高考英语语法《名词》备考知识点全方位.docx

专题01名词高考分析名词是高考每年必考的语法工程，常考到的语法点有：1.名词的单复数;2.名词形容词的转化;3.名词所有格与名词作定语.名词概览JK 物质名词与抽象名词不规那么的名词复数形式名词 -K名词第数p-. KS合成名词的复数形式人小I11名词所行格 SiIHK双重所有格二、名词的种类名词根据其词汇意义可分为两大类:专有名词和普通名词.普通名词又可分为四类：个体名 词、集体名词、物质名词和抽象名词.其中个体名词和集体名词时可数名词；物质名词和抽 象名词为不可数名词.1. 专有名词与普通名词专有名词是表示个人、机构、组织、地方、国家等的专有名称的词.首字母一般大写.例如：Rose, Australia, Oxford University, January, Monday, Christmas, the Internet, Harry Potter普通名词时表示一类人或物或是一个抽象概念的名称的词，例如：poem, machine, information.2.(1)个体名词与集体名词个体名词指具体的人或物，也可指抽象的事物.个体名词都是可数名词，有单复数形式.例如：a boytwo boys, a tree- two trees集体名词表示由个体组成的集体,是一群人或一类事物的总称.1. 有些集体名词表示整体时看作单数看待,表示各个成员时作复数看待.例 如 :audience, class, club, committee, couple, crew,crowd, enemy, family, government, group, staff, team.Her family was Jewish so they had to hide or they would be caught by the German Nazis.（表示整体）她一家人都是犹太人,所以他们不得不躲藏起来,否那么将会被德国纳粹抓走. Xie Lei lives with a host family who give her lots of good advice.（表 示各个成员）谢蕾同房东一家人住在一起，他们给了她很多好的建议2. 有些集体名词通常只看做复数看待.例如:cattle, people,police.The police look up at the girl through their windshield. 警察透过挡风玻璃抬头看向女孩.有些集体名词通常用作不可数名词.例如： clothing,furniture, poetry, jewelry, luggage/baggage, traffic.There isn' t much traffic on the roads.道路上没有太多的车辆.Our clothing protects us from cold. 衣服保护我们免受寒冷.3.物质名词与抽象名词（1）物质名词是指无法分为个体的实物名词.1.物质名词一般式不可数名词，因而没有复数形式.例如:rice, money2.有些物质名词可用复数形式，但意义不同.例如：papers （文 件），sands （沙滩）,coffees （几分咖啡），hairs （多根头发），foods （多种食物） 注意:有些名词即可作物质名词,也可作个体名词,前者不可数,后者可数.这要看这些 名词有何意义，是表示无法分开的物质，还是表示个体事物.例如rubber作“橡胶” 是不可数名词,因而无复数形式,如果用了复数,那么语义改变,意思为“胶鞋”.抽象名词是表示抽象概念的名词.例如lability （能力），comfort （舒 服），experience（经验）,failure（失败），knowledge（知识）.抽象名词一般不可数，因此无复数形式,前面一般也不加不定冠词a/an.Knowledge is power.3.有些抽象名词可用复数形式，但意义有所不同.例如：customs （海关）,experiences （经历）,goods （货物）manners （礼貌）Honesty is the best policy.老实是最好的策略.In the journal, writers record theirexperiences, ideas, and afterthoughts about what they have seen.在日志里，作者记录他们的经历,看法,见闻感想.三、名词的数1.可数名词（一）规那么名词的6种复数变化形式（二）可数名词复数的3种不规那么变化形式 一般情况下在词尾直接加-smouth->mouths以-s, -x, -ch,-sh结尾的名词在词尾加-esglassf glassesmatch-* matches以辅音字母+ -y结尾的名词变y为i再加-escountryfcountries factory-* factories以兀音字母+ -y结尾的名词在词尾直接加-shoiidayfhoiidays monkeyfmonkeys以-。结尾的名词一般在词尾加-sphotof photos有些在词尾加-espotatof potatoes以-£ -fe结尾的名词一般要变f或fe 为v再加-esselff selveswolf->wolves少数直接加-sbelieff beliefs单复数同形deer, sheep, means, series, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft, species, fish变内部兀音footffeet, toothteeth, mousemice, man->men, womanwomen外来名词mediummedia （媒体）phenomenon->phenomena （现象）analysis-* analyses （分析）特别注意fish表示“鱼肉”时，为不可数名词，表示“条数”时，其复数形式与单数 形式相同，但表示不同种类的鱼时,其复数形式为fishes.（三）合成名词复数的2类变化形式.假设有中心词,那么把中心词变成复数;假设无中心词,那么把最后一个词变成复数.Passer- byf passers- by, sister- in- lawsisters- in- law, grown-upgrown-ups1 . uman/woman+ ;7. 变复数时，作定语的man/woman和中心词都要变复数，如:women engineers.2.不可数名词（一）常见的不可数名词fun乐趣homework家庭作业progress进步equipment设备baggage/luggage行李wealth财富knowledge知识traffic交通work工作weather天气music音乐news新闻;消息word消息luck运气advice建议housework家务information信息furniture家具orange橙汁man人类（二）抽象名词的具体化四、名词所有格surprise 惊讶a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事success 成功a success 一个（件）成功的人（事）honour荣誉an honour一个（件）引起尊敬的人（事）failure 失败a fai lure一个（件）失败的人（事）beauty美;美丽a beauty美丽的人或事物pleasure 乐趣a pleasure 一件乐事1.表示有生命的名词的所有格2.表示无生命的名词所有格不以s结尾的单复数名词加1-' sTom' s home children' s books以s结尾的复数名词加the girls' dormitory the teachers' readingroom以S结尾的单数名词加S或加，1 .通常有of所有格表示.例如：the subject of thesentence2 .表示时间、距离、国家、城市、团体机构、节日等的名词通常用's所有格表示.例如 Today' s newspaper 今天的报纸 A few hours? bus-ride 几小时的公交车程 Beijing' s parks北京的公园3 .双重所有格Of+-' s结构叫做双重所有格，如a friend of my father' s（我父亲的一位朋友）中的of my father, s.双重所有格有两个功能：1 .表示局部.例如a daughter of Mrs. Green? s格林夫人的一个女儿（相当于one of Mrs. Green? s daughters）2 .表示感情色彩.例如This lovely son of your brother? s你弟弟的这个可爱的儿子4 .名词作定语1 .有些名词作定语表示所属关系,与名词所有格无区别,可互换.例如：马尾巴 h乎se' s tail 消费品consumer, s goodsj horse tail consumer goods L2 .名词作定语通常是对所修饰的名词进行分类或说明，而不表示所属关系.例如:coffee cup（咖啡杯），credit card（信用卡），shoe store（鞋店）I.单句语法填空1. （2021 新高考 I）The rolling sea of clouds you see once you are at the top will remind you how tiny we （human） are.2. （2020 新高考 I）Historical （accurate） is important but so is entertainment.3. （2020 新高考 II） Also, technological know-how has become a （require） for most jobs in an increasingly digital world, as the computer has become a common tool in most （profession）4. （2021 全国卷 乙卷）It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas - both in terms ofgeographical conditions and cultural characteristics, and often provides money for conservation and benefits the （develop） of the local areas.5. （2020 全国卷乙卷）The far side of the moon is of particular （interesting） to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters （环形山），more so than the familiar near side.6. （2019 全国卷乙卷）In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a （believe） that populations are increasing.7. （2018 全国卷 I ）Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all（cause）.8. （2018 6 月浙江高考）Making Chinese（dish） is seen as especiallytroublesome.9. （2017 全国卷 I ）This trend, which was started by the medical community （医学 界）as a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side （effect） such as overweight and heart disease 一 the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.10. （2017 全国卷 H） In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible （crowd） on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.11. （2016 全国卷 I ）The nursery team switches him every few （day） with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mum she never suspects.12. （2015 全国卷 I ） r d skipped nearby Guilin, a dream place for tourists seeking the limestone mountain tops and dark waters of the Li River which are pictured by artists in so many Chinese（painting）.1 .解析：humans 此处的human是可数名词，作we的同位语，应该使用复数形式，故填 humans.2 .解析:accuracy根据句子成分分析可知设空处缺主语,提示词为形容词，故应该将 形容词accurate变形为名词accuracy.3 .解析:requirement 动词become后接名词作宾语,根据前面的不定冠词a可知， 用名词的单数形式，故填requirement.4 .解析：development动词benefit后接名词做宾语，故而动词develop应用它的名 词形式，故填development.5 .解析：interest考查be of +n的结构=be +n的形容词形式.6 .解析：belief leading to短语后跟宾语，根据前面的不定冠词a可知，用名词的 单数形式，故填belief.7 .解析:causes此处的cause是可数名词,表示“原因”.根据其前的all可知,应该使用 复数形式，故填causes.8 .解析:dishes此处dish是可数名词,其前无限定词,故用其复数形式泛指中国菜.9 .解析：effects根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子uoverweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式.10.解析:crowds根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”， 是可数名词,前面没有限定词,所以用名词的复数形式.1L解析：daysevery few days表示“每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days.12.解析：paintingspainting意为“图片,图画”,是可数名词,由于前有“so many”修饰, 故使用其复数形式.n.单句改错1. （2021. 全国卷 I） I always assist my parents in doing the dish after meals.2. （2020.全国卷 I）Next I broke the eggs into a bowl and beat them quickly with chopstick. 3（2019全 国卷 I）To everyone's surprising, the ball went into the net.4. （2018 全国卷 I ）Last winter when I went there again, they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken.5. （2018 全国卷 U）After supper, we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room.6. （2018 全国卷HI）At that moment, I remembered that my father once said, “The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.”（2017 全国卷 I ）The instructor kept repeating the word, uSpeed up!” “Slow down!” “Turn left!” 7. （2016 全国卷III）The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time for me.8. （2015 四 川高考）As I told you last time, I made three new friend here.9. （2015 浙江高考）My old classroom was interesting because three side of the classroom were made of glass.10. （2014 全国卷 I ）Since then 一 for all these year 一 we have been allowing tomatoes to self-seed where they please.11. （2014 全国卷 U）For example, we can do reading for one and a half hour and play sports for one hour every day.12. （2014 辽宁高考）We've called several time about Cleo, s early morning barking.13. （2017 全国卷 H）Besides, they often get some useful informations from the Internet.14. （2016 全国卷 H） If we go on a trip abroad, we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books.15. （2015 全国卷 I ）The airs we breathe in is getting dirtier and dirtier.L解析：dishf dishes由后面的after meals和语境，可知dish应用复数形式.2 .解析：chopstickf chopstickschopsticks 常用复数形式.3 .州军析：surprisingsurprise to one" s +n 故而应将 surprising 改为 surprise.4 .解析：chicken-*chickens 短语dozens of之后应该使用可数名词chicken “鸡” 的复数形式.5 .解析：sortf sorts由前面的all修饰可数名词sort可知，应用sort的复数形式;all sorts意为“各种各样的”.6 .解析:mistakef mistakesand连接两个平行成分，前面的textbooks为复数，故可数名词 mistake “错误”应改为 mistakes.7 .解析:wordf words根据后面引号内的内容可知教练一直重复说的话有多句,故此处应用 word的复数形式.8 .解析：yearf years此处指1319岁的年龄,且其后be动词为were,故用year的复数 形式.9 .解析:friendf friends名词friend为可数名词，其前有three修饰，需要用复数形式, 故把 friend 改成 friends.10 .解析：sidef sides前面有three修饰，故side要用复数形式sides.11 .解析:yearf yearsyear为可数名词，其前面有these修饰，故应用其复数形式years.12 .解析:第一个hourf hours此处指一个半小时,所以用hour的复数形式.13 .解析:timef times根据前面表示数量的词several可知，此处time意为“次数”，应 用复数形式.14 .解析：informat i ons i nf orma t i on informat i on是不可数名词，没有复数形式.15 .解析：knowledgesf knowledgeknowledge意为“知识”，是不可数名词，没有复数形式.16 .解析:airsf air由后面的定语从句“we breathe in”可知，此处先行词的意思是“空 气”，air意为“空气”时为不可数名词.故airs改为air.