2000-2013考研英语（二）真题及详细答案.docx

2000年一2013年考研英语（二）真题及答案完整版2013年考研英语(二)真题及答案Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Given the advantages of electronic money, you might think that we would move quickly to the ca shless society in which all payments are made electronically. 1 a true cashless society is probably not around the corner. Indeed, predictions have been 2 for two decades but have not yet come to fruitio n. For example, Business Week predicted in 1975 that electronic means of payment would soon "revol utionize the very 3 of money itself," only to 4 itself several years later. Why has the movement to a c ashless society been so 5 in coming?Although electronic means of payment may be more efficient than a payments system based on paper, several factors work 6 the disappearance of the paper system. First, it is very 7 to set up the computer, card reader, and telecommunications networks necessary to make electronic money the 8 fo rm of payment Second, paper checks have the advantage that they 9 receipts, something thai many c onsumers are unwilling to 10 . Third, the use of paper checks gives consumers several days of "float" -it takes several days 11 a check is cashed and funds are 12 from the issuer's account, which mea ns that the writer of the check can cam interest on the funds in the meantime. 13 electronic payment s arc immediate, they eliminate the float for the consumer.Fourth, electronic means of payment may 14 security and privacy concerns. We often hear media reports that an unauthorized hacker has been able to access a computer database and to alter infor mation 15 there. The fact that this is not an 16 occurrence means that dishonest persons might be a ble to access bank accounts in electronic payments systems and 17 from someone else's accounts. T he 18 of this type of fraud is no easy task, and a new field of computer science is developing to 19 security issues. A further concern is that the use of e lectronic means of payment leaves an electron! c 20 that contains a large amount of personal data. There are concerns that government, employers, and marketers might be able to access these data, thereby violating our privacy.1. A However B Moreover C Therefore D Otherwise2. A off B back C over D around3. A power B concept C history D role4. A reward B resist C resume D reverse5. A silent B sudden C slow D steady6. A for B against C with D on7. A imaginative B expensive C sensitive D productive8. A similar B original C temporary D dominant9. A collect B provide C copy D print10. A give up B take over C bring back D pass down11. A before B after C since D when12. A kept B borrowed C released D withdrawn13. A Unless B Until C Because D Though14. A hide B express C raise Dease15. A analyzed B shared C stored D displayed16. A unsafe B unnatural C uncommon D unclear17. A steal B choose C benefit D return18. A consideration B prevention C manipulation D justification19. A cope with B fight against C adapt to D call for20. A chunk B chip C path D trailSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1In an essay entitled “Making It in America", the author Adam Davidson relates a joke from cotton about just how much a modern textile mill has been automated: The average mill only two employee s today," a man and a dog. The man is there to feed the dog is there to keep the man away from t he machines/*Davidson*s article is one of a number of pieces that have recently appeared making the point tha t the reason we have such stubbornly high unemployment and declining middle-class incomes today is also because of the advances in both globalization and the information technology revolution, which a re more rapidly than ever replacing labor with machines or foreign worker.In the past, workers with average skills, doing an average job , could earn an average lifestyle ,B ut .today ,average is officially over. Being average just won*t earn you what it used to. It can't when s o many more employers have so much more access to so much more above average cheap foreign I abor, cheap robotics, cheap software, cheap automation and cheap genius. Therefore, everyone needs to find their extra-their unique value contribution that makes them stand out in whatever is their field of employment.Yes, new technology has been eating jobs forever, and always will. But there's been an accelerat ion. As Davidson notes,* In the 10 years ending in 2009, U.S. factories shed workers so fast that th ey erased almost all the gains of the previous 70 years; roughly one out of every three manufacturing jobs-about 6 million in total -disappeared.There will always be changed-new jobs, new products, new services. But the one thing we know for sure is that with each advance in globalization and the I.T. revolution, the best jobs will require w orkers to have more and better education to make themselves above average.In a world where average is officially over, there are many things we need to do to support empl oyment, but nothing would be more important than passing some kind of G.I.Bill for the 21st century t hat ensures that every American has access to poet-high school education.21. The joke in Paragraph 1 is used to illustrateA the impact of technological advancesB the alleviation of job pressureC the shrinkage of textile millsD the decline of middle-class incomes22. According to Paragraph 3, to be a successful employee, one has toA work on cheap softwareB ask for a moderate salaryC adopt an average lifestyleD contribute something unique23. The quotation in Paragraph 4 explains thatA gains of technology have been erasedB job opportunities are disappearing at a high speedC factories are making much less money than beforeD new jobs and services have been offered24. According to the author, to reduce unemployment, the most important isA to accelerate the LT. revolutionB to ensure more education for peopleC ro advance economic globalizationD to pass more bills in the 21st century25. Which of the following would be the most appropriate title for the text?A New Law Takes EffectB Technology Goes CheapC Average Is OverD Recession Is BadText 2A century ago, the immigrants from across the Atlantic indued settlers and sojourners. Along with the many folks looking to make a permanent home in the United States came those who had no int ention to stay, and 7millin people arrived while about 2 million departed. About a quarter of all Italian immigrants, for exanmle, eventually returned to Italy for good. They even had an affectionate nickname, *uccelli di passaggio," birds of passage.Today, we are much more rigid about immigrants. We divide nemcomers into two categories: leg al or illegal, good or bad. We hail them as Americans in the making, or our broken immigrantion syst em and the long political paralysis over how to fix it. We don't need more categories, but we need to change the way we think about categories. We need to look beyond strick definitions of legal and ille gal. To start, we can recognize the new birds of passage, those living and thriving in the gray areas. We might then begin to solve our immigration challenges.Crop pickers, violinists, construction workers, entrepreneurs, engineers, home health-care aides an d physicists are among today's birds of passage. They are energetic participants in a global economy driven by the flow of work, money and ideas .They prefer to come and go as opportunity calls them , They can manage to have a job in one place and a family in another.With or without permission, they straddle laws, jurisdictions and identities with ease. We need the m to imagine the United States as a place where they can be productive for a while without committi ng themselves to staying forever. We need them to feel that home can be both here and there and t hat they can belong to two nations honorably.Accommodating this new world of people in motion will require new attitudes on both sides of the immigration battle .Looking beyond the culture war logic of right or wrong means opening up the mid die ground and understanding that managing immigration today requires multiple paths and multiple ou tcomes. Including some that are not easy to accomplish legally in the existing system.26 "Birds of passage" refers to those whoA immigrate across the Atlantic.B leave their home countries for good.C stay in a foregin temporaily.D find permanent jobs overseas.27 It is implied in paragraph 2 that the current immigration stystem in the USA needs new immigrant categories.B has loosened control over immigrants.C should be adopted to meet challenges.D has been fixeed via political means.28 According to the author, today's birds of passage wantA fiancial incentives.B a global recognition.C opportunities to get regular jobs.D the freedom to stay and leave.29 The author suggests that the birds of passage today should be treated _A as faithful partners.B with economic favors.C with regal tolerance.D as mighty rivals.30选出最适合文章的标题E come and go: big mistake.F living and thriving : great risk.G with or without : great risk.H legal or illegal: big mistake.Text 3Scientists have found that although we are prone to snap overreactions, if we take a moment an d think about how we are likely to react, we can reduce or even eliminate the negative effects of our quick, hard-wired responses.Snap decisions can be important defense mechanisms; if we are judging whether someone is da ngerous, our brains and bodies are hard-wired to react very quickly, within milliseconds. But we need more time to assess other factors. To accurately tell whether someone is sociable, studies show, we need at least a minute, preferably five. It takes a while to judge complex aspects of personality, like n euroticism or open-mindedness.But snap decisions in reaction to rapid stimuli aren't exclusive to the interpersonal realm. Psychol ogists at the University of Toronto found that viewing a fast-food logo for just a few milliseconds prim es us to read 20 percent faster, even though reading has little to do with eating. We unconsciously a ssociate fast food with speed and impatience and carry those impulses into whatever else we're doing, Subjects exposed to fast-food flashes also tend to think a musical piece lasts too long.Yet we can reverse such influences. If we know we will overreact to consumer products or housi ng options when we see a happy face (one reason good sales representatives and real estate agents are always smiling), we can take a moment before buying. If we know female job screeners are mor e likely to reject attractive female applicants, we can help screeners understand their biases-or hire ou tside screeners.John Gottman, the marriage expert, explains that we quickly “thin slice'1 information reliably only a fter we ground such snap reactions in “thick sliced'* long-term study. When Dr. Gottman really wants t o assess whether a couple will stay together, he invites them to his island retreat for a muck longer evaluation; two days, not two seconds.Our ability to mute our hard-wired reactions by pausing is what differentiates us from animals: do ge can think about the future only intermittently or for a few minutes. But historically we have spent a bout 12 percent of our days contemplating the longer term. Although technology might change the wa y we react, it hasn*t changed our nature. We still have the imaginative capacity to rise above temptati on and reverse the high-speed trend.31. The time needed in making decisions may.A vary according to the urgency of the situationB prove the complexity of our brain reactionC depend on the importance of the assessmentD predetermine the accuracy of our judgment32. Our reaction to a fast-food logo shows that snao decisions.A can be associativeB are not unconsciousC can be dangerousD are not impulsive33. Toreverse the negative influences of snap decisions,we should.A trust our first impressionB do as people usually doC think before we actD ask for expert advice34. John Gottman says that reliable snap reaction are based on.A critical assessmentButhin sliced "studyC sensible explanationD adequate information35. The author's attitude toward reversing the high-speed trend is.A tolerantB uncertainC optimisticD doubtfulText 4Europe is not a gender-equality heaven.In particular, the corporate workplace will never be compl etely family-friendly until women are part of senior management decisions,and Europe,s top corporate -governance positions remain overwhelmingly male .indeed,women hold only 14 percent of positions onEurope corporate boards.The Europe union is now considering legislation to compel corporate boards to maintain a certai n proportion of women-up to 60 percent.This proposed mandate was born of frustration. Last year, Eur ope Commission Vice President Viviane Reding issued a call to voluntary action. Reding invited corpor ations to sign up for gender balance goal of 40 percent female board membership. But her appeal wa s considered a failure: only 24 companies took it up.Do we need quotas to ensure that women can continue to climb the corporate Ladder fairy as th ey balance work and family?“Personally, I don't like quotas,M Reding said recently. uBut i like what the quotas do.” Quotas get action: they “open the way to equality and they break through the glass ceiling/' according to Reding, a result seen in France and other countries with legally binding provisions on placing women in top business positions.I understand Reding's reluctance-and her frustration. I don't like quotas either; they run counter to my belief in meritocracy, government by the capable. Bur, when one considers the obstacles to achie ving the meritocratic ideal, it does look as if a fairer world must be temporarily ordered.After all, four decades of evidence has now shown that corporations in Europe as the US are ev ading the meritocratic hiring and promotion of women to top position- no matter how much usoft pres sure M is put upon them. When women do break through to the summit of corporate power-as, for ex ample, Sheryl Sandberg recently did at Facebookthey attract massive attention precisely because the y remain the exception to the rule.If appropriate pubic policies were in