高考英语学习提升课堂:定语从句的先行词和关系词.docx
高考英语学习提升课堂:定语从句的先行词和关系词定语从句有3局部构成:先行词、关系词和从句。先行词的英文单词是antecedent ,其词源学上的解释是:走在前面的词,我 们可以理解为:走在(定语从句)前面的或者说是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。例 1 : Nearly all the people that I know love reading.几乎所有我认识的人都喜欢阅读。此句中,all the people (或者说people )就是走在前面的名词(词组),就 是我们所说的先行词。例 2 : He who is not for renovation is against it.不赞成创新的人就是反对创新。此句中,代词he在从句之前,是先行词。关系词的英文单词是relative ,其词源学上的解释为:having reference or relation ,翻译为中文是:有涉及或有关系的词。关系词的作用有两个:放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接主从句的作用; 在从句中代替先行词并且充当某个句子成分。例1中that是关系代词,放在先行词people之后,连接后面的从句,其本 身又在从句中充当宾语"列2中who是关系代词,放在先行词he后,连接后面的从 句,wh。本身又在从句中充当主语。关系词可分为关系代词(Relative Pronoun )和关系副词(Relative Adverb ), 前者包括:who , whom , whose , that , which , as ;后者包括:when , where , why0who 一般指人,常在从句中作主语、宾语、表语,只有在作宾语时可以省略, 省略后不影响句意。whom也指人,在从句中常作宾语可省略,省略后也不影响句意。whose即能指人,也能指物,在从句中作定语,不可省略。that即能指人,也能指物,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略并 且不影响句意。which 一般指物或事,在从句中作主语、宾语和表语,作宾语时可省略且不影 响句意。as即能指人,也能指物或事,在从句中主语、宾语和表语,不可省略。定语从句的关系代词定语从句的关系词分为两种:关系代词和关系副词,重点讲述关系代词:1、who, whom, whosewho指人,在从句中作主语,在非正式文体中,可作宾语,作宾语时可被省略:例 1 : A teacher is a person who teaches or instructs.老师是教授或指导的人。例 2 : The man (who) I hugged is a writer.我拥抱的那个人是个作家。whom指人,在从句中作宾语,常省略:例:She always challenged everyone (whom) she met.她总是挑战每一个她遇到的人。注意:定语从句中介词提前时,whom不可省略:彳列:She doesn't want to make friends with the elites to whom her parents introduced her during the ball.她不想和她父母在舞会上介绍给她的那些精英做朋友。whose可修饰人,也可修饰物,在定语从句中作定语:例 1 : You are the only one whose advice he might follow.只有你的建议他可能会听。(whose修饰人,表示"某人的")例 2 : Avoid going to the countries whose laws do not provide enoughprotection for tourists.不要去一些没有给游客提供足够的法律保护的国家。(whose修饰物,表示"某 物的")2、that, whichthat在从句中可以指人,也可以指物(正式文体中多指物);可以作主语,也 可以作宾语(在非正式文体中可以省略):例 1 : Is he the man that you love?他就是你爰的那个人吗?( that指人)例 2 : I haven't watched the movie that you mentioned.我还没看你跟我提到的那部电影。(that指物)例 3 : Can you think of any book that explains English grammar well?你能想到哪本讲语法讲得好的书吗?( that作主语)例 4 : He doesn't like the things (that) he saw in his company.他不喜欢他在公司里看到的事情。(that作宾语,可省略)which在从句中指物,可用作主语,也可用作宾语(非正式文体中可省略):例 1 : He remembered the song which was played on his last birthday.他记得在他上次生日时放的那首歌。(which作主语)例 2 : She just broke the cup (which) I love.她刚打碎了我爱的那个杯子。(which作宾语,可省略)注意:定语从句中介词提前时,which不可省略:例:He made a machine through which he could speak to people thousands of miles away.他制造了一个可以让他和远处的人通话的机器。定语从句里,只能用that不用which的情况:简单来讲,that(那个)具有明确指代性,不具备选择性;而which (哪个) 具有选择性。因此,领先行词不具备选择性时,关系代词只能用that不能用which。3、领先行词被序数词或形容词最高级或the only , the very , the last等修饰时:例 1 : The smartest (最高级)woman that I have ever seen is now my girlfriend.我见过的最聪明的女人现在是我女朋友。例 2 :The first(序数词)thing that Y m going to do tomorrow is to visit him.明天我要做的第一件事是去拜访他。例 3 : He is the only one that I have confided my secrets to.他是我唯一吐露心声的人。根本原因:最高级、序数词、the only等都不具备选择性。4、领先行词是指物的不定代词 all anything everything ,nothing ,none , some # little , few , much 等时:例 1 : All that costs you is just time.所有这些只是花费你的时间。例 2 : He did everything that he could to prove his loyalty to her.他做了一切能做的为了证明他对她的忠诚。例 3 : None that happened during the past few years means anything to him.过去几年发生的事,对他来说毫无意义。根本原因:先行词(all , anything , everything , none等)不具备选择性。all不是"所有"吗? some不是"某些"吗?为什么不具备选择性?all和everything, anything 一样,包含所有作为整体看待,选其中任何一 个都一样,所以不具备选择性;some基本意思为"某种","某些"指的是"具有共同点的一类",选其 中任何一个都一样,所以不具备选择性。5、当主句的主语是疑问词who或which时:例 1 : Who is the girl that is smiling?正在笑的那个女孩是谁?例 2 : Which is the cover that has grabbed your attention?抓住你眼球的是哪个封面?根本原因:which不能修饰人;which哪一个?已经要求后面指出具体 对象,不再具备选择性6、既指人又指物的时候,需要用that :例:The patients and their belongings that were still in this hospital needed to be transferred to another one.仍在这间医院的病人以及相关物品都得转移到另一家医院。根本原因:which不能指代人。7、as (跟在such , so和same后面充当代词的角色as引导限定性定语从句,在从句中可作主语、宾语、表语;既可指人,也 可指物;可以构成 the same.as , such.as , so.as 等结构:例 1 : He was in such a bad mood as I have never seen.我从未见过他情绪那么糟。例 2 : You have never read so many books as I read.你读的书绝对没有我读过的多。例 3 : I like the same kind of music as you enjoy.我喜欢你喜欢的那种音乐。as引导非限定性定语从句,表示"正如、正像“,可修饰先行词,可修饰整 个主句,可以放在句首、句中或句末:例 1 : As everybody knows, true love is hard to find.正如大家所知,真爰难寻。例 2 : Chinese is, as you know, a very difficult language.正如你所知,中文是一种挺难的语言。例 3 : He was satisfied with the bonus, as was promised by the company.他对这个奖励很满意,正如之前公司许诺的。问1 : as与which引导非限定性定语从句的区别是什么?答:(1 ) which引导的非限定性定语从句放在主句之后,而as引导的那么可放主句前,中和后:例 1 : He came a long way to see me, which made me really happy.(他 大老远跑来看我,这让我十分开心。)例 2 : As we had expected, the meeting went out so well.正如我事先预料的那样,会议开得很好。(2) as引导非限定性定语从句时有"正如"的意思,而which那么常翻译成 "这,那":(例子同上)(3 )因为as表示"正如",前后逻辑一致,所以当非限定性定语从句为否 定句或表否认意义时,常用which引导:例 1 : His friend has a bad taste, which doesn't bother him at all.他朋友品味差,这并没令他烦恼。例 2 : My boyfriend didn't send me a single message yesterday, which made me furious.我男朋友昨天一条短信都没给我发,这真让我恼火。问 2 : the same.as 和 the same.that 有彳十么区另! ?答:as的意思是"正如",表示"同一类事物"that的意思是"(就是) 那个",表示"同一个事物":例 1 : This is the same book as I bought yesterday.这本书和我昨天买的一样。(同一类)例 2 : This is the same book that I bought yesterday.这本书就是我昨天买的那本。(同一个)