及物、不及物动词的过去分词异同用法盘点(共6页).doc
精选优质文档-倾情为你奉上及物、不及物动词的过去分词异同用法盘点过去分词是整个中学阶段英语语法教学中的重、难点之一。然而,在实际运用中,不少学生对两种形式的过去分词存在困难。为了帮助学生进一步理清其用法,笔者在高三总复习教学时,采用了以下形式进行盘点,收效明显。一、过去分词用在被动语态时1、把握的关键(1)有些动词既是及物(vt.)又是不及物(vi.),但表达形式不同其含义也就不同。(2)只有用作及物动词的过去分词才可以构成被动语态。(3)用作不及物动词(vi.)的过去分词不适用于被动语态,通常只能用主动形式表被动的含义,说明主语的性质、状态、特征等。常见的有下列动词:sell, wash , write, read, tear, wear, open, close, shut, lock, begin, start, stop, last, translate, , belong to, iron, smoke, eat, smell, taste, look, fell, sound, appear, turn out, prove,等。2、示例a. This shirt has to be washed (vt.)and ironed (vt.) every day. But luckily it washes (vi.) well and irons (vi.) easily. 这件衬衫每天都得洗熨,但幸运的是它好洗易熨。b. The breakfast this morning wan cooked (vt.) enough but eaten (vt.) only a little because it didnt cooked (vi.) very well and not eaten (vi.) deliciously. 今天的早饭做得多但吃得少是因为做得不好,吃起来不香。c. The story was written (vt.) by Tom .It writes well and reads easily.(vi.) 这个故事是汤姆写的。故事写得好,容易读懂。二、过去分词用作非谓语动词时 (一)先用表格呈现总轮廓 过去分词vt.vi.说 明一般式1.表被动 2.动作已经完成1.表主动 2.动作已经完成只有一种时态和语态形式否定形式not + 过去分词要否定分词所表示的动作,在其前加not 过去分词 短语过去分词+宾语或状语过去分词可以和自己的宾语或状语构成分词短语 独立主格 结构名词/人称代词主格 + 过去分词只用作状语,即:过去分词作状语时,如果其逻辑主语和句子的主语不相一致,就要在前加名词或人称代词主格句法功能作定语、宾语补足语、表语、状语过去分词用作非谓语动词,其作用相当于形容词或副词(二)根据句法作用理清用法1、作定语 1) 把握的关键:a. 单个的过去分词作前置定语(个别几个过去分词习惯上后置)。 b. 过去分词短语作后置定语。c. 及物动词的过去分词和逻辑主语(即它所修饰的名词)之间是被动关系,强调动作已完成,可以扩展为一个谓语动词是被动语态的定语从句。 d. 不及物动词的过去分词和逻辑主语之间是主动关系(即:只说明逻辑主语所处的状态、特点、特征等),强调动作已完成,可以扩展为一个谓语动词是主动语态的定语从句。2) 示例a. a repaired car (vt. /前置,动作已完成)= a car which has been repaired 一辆修好了的车子b. a question discussed yesterday (vt. /后置,动作已完成) = a question which was discussed yesterday 一个昨天讨论过的问题c. the risen sun (vi. /前置,动作已完成) = the sun which has risen 升起的太阳d. the fallen leaves on the ground (vi. /后置,动作已完成) = the leaves which have fallen on the ground 落在地面上的树叶3) 还应注意:某些过去分词脱离了动词特征当作形容词使用作定语时,表示人的心里状态、情感变化等,即:人对事物所产生的心理反应或看法,“人感到” 。例如:a. the excited boys 这些激动的孩子(= the boys who feel excited 即:孩子们感到激动)b. the surprised look on her face 她脸上吃惊的表情(= people feel surprised when seeing the look on her face 即:人看了感到吃惊的表情)c. an interested man 一个有趣之人(= people think that the man is interesting 即:人们觉得此人很有趣。)2、做宾语补足语1) 把握的关键a. 过去分词作宾语补足语时,其逻辑主语就是它的宾语。b. 及物动词的过去分词和逻辑主语之间是被动关系,动作已完成。c. 不及物动词只有gone, come, arrived, risen, fallen, left等少数几个动词可以用来作宾语补足语, 并且和逻辑主语之间是主动关系,动作已完成。2) 示例a. I heard him hit by his father yesterday. (vt./被动)我听说他昨天挨父亲的打了。b. He had his car repaired. (vt. /被动)他把车子修好了。c. She fell asleep, without the light turned off. (vt. /被动)她没关灯就睡着了。d. When I got to the station, I found the train gone/left. (vi./主动) 到车站时,我发现火车已开走。3、作表语1) 把握的关键a. 只限于单个过去分词作表语(过去分词短语不作表语)。b. 只有 come, gone, left 等少数几个不及物动词的过去分词可以用来作表语。c. 能用作表语的过去分词已脱离了动词的特征,只当作形容词使用,说明主语的状态,即人对事物的看法以及心理反应等。2) 示例a. The glass is broken. 这个杯子破了。b. He is very excited at the news. 听到这个消息他很激动。c. Hearing the bad news, she felt very disappointed. 听到这个坏消息,她很失望。d. Spring is come, and the weather is getting warmer. 春天来了,天气也暖和了起来。e. My hope is gone. 我的希望破灭了。4、作状语1) 把握的关键a. 过去分词(短语)作状语时,和逻辑主语(句子的主语)之间存在被动关系,所表示的动作在句子谓语动词所表示的动作之前发生或完成。b. 用作状语的过去分词(短语)的逻辑主语要和句子的主语相一致(即:同一个人或物),否则,就要用独立主格结构,或相应的状语从句表达。2) 示例a. Not written interestingly, the book doesnt sell well.这本书写得没意思,因而销售不畅。(作原因状语。written 的逻辑主语是the story, 存在逻辑上的被动关系;动作在sell之前完成。) 又如:b. Repaired, the car runs very well. (作时间状语)车子修过之后,运行很正常。c. He came into the room, followed by his students. (作伴随状语)他走进了教室,学生跟随其后。d. Given more time, I can do it better. (作条件状语)如果多给些的时间,我会把此事做得更好一些。e. Warned many times, he didnt pay enough attention to it. (作让步状语)提醒过他好多次,可他就是对此没有引起足够的注意。f. The work finished, we sat down and had a rest. 工作干完了之后,我们坐下来休息了一会。 (独立主格结构作时间状语。finished的逻辑主语是the work) 再如:g. The thief sat on the ground, his hands tied behind his back. (独立主格结构作伴随/方式状语) 小偷坐在地上,手被绑在背后。h. All considered, you can start the work. (独立主格结构作条件状语)如一切都考虑周全的话,你可以开始这项工作了。3) 还应注意:a. 作状语的过去分词(短语)只为句子的一个成份。因此,和句子的中间不能插入任何并列连词,比如and ,but ,so 等。例如:Told many times, but he didnt do it well. ( but 使用错误)b. 过去分词(短语)作状语时,还可以在前面加上相应的连词,如:when, while, as, after, before, till, until, if, unless, although, though, even if,even though, once等(但是独立主格结构前再不能加这类连词);或改写成相应的状语从句(除伴随状语外)。例如:i.( If )permitted, we can leave right now. (= If we are permitted, we can leave right now.) 如果许可,我们现在就走。ii.( When )heated, ice will be changed into water. (= When it is heated, ice will be changed into water. 冰加热时,就会变成水。iii. (Once) seen, it can never be forgotten. (= Once it is seen, it can never be forgotten. 这东西一旦看到一次,就永远也忘不了。iv. (Although) written for the teachers, the book is also useful to the students. (= Although it is written for the teacher, the book is also useful to the students. 尽管这本书是为老师写的,对学生也有用。以上对过去分词两种形式的盘点,旨在帮助学生能正确理解、区分和运用过去分词,避免不必要的混淆错误。同学们要在平时学习中正确记忆动词的词性,善于分析归纳,正确理解和掌握其用法,达到灵活运用的目的。专心-专注-专业