备战2023年高考英语一轮复习考点帮考点09-定语从句与语法填空（解析版）.docx

考点09定语从句（解析 版）命题趋势【考点解读】定语从句的用法较为复杂，高考除了单独考查定语从句知识外，还常常结合句式结构、 时态等来综合考查。纵观近几年各地高考试题，不难发现其考点主要包括：1 .考查关系代词和关系副词的区分。如：that, which和where, when的区分；that, which和why 的区分等。2 .考查whose的使用。whose可以指代人或物，在定语从句中作定语，后跟名词。指物时,whose +名词=名词+ of which = ofwhich +名词。如：The classroom whose door/the door of which/of which the door is broken is on the second floor.3 .考查as/which引导的非限制性定语从句。尤其要重视which, as引导的非限制性定语从句 和it, what引导的主语从句的区分。4 .考查定语从句中的主谓一致现象。如：1, who am your close friend, will try my best to help you whenever you are in trouble.5 .考查“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句。“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，关系代词指人 时用whom,指物时用which,不能用that。关系代词作定语时也可用whose。如：The teacher in front of whose house stands a tall tree is very patient with his students.6 .考查一些特殊的先行词。如：当 situation, point, case, activity, scene 及 period, festival, occasion 等出现时，要注意具体情况具体分析；作主语、宾语和表语时，用关系代词Ihat/which;作状语 时，用关系副词where/when或“介词+ which"，表示在某种特定的情形下。7 .考查定语从句、强调句、时间状语从句等的区别。【高考预测】定语从句是历年高考的重点，主要考查常见关系代词和关系副词的用法，比如 which/that/as/when/where的用法及区别性的选择等，及与其他从句如名词性从句的区别等。在 高考的中主要体现在语法填空、短文改错、完形填空等中，且完形填空80%每年会出一道题。【重要考向】一、关系代词引导的定语从句；二、关系副词引导的定语从句；三、“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句;四、as引导的定语从句；关系词先行词从句成分例句备注一who人主语Do you know the man who is talking with your mother?whom,which 和whom人宾语Mr Smith is the person with whom I am working.The boy (whom) she loved died in the war.that在从句中 作宾语时，常可关系whose人、物定语I like those books whose topics are about history.The boy whose father works abroad is my deskmate.以省略，但介词 提前时后面关代词that人、物主语、宾语A plane is a machine that can fly.She is the pop star (that) I want to see very much.系代词不能省 略，也不可以用which物主语、宾语The book (which) I gave you was worth $10.The picture which was about the accident was terrible.thatas人、物主沿宾语He is such a person as is respected by all of us.This is the same pen as I lost yesterday.as作宾语一般不省略关系when时间时间状语I will never forget the day when we met there.可用 on which替换副词where地点地点状语This is the house where I was born.可用 in which替换why原因 语原因状 I can't imagine the reason why he turned down myoffer.可用 for which替换【典例】关系代词引导的定语从句2022.1浙江卷语法填空】Kim Cobb,a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta ,is one of a small but growing minority of academics 56are cutting back on their air travel because of climatechange.【参考答案】考查定语从句的关系代词。根据句子结构可知，空白处缺少引导定语从句的关系代词。先行词 是academics （大学教师），关系代词在此指人，在定语从句中作主语，故填who或者that。故 填 who / that ,【关系代词引导的定语从句提分秘籍】引导定语从句的关系代词有：that, which, who, whom, whose, as等，关系代词可作主语、 宾语、定语等。1 . Who, whom, that这些词代替的先行词是表示人的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾 语等。I've become good friends with several of the students in my school who I met in the English speech contest last year.我已与去年在英语演讲比赛中遇到的我校的几个学生成为了好朋友。2 . whose既可指人又可指物，在定语从句中作定语。指物时，“whose+名词”可用“the+ 名词+of which”或“of which+the+名词”来代替。Do you know the boy whose handwriting is very beautiful?你认识那个书法非常漂亮的男孩吗？This is the house whose window broke last night. =This is the house, the window of which broke last night.=This is the house, of which the window broke last night.这就是昨晚窗户被打破的那所房子。3 .which, that所代替的先行词是表示事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等。There used to be much shade of an old tree in the middle of the yard, which gave us much cool in summer.过去，院子中央的一棵古树遮成的大片树荫使我们在夏季非常凉爽。We hope the measures to control house prices, which are taken by the government, will succeed. 我们希望政府采取的控制房价的措施会成功。4 .指物时，关系代词that和which 一般情况下可换用，但以下几种情况下一般用that, 而不用which o(1)先行词是 all, everything, something, anything, nothing, none, few, little, much 等不定代词， 或先行词被 all, every, some, any, no, few, little 等修饰时。I have read all the books (that) you gave me.你给我的书我都已经读过了。注意：当someihing确指某物或某事时，用ihal或which都可以。There is something that/which keeps worrying me.有一件事一直令我不安。(2)先行词被形容词的最高级或序数词the Erst, ihe second,，ihe lasl修饰时。This is the best film (that)I have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。(3)先行词被 the only, the very, the right 等修饰时。The only thing that matters is to find our way home.唯一一件要紧的事情是找到我们回家的路。(4)先行词既有人又有物时。They talked about the persons and things (that) they remembered in the school.他们谈论起他们记得的学校里的人和事。5 .在以下情况中，只能用which,不能用that。(1)在非限制性定语从句中，如从句中缺少主语或宾语指物，只能用which。Our football team won the final, which made us excited.我们的足球队赢得了决赛，这使我们非常兴奋。(2)关系代词充当介词的宾语，且介词位于关系代词之前时，只能用which»The house in which I used to live has become a shoe shop.过去我居住的房子变成了鞋店。关系副词引导的定语从句【典例】【2020全国卷I语法填空】Because the moon's body blocks direct radio communication with a probe, China first had to put a satellite in orbit above the moon in a spot it could send signals to the spacecraft and to Earth.【参考答案】考查定语从句。句意：中国首先必须把一颗人造卫星送入月球轨道上的一个点，人造卫星 可以在这个点向航天器和地球发射信号。分析句子可知，空处引导一个定语从句，先行词是a spot,关系词替代先行词在从句中作地点状语，应用where引导。故填where。【关系副词引导的定语从句提分秘籍】当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why 是常见的三个关系副词。when =表时间的介词(in, on, at, during 等)+which。where=表地点的介词(如 in, at, on, under 等)+which；why=表原因的介词(如for)+which»1 .关系副词when, where,why的先行词是表示时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状 语。Nowadays people are more concerned about the environment where they live.现代人更加关心他们居住的环境。The reason why I don't trust him is that he often tells lies.我不信任他的原因是他常常撒谎。当定语从句中不缺少主语、宾语、定语和表语时，要选用关系副词。其中when, where, why是常见的三个关系副词。when =表时间的介词(in, on, at, during 等)+which。where=表地点的介词(如 in, at, on, under 等)+which；why=表原因的介词(如for)+which。xAkw2 . way和time后接定语从句的情况。(1)当先行词是way(意为“方式、方法”，且关系词在定语从句中作状语)时，引导定语从句 的关系词可以是that, in which或省略。如：I don*t like the way (that/in which) he looks at me.我不喜欢他看我的方式。(2)先行词是time时，若time作“次数”讲，应用关系代词that引导定语从句，that可省略； 若time作“一段时间，时代”讲，应用关系副词when或“介词at/during+which”引导定语从句。 如：This is the first time (that) I have talked with a foreigner face to face.这是我第一次和一个外国人面对面交流。There was a time when I hated going to school.曾经有一段时间我讨厌上学。“介词+which/whom”引 导的定语从句【典例】 【湖北省九师联盟2021届高三质量检测】Long, long ago, the King of the Skies had a lovely daughter, to he made many careful plans for her future.【参考答案】考查定语从句。句意：很久以前，天空之王有一个可爱的女儿，他为她的未来做了许多仔 细的计划。分析该句子结构可知，该句是由“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，先行词为 daughter,指人，从句中作介词to的宾语，故此处用关系代词whom, “介词+关系代词”引导的 定语从句，指人，只能用whom。故填whom。【“介词+which/whom”引导的定语从句提分秘籍】掌握“介词+关系代词”引导的定语从句，要注意以下几点：1关系代词的确定在介词后作宾语的关系代词只有which和whom。如果先行词是物，引导词用which；如 果先行词是人，则引导词用whom。如：©This is the train on which I went to Shanghai.这就是我去上海所乘坐的那列火车。This is the student for whom I bought the dictionary.这就是我为他买词典的那个学生。2介词的位置介词一般放在关系代词which和whom之前，但也可以放在原来的位置上。如：The house in which we live is very large.=The house (which/that) we live in is very large.我们住的房子很大。This is the man from whom I learned the news.=This is the man (that/whom) I learned the news from.就是这个男人，我从他那里得到的这个消息。注意：如果介词和句中动词组成固定词组时，这个介词一般不前置。如：My youngest brother, whom I have to look after, is demanding.我得照看我的小弟弟，真是让人费神。3关系代词前介词的确定(1)依据定语从句中动词或形容词的习惯搭配来确定。如：The fellow to whom I spoke made no answer at first.我与之说话的那个人起初没有回答。(speak to)The West Lake, for which Hangzhou is famous, is a beautiful place.西湖是一个美丽的地方，杭州以此而闻名。(be famous for)(2)根据先行词来确定。如：ril never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.我永远不会忘记我在乡村度过的童年时光。(during the time)(3)根据所表达的意思来确定。如：Air, without which man can*t live, is really important.空气真的很重要，没有它人类就不能生存。(live without)4“名词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构此类结构常见的 W'some/many/most/all/none/the largest+of+ which/whom”等。如：©Here are the questions, some of which I think are difficult for you.问题都在这儿，其中一些我认为对你来说很难。He has three sons, none of whom are doctors.他有三个儿子，没有一个是当医生的。5“复合介词短语+关系代词which”引导的定语从句，其从句部分常与先行词用逗号隔开, 且从句部分常用倒装语序。He lived in a big house, in front of which stood a big tree.他住在一所大房子里，房子前面有一棵大树。6“介词+ which/whom +不定式”结构The poor man has no house in which to live.=The poor man has no house to live in.=The poor man has no house in which he can live.那个穷人没房子住。as引导的定语从句考察较少，学生可以做扩展知识学习。【典例】Children under fifteen are not permitted to see such kind of film is bad for their mentaldevelopment.【解析】考查定语从句用法。从句中缺少主语，故用关系代词，且先行词由such修饰， 故用关系代词as。【答案】as【as引导的定语从句提分秘籍】1 . as作为关系代词，在定语从句中缺少主语或宾语时使用，通常先行词由the same, as, such, so等修饰时，关系代词用as.They could only read such stories as had been rewritten in simple English.他们只能读类似这样的一些简易英语改写的故事。（as作主语）These houses are sold at such a low price as people expected.这些房子以人们期望的低价出售。（as作宾语）This is the same knife as I lost.这把小刀和我丢的那把一样。注意：such.as.与 such.that.的区别such.as.中的as引导的是定语从句，而such.that中的that引导的是结果状语从句。当 as引导定语从句时，as在从句中一般作主语或宾语，而that引导结果状语从句时，that在从句 中不作任何成分。This is such a difficult problem as all of us can't work out.这是一个我们所有人都不能解决的难题。从句中的work out缺少宾语，前面的as是关系代词，用作work out的宾语。This is such a difficult problem that all of us can't work it out.这个问题很难，我们中无人能解决它。从句是完整的句子，前面的that只起引导从句的作用，在从句中不作成分。2 .关系代词as与which引导非限制性定语从句的区别（1）位置不同as引导的非限制性定语从句可以置于主句之前、之中或之后，而which引导的非限制性 定语从句只能位于主句之后。如： As is often the case, little boys tend to be very active and out of control.小男孩总是很活泼好动，很难控制，这是常见的情况。 Einstein, as is well known, is a famous scientist.众所周知，爱因斯坦是一位著名的科学家。There was a bank around here as I remember.我记得过去这儿附近有一家银行。He failed in the exam, which was unexpected.他考试没及格，这是意料之外的。(2)意义不同as常译作“正如，像”，多用于下列习惯用语中：as anybody can see正如人人都能看到的那 样；as is well known=as is known to all 众所周知：as we had expected 正如我们所预料的那样； as (it) often happens正如经常发生的那样；as is often the case正如经常发生的那样；as has been said before如上所述；as is mentioned above正如上面提到的；as I remember (it)正如我所记得 的那样。which常译作“这一点，这件事”，此时指前面主句所提到的那件事。如：He opposed the idea, as could be expected.不出所料，他反对这个意见。Tom has made great progress, which makes his parents very happy.汤姆进步很大，这使他父母很高兴。(3)用法不同当非限制性定语从句是否定句或表示否定时只能用whicho如：He came here very late, which was unexpected (not expected).他来得很晚，这是未预料到的。当as在句中作主语时，后常接动词的被动语态。如：be known, be said, be reported等。 如果从句中动词是主动语态，一般用which作主语。如：She has been absent again, as is expected.她又缺席了，正如预料的那样。限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别类别语法意义及特征例句限制性定语从句对先行词起修饰限制作用，如果去掉，主句意思 就不完整明确，这种从句与主句的关系十分密切，写 时不用逗号分开The accident happened at the time when I left.非限制性定语从句对先行词作附加的说明,与主句的关系不是十 分密切，较松散。从句和主句之间用逗号分开，相当 于一个插入语，不能用that引导，关系代词作宾语时 也不能省略His mother,whom he loved deeply,died ten years ago.关系代词as和which的区别1 .位置不同。as引导的定语从句可位于句首、句中、句末；which引导的定语从句不能位于句首。As we all know, life is not a bed of roses.Life is not a bed of roses, which we all know.2 .意义不同。as意为“正如，就像“，引导的从句表达人的观点、事物的习惯性等意义，主要起承上启 下的作用；which意为“这一点”，引导的从句在意义上相当于一个并列句，补充说明主句的 状态或结果。As often happened, they won the football game again.It rained heavily, which prevented us from going out.3 .当先行词被such, so, as等词修饰时，一般用as引导定语从句。Such books as you want are sold out.（2022新高考I卷）The GPNP is intended to provide stronger protection for all the species live within theGiant Panda Range and significantly improve the health of the ecosystem in the area.答案：ihal解析：考查定语从句关系词。句意：该计划旨在为生活在Giant Panda Range的所有物种提供 更有力的保护，并显著改善该地区的生态系统健康。设空处为关系词引导限制性定语从句， 先行词等于关系词，设空处在从句中作指物的主语，先行词为species,且先行词前为all修 饰，只能用关系代词that。故填that。（2022全国甲卷）On the 1,100. Kilometer journey, the man Cao Shengkang,lost his eyesight at the age of eight in a car accident, crossed 40 cities and counties in three province.答案：who 解析：考查定语从句。句意：在1100公里的旅程中，8岁时因一次车祸失明的男子曹盛康穿 过了三个省的40个城市和县。分析句子结合句意可知，此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词为 Cao Shengkang,指人，在从句中作主语，应用关系代词who引导。故填who。（2022年浙江1月）Kim Cobb, a professor at the Georgia Institute of Technology in Atlanta, is one of a small but growing minority of academics are cutting back on their air travel because of climate change.答案：ihat/who解析：考查定语从句。句意：亚特兰大佐治亚科技研究院的教授Kim Cobb是一个少数但是不 断增加的少数学者中的一员，因为气候变化，他们正在削减他们的飞机旅行。名词academics 后为定语从句且在从句中作主语，应使用关系代词替代，故填Ihat/who。（2021.1浙江卷语法填空）BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 2 gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight.【答案】that或which【解析】考查关系代词。句意：BMI是全球公认的表示体重是否处于健康状态的测量工具。分 析句子结构可知 gives an indication of whether someone is a healthy weight是 BMI is an internationally recognized measurement tool 的定语从句，先行词为 tool,故答案为 that/whicho（2021.6新高考二卷）I decided that if I learned of a company 39 used a lot of plastic, Fd send it an email urging it to cut back.【答案】which或that【解析】考查定语从句。句意：我决定，如果我知道有哪家公司大量使用塑料，我就给它发邮件，敦促它减少使用塑料。分析句子结构， 4 usedalolofplaslic是一个定语从句，修饰先行词a company,关系词在从句中作主语，指物，用which或ihal引导该从句， 所以填which或thato（2020新课标m卷高考真题）In ancient China lived an artist 61 paintings were almost lifelike.【答案】whose【解析】考查定语从句。句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生此处为定语从 句修饰先行词artist,且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。【2019 新课标II卷,语法填空】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,62 sheopened with her late husband Les.【答案】which【解析】考查非限制性定语从句。分析句子结构可知，先行词为ihepetshop,在非限制性定语 从句中作opened 一词的宾语，故用whicho【2019 新课标IH卷语法填空】They were well trained by their masters 64 had great experience with caring for these animals.【答案】who【解析】考查定语从句。句意：它们被他们的主人训练地很好，它们的主人在照顾这些动物方 面很有经验。先行词为masters （主人），且从句缺主语。故关系词填who。【2019 浙江卷语法填空】On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth 58 gives off light in the dark.【答案】that/which【解析】考查定语从句。这是个限制性定语从句，先行词是cloth,指物，从句中缺少主语，因 此，可以用that或which引导。故填that/whicho【2019：|匕京卷语法填空】What students do at college seems to matter much more than 8they go.【答案】where【解析】考查宾语从句。句意：学生在大学里做什么似乎比去哪里（哪所大学）更重要。这里 表达去哪所大学，表示地点，作状语。故川where。【2019 北京卷语法填空】The students benefitting most from college are those 9 are totally engaged(参与)in academic life.【答案】who/that【解析】考查定语从句。句意：从大学中获益最多的学生是那些完全投入学术生活的学生。3are lolallv engaged(参与)in academic life.是定语从句,修饰先行词those,空格处在句中作主语，代指人，故填who或that。【2018 新课标I卷语法填空】Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 201466 showed a mere five to10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes (cause).答案that 或 which【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。此处astudy是先行词，其在定语从句中作主语，故填that 或 whicho【2018 新课标II卷语法填空】The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005when the government started (start) a soil-testing program 69 gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers - and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.【答案】that或which【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。根据空后的谓语动词gives可知，该空缺少主语，指代program 并且引导后面的句子。指物用ihat/which,故填ihal或者which。【2018 新课标n卷语法填空】Many westerners 57 come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.【答案】that或who【解析】考查定语从句的关系词。句中包含定语从句，先行词是westerners指人，在定语从句 中做主语,用关系代词who/that引导，故填who/thato【2020全国卷ni语法填空】In ancient China lived an artist paintings were almost lifelike.【参考答案】whose句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词 artist,且先行词在从句中作定语，故应用关系代词whose。故填whose。(2020新高考全国卷I语法填空】The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example, formed the core collection of the British Museum opened in 1759.【参考答案】which / that关系代词which / that引导定语从句,指代先行词the British Museum»在从句 中作主语。【2019全国卷n语法填空】Now Irene Astbury works from 9am to 5pm daily at the pet shop in Macclesfield,she opened