food or in energy. Vanity is a constant; people will on ly start shopping more sustainably when they can't afford not to.21. Priestly criticizes her assistant for herA poor bargaining skill.B insensitivity to fashion.C obsession with high fashion.D lack of imagination.22. According to Cline, mass-market labels urge consumers toA combat unnecessary waste.B shut out the feverish fashion world.C resist the influence of advertisements.D shop for their garments more frequently.23. The word "indictment* (Line 3, Para.2) is closest in meaning toA accusation.B enthusiasm.C indifference.D tolerance.24. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?A Vanity has more often been found in idealists.B The fast-fashion industry ignores sustainability.C People are more interested in unaffordable garments.D Pricing is vital to environment-friendly purchasing.25. What is the subject of the text?A Satire on an extravagant lifestyle.B Challenge to a high-fashion myth.C Criticism of the fast-fashion industry.D Exposure of a mass-market secret.Text 2An old saying has it that half of all advertising budgets are wasted-the trouble is, no one knows which half. In the internet age, at least in theory, this fraction can be much reduced. By watching what people search for, click on and say online, companies can aim Ubehavioura ln ads at those most likely to buy.In the past couple of weeks a quarrel has illustrated the value to advertisers of such fin e-grained information: Should advertisers assume that people are happy to be tracked and se nt behavioural ads? Or should they have explicit permission?In December 2010 America's Federal Trade Commission (FTC) proposed adding a "do n ot track "(DNT) option to internet browsers ,so that users could tell advertisers that they did n ot want to be followed .Microsoft's Internet Explorer and Apple's Safari both offer DNT ;Googl e's Chrome is due to do so this year. In February the FTC and Digital Advertising Alliance (DAA) agreed that the industry would get cracking on responding to DNT requests.On May 31st Microsoft Set off the row: It said that Internet Explorer 10, the version due to appear windows 8, would have DNT as a default.It is not yet clear how advertisers will respond. Getting a DNT signal does not oblige an yone to stop tracking, although some companies have promised to do so. Unable to tell whet her someone really objects to behavioural ads or whether they are sticking with Microsoft's de fault, some may ignore a DNT signal and press on anyway.Also unclear is why Microsoft has gone it alone. After all, it has an ad business too, whi ch it says will comply with DNT requests, though it is still working out how. If it is trying to u pset Google, which relies almost wholly on default will become the norm. DNT does not see m an obviously huge selling point for windows 8-though the firm has compared some of its ot her products favourably with Google*s on that count before. Brendon Lynch, Microsoft's chief privacy officer, blogged: *'we believe consumers should have more control.*' Could it really be that simple?26. It is suggested in paragraph 1 that “behavioural” ads help advertisers to:A ease competition among themselvesB lower their operational costsC avoid complaints from consumersD provide better online services27. uThe industry* (Line 6,Para.3) refers to:B e-commerce conductorsC digital information analysisD internet browser developers28. Bob Liodice holds that setting DNT as a defaultA many cut the number of junk adsB fails to affect the ad industryC will not benefit consumersD goes against human nature29. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph.6?A DNT may not serve its intended purposeB Advertisers are willing to implement DNTC DNT is losing its popularity among consumersD Advertisers are obliged to offer behavioural ads30. The author's attitude towards what Brendon Lynch said in his blog is one of:A indulgenceB understandingC appreciationD skepticismText 3Up until a few decades ago, our visions of the future were largely - though by no mean s uniformly - glowingly positive. Science and technology would cure all the ills of humanity, Ie ading to lives of fulfillment and opportunity for all.Now utopia has grown unfashionable, as we have gained a deeper appreciation of the r ange of threats facing us, from asteroid strike to epidemic flu and to climate change. You mi ght even be tempted to assume that humanity has little future to look forward to.But such gloominess is misplaced. The fossil record shows that many species have endu red for millions of years - so why shouldn't we? Take a broader look at our species' place in the universe, and it becomes clear that we have an excellent chance of surviving for tens, if not hundreds, of thousands of years. Look up Homo sapiens in the "Red List" of threatened species of the International union for the Conversation of Nature (IUCN) ,and you will rea d: "Listed as Least Concern as the species is very widely distributed, adaptable, currently incr easing, and there are no major threats resulting in an overall population decline."So what does our deep future hold? A growing number of researchers and organizations are now thinking seriously about that question. For example, the Long Now Foundation has i ts flagship project a medical clock that is designed to still be marking time thousands of year s hence.Perhaps willfully, it may be easier to think about such lengthy timescales than about the more immediate future. The potential evolution of today's technology, and its social consequen ces, is dazzlingly complicated, and it's perhaps best left to science fiction writers and futurolo gists to explore the many possibilities we can envisage. That's one reason why we have laun ched Arc, a new publication dedicated to the near future.But take a longer view and there is a surprising amount that we can say with considera ble assurance. As so often, the past holds the key to the future: we have now identified eno ugh of the long-term patterns shaping the history of the planet, and our species, to make evi dence-based forecasts about the situations in which our descendants will find themselves.This long perspective makes the pessimistic view of our prospects seem more likely to b e a passing fad. To be sure, the future is not all rosy. But we are now knowledgeable enoug h to reduce many of the risks that threatened the existence of earlier humans, and to improv e the lot of those to come.31. Our vision of the future used to be inspired byA our desire for lives of fulfillmentB our faith in science and technologyC our awareness of potential risksD our belief in equal opportunity32. The IUCN's "Red List" suggest that human being areA a sustained speciesB a threaten to the environmentC the world's dominant powerD a misplaced race33. Which of the following is true according to Paragraph 5?A Arc helps limit the scope of futurological studies.B Technology offers solutions to social problem.C The interest in science fiction is on the rise.D Our Immediate future is hard to conceive.34. To ensure the future of mankind, it is crucial toA explore our planet's abundant resourcesB adopt an optimistic view of the worldC draw on our experience from the pastD curb our ambition to reshape history35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A Uncertainty about Our FutureB Evolution of the Human SpeciesC The Ever-bright Prospects of MankindD Science, Technology and HumanityText 4On a five to three vote, the Supreme Court knocked out much of Arizona*s immigration I aw Monday-a modest policy victory for the Obama Administration. But on the more important matter of the Constitution, the decision was an 8-0 defeat for the Administration's effort to up set the balance of power between the federal government and the states.In Arizona v. United States, the majority overturned three of the four contested provisions of Arizona's controversial plan to have state and local police enforce federal immigration law. The Constitutional principles that Washington alone has the power to “establish a uniform Ru Ie of Naturalization "and that federal laws precede state laws are noncontroversial . Arizona h ad attempted to fashion state policies that ran parallel to the existing federal ones.Justice Anthony Kennedy, joined by Chief Justice John Roberts and the Court's liberals, ruled that the state flew too close to the federal sun. On the overturned provisions the majorit y held the congress had deliberately “occupied the field" and Arizona had thus intruded on th e federal's privileged powers.However, the Justices said that Arizona police would be allowed to verify the legal status of people who come in contact with law enforcement. That's because Congress has always envisioned joint federal-state immigration enforcement and explicitly encourages state officers t o share information and cooperate with federal colleagues.Two of the three objecting Justice-Samuel Alito and Clarence Thomas-agreed with this C onstitutional logic but disagreed about which Arizona rules