英语国家社会与文化入门上册unit课件.ppt

英语国家社会与文化入门英语国家社会与文化入门(上册）上册）The Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking CountriesAn Introduction(Book One)The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Unit1ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomQuizGivetheEnglishandabriefexplanationforthefollowing:1 大英帝国 2 英联邦国家组织 3 亚瑟王 4 苏格兰高地 5 威尔士亲王FocalPointseffectsofUKsimperialpastamultiracialsocietythesignificantroleofLondonculturalandeconomicdominanceofEnglandinvasionfromtheRomanEmpiresettlementoftheAnglo-SaxonsVikingsfromScandinaviaWilliamtheConquerorphysicalfeaturesofScotlandtheBattleofBannockburnUnionwithEnglandin1707strongScottishidentityWalesunificationwiththeUKThisUnitIsDividedintoFourSectionsI.ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomII.EnglandIII.ScotlandIV.WalesI.ABriefIntroductiontotheUnitedKingdomThefullnameofthecountryistheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland.Itisacomplicatednameforwhatisinmanywaysacomplicatedcountry.ThelegacyofthelonggoneBritishEmpireandjoiningoftheEUhavechangedBritainspositionintheworld.Thefourconstituentpartspluspost-warimmigrationfromtheformercolonieshaverenderedtheUKamultiracialsociety.Therearedifferencesbetweenthecapitalandtheprovinces,betweenthenorthandthesouth.London(England)isinthesouthofthecountry,andisdominantintheUKinallsortsofways.TheUKhasanareaof93,800squaremiles(243,000km2),makingitthe80th-largestsovereignstateintheworldandthe11th-largestinEurope.TheUKisthe22nd-mostpopulouscountry,withanestimated64.1millioninhabitants.ThetwomapsshowthepositionoftheUKintheworldandthefourconstituentpartsoftheUKAtitsheight,theBritishEmpirewasthelargestempireinhistory.By1922theBritishEmpireheldswayoverabout458millionpeople,one-fifthoftheworldspopulationatthetime.Theempirecoveredmorethan33,700,000squarekm(13,012,000sqmi),almostaquarteroftheEarthstotallandarea.TheCommonwealthofNations,commonlyknownastheCommonwealth(formerlytheBritishCommonwealth),isanintergovernmentalorganisationof53memberstatesthatweremostlyterritoriesoftheformerBritishEmpire.TheUKmaintainsitslinkswithitsformercoloniesthroughtheCommonwealthofNations.TheEuropeanUnion(EU)isapolitico-economicunionof28memberstatesthatarelocatedprimarilyinEurope.TheEUoperatesthroughasystemofsupranationalinstitutionsandintergovernmentalnegotiateddecisionsbythememberstates.SinceitsentryintoEUin1973,theUKhasdevelopedacloserrelationshipswithEurope.TheimportanceofLondonintheUKLondonisthecapitalcityofEnglandandtheUnitedKingdom.ItisthemostpopulouscityintheUnitedKingdom,withametropolitanareaofover13millioninhabitants.Londonisaleadingglobalcity,withstrengthsinthearts,commerce,education,entertainment,fashion,finance,healthcare,media,professionalservices,researchanddevelopment,tourism,andtransport,allofwhichcontributetoitspreeminence.Itisoneoftheworldsleadingfinancialcentresandhasthefifth-orsixth-largestmetropolitanareaGDPintheworlddependingonmeasurement.Londonhasadiverserangeofpeoplesandcultures,andmorethan300languagesarespokenwithinGreaterLondon.Theregionsofficialpopulationwas8,416,535in2013,makingitthemostpopulousmunicipalityintheEuropeanUnion,andaccountingfor12.5%oftheUKpopulation.LondonhasfourWorldHeritageSites:theTowerofLondon,WestminsterPalace,WestminsterAbbey,St.MargretsChurch.TowerofLondonandWestminsterPalaceLondonheld3Olympicgames1908,1948and2012respectively.2012OlympicsTheCityofLondoniswidelyreferredtosimplyastheCityandisalsocolloquiallyknownastheSquareMile,asitis1.12sqmi(2.90km2)inarea.Itisoneofthefinancialcentresoftheworld.TheskylineoftheCityofLondoninDecember2013II.EnglandEnglandisahighlyurbanizedcountry,with80%ofitspopulationlivingincities,andonly2%ofthepopulationworkinginagriculture.ItslargestcityisthecapitalLondon,whichisdominantintheUKinallfields:government,finance,andculture.Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasions:Romans,Anglo-Saxons,VikingsandtheNormans.TheGloriousRevolutionof1688changedBritainintoaconstitutionalmonarchy.Oneofthebest-knownEnglishlegends,KingArthur,derivesfromtheAnglo-Saxonperiod.Englandhasatotalareaof130,395squarekmanditspopulationis53,012,456(2011census)withadensityof407persons/squarekm.EnglandanditsFlagEngland:HistoryofInvasionandConquestTheCeltsTheRomansTheAnglo-Saxons(KingArthur);Anglo-land=England:formthebasisofthemodernEnglishraceandlanguageTheVikingsTheNormans(WilliamtheConqueror1066,RobinHood)WilliamandMaryfromHolland(theGloriousRevolution,orthebloodlessrevolution,1688),establishingparliamentsdominanceoverthemonarchBritishidentitybuilding:constitutionalmonarchy(onlyagapof11yearsruledbyparliamentsleader,OliverCromwell);unificationof4parts;theBritishEmpireFollowingtheconquestoftheBritons,adistinctiveRomano-BritishcultureemergedastheRomansintroducedimprovedagriculture,urbanplanning,industrialproduction,andarchitecture.BritainwithintheRomanEmpire:AD43-c.410DuringtheiroccupationofBritaintheRomansbuiltanextensivenetworkofroadswhichcontinuedtobeusedinlatercenturiesandmanyarestillfollowedtoday.HadriansWallandBaththeRomanlegacyinBritainTheAnglo-SaxonsettlementofBritainisthetermtraditionallyusedtodescribetheprocessbywhichthecoastallowlandsofBritaindevelopedfromaRomano-BritishtoaGermanicculturefollowingthewithdrawalofRomantroopsfromtheislandintheearly5thcentury.Anglo-SaxonMigration5thCenturyandtheirkingdomsestablishedinBritainKingArthurisalegendaryBritishleaderofthelate5thandearly6thcenturies,who,accordingtomedievalhistoriesandromances,ledthedefenseofBritainagainstSaxoninvadersintheearly6thcentury.KingArthurandtheroundtableknightsTheNorwegiansexpandedtothenorthandwesttoplacessuchasIreland,Scotland,Iceland,andGreenland;theDanestoEnglandandFrance,settlingintheDanelaw(northern/easternEngland)andNormandy;andtheSwedestotheeast,foundingtheKievanRus,theoriginalRussia.Scandinaviansettlementsofthe8ththrough11thcenturies TheNormanconquestofEnglandwasthe11th-centuryinvasionandoccupationofEnglandbyanarmyofNorman,Breton,andFrenchsoldiersledbyDukeWilliamIIofNormandy,laterWilliamtheConqueror.Normanexpansionby1130TheGloriousRevolution(1688)wastheoverthrowofKingJamesIIofEngland(JamesVIIofScotlandandJamesIIofIreland)byaunionofEnglishParliamentarianswithWilliamIIIofOrange-Nassau(WilliamofOrange).TheRevolutionturnedBritainintoaconstitutionalmonarchy.Picture:ThePrinceofOrangelandsatTorbay.III.ScotlandScotlandisthesecondlargestofthefournations,bothinpopulationandingeographicalarea.Physically,ScotlandisthemostruggedpartoftheUK,withareasofsparelypopulatedmountainsandlakesinthenorth(theHighlands),andinthesouth.ScotlandwasnotconqueredbytheRomans,norwasmostofScotlandconqueredbytheAnglo-Saxons.ScotlandandEnglandmergedin1603(officiallyin1707)duetotheissueofEnglishthroneinheritance.Yet,thedreamofanindependentScotlandhasnotvanished.Scotlandhasanareaof78,387squarekm,andapopulationof5.3million(2013)ScotlandanditsflagEdinburgh,thecountryscapitalandsecond-largestcity,wasthehuboftheScottishEnlightenmentofthe18thcentury,whichtransformedScotlandintooneofthecommercial,intellectual,andindustrialpowerhousesofEurope.EdinburghCastle.Humanhabitationofthesiteisdatedbackasfarasthe9thcenturyBC,althoughthenatureofthisearlysettlementisunclear.Byinheritancein1603,KingJamesVIofScotlandbecameKingofEnglandandKingofIreland,thusformingapersonalunionofthethreekingdoms.ScotlandsubsequentlyenteredintoapoliticalunionwithEnglandon1May1707tocreatethenewKingdomofGreatBritain.Scotlandhadneverbeenconqueredinhistory,yetJamesVIofScotlandinheritedthethroneofEnglandandthusmergedthetwokingdomsin1603.TheScottishNationalParty,whichsupportsScottishindependence,wonanoverallmajorityinthe2011generalelection.Anindependencereferendumwasheldon18September2014,withindependencebeingrejectedbyamajorityof55%to45%onan85%voterturnout.TheScottishFirstMinister,AlexSalmond,andtheDeputyFirstMinister,NicolaSturgeon,atthelaunchoftheNationalConversation,14August2007.IV.WalesWalesisthesmallestamongthethreenationsontheBritishmainland,thoughlargerthanIreland.ThecapitalisCardiff,asmallcityofabout300,000people.WalesisveryclosetoEnglandandthushasbeendominatedbyEnglandforlongerthanothernationsoftheunion.AfterEnglishconquest,EdwardInamedhissonthePrinceofWales,andthefirstsonofthemonarchhasheldthattitleeversince(includingthepresentdayPrinceCharles)totrytobringWalesintotheBritishnation.Welsh,aCeltictonguecompletelydifferentfromEnglish,isspokenby19%ofthepopulationinWales.Waleshasatotalareaof20,779squarekm(8,023sqmi)andhadapopulationof3,063,456in2011.Waleshasover1,680miles(2,700km)ofcoastlineandislargelymountainous,withitshighestpeaksinthenorthandcentralareas,includingSnowdon(Yr Wyddfa),itshighestsummitWalesanditsflagCardiffCardiffisthecapitalandlargestcityinWalesandthe10thlargestcityintheUK.Thecityisthecountryschiefcommercialcentre,thebaseformostnationalculturalandsportinginstitutions,theWelshnationalmedia,andtheseatoftheNationalAssemblyforWales.AidedbyWelsh-mediumeducationandmigrationfromotherpartsofWales,thenumberofWelshspeakersinCardiffroseby14,451between1991and2001;Welshisnowspokenby11%ofCardiffians.BilingualsignsarecommonplaceinCardiffQuestionsforDiscussionA.WhatwastheBritishEmpire?InwhatwayistheEmpirestillfeltinBritainandintheinternationalfield?B.“Britishhistoryhasbeenahistoryofinvasion.”HowdideachoftheinvasionsinfluenceBritishculture?C.WhataresomeofthegeneralcharacteristicsofScotland?HowdidScotlandbecomepartoftheunionofGreatBritain?D.DescribecharacteristicsofWalesandWalesunificationwithGreatBritain.E.ArethereanydifferencesbetweenEngland,ScotlandandWalesintermsofculturaltradition?The End高等教育出版社2015