英语演讲的艺术6(主体).ppt

Organizing Body of the SpeechListeners demand coherence.Strategic organization:putting a speech together in a particular way to achieve a particular result with a particular audience.Clear and specific speech organization can establish clear relationships among your ideasCan boost your credibility,your confidence,and your ability to deliver a message fluently.Three basic parts of a speech-introduction,body,and conclusion.The process of organizing the body begins when you determine the main points.Main PointsMain points:the major points developed in the body of a speech.Most speeches contain from two-five main points.Central features of your speech.Select them carefully,phrase them precisely,arrange them strategically.Specific purpose:To inform my audienceabout the four events in womensgymnastics.Central Idea:The four events in womensGymnastics are floor exercise,vault(撑杆跳),balance beam,and uneven parallel bars.Main Points:I.Floor exercise combinesdancing,acrobatics,and tumbling(翻筋斗).II.Vault features explosive power anddramatic midair maneuvers.III.Balance beam requires preciseroutines and perfect coordination.IV.Uneven parallel bars demand strength,flexibility,and agility.Sometimes the main points are evident form your specific purpose statement.Suppose your specific purpose is“To inform my audience about the goals,structure,and member states of the United Nations”.Obviously your speech will have three main points.Specific Purpose:To inform my audienceabout the goals,structure,and memberstates of the United States.Central Idea:Composed of fiveadministrative bodies and 192 memberstates,the United Nations is devoted topromoting international cooperation.Main Points:I.The overarching（首要的）goal of the UnitedNations is to promote internationalcooperation.II.The United Nations is divided into five administrative bodies.III.The United Nations ismade up of 192 member states.Main points are not stated expressly in your specific purpose.To inform my audience of the basic steps in making a cloisonn（景泰蓝）object.Specific Purpose:To inform my audienceof the steps in making a cloisonn object.Central Idea:There are five basic stepsin making a cloisonn object.Main Points:I.The first step is shaping the metal into the form of the finished object.II.The second step is creating a design by soldering（焊接）fine wire（细金属丝）to the surface of the object.III.The third step is filling the design with colored enamel（瓷漆；瓷釉）.IV.The fourth step is polishing the object.V.The final step is gilding the object with fluid gold.Strategic Order of Main PointsOrder depends on your topic,your purpose,and your audience.Chronological order.Spatial order.Problem-solution order.Topical order.Chronological OrderChronological order:a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a time pattern.Narrate a series of events in the sequence in which they happened.For example:Specific Purpose:To inform my audiencehow the Great Wall of China was built.Central Idea:The Great Wall of China was built in three major stages.Main Points:I.Building of the Great Wall beganduring the Qin Dynasty of 221-206 B.C.II.New sections of the Great Wall wereadded during the Han Dynasty of 206B.C.-220 A.D.III.The Great Wall was completed duringthe Ming Dynasty of 1368-1644.Speeches explaining a process or demonstrating how to do something.For example:Specific Purpose:To inform my audienceof the steps in laser-assisted correctiveeye surgery.Central Idea:Therere three main stepsin laser-assisted corrective eye surgery.Main Points:I.First,a thin layer is sliced off thesurface of the eye to expose the cornea（眼角膜）.II.Second,an ultraviolet(紫外)laser is used toreshape the cornea.III.Third,the thin layer sliced off at thebeginning of the surgery is reaffixed tothe eyes.As you can see,chronological order is especially useful for informative speeches.View an excerpt from“The Great Wall of China”.Spatial OrderSpatial order:a method of speech organization in which the main points follow a directional pattern.The main points proceed from top to bottom,left to right,front to back,inside to outside,east to west,or some other route.For example:Specific purpose:To inform my audienceabout the structure of a typhoon.Central Idea:A typhoon is made up ofthree parts of going from inside tooutside.Main points:I.At the center of a typhoon is the calm,cloud-free eye.II.Surrounding the eye is the eyewall,a dense ring of clouds that produces the most intense wind and rainfall.III.Rotating around the eyewall are large bands of clouds and precipitation（冰雹）called spiral rain bands（降雨带）.Specific Purpose:Toinform my audience aboutthe three major regionsin Italy.Central Idea:Northern,central,and southernItaly have their ownidentities and attractions.Main Points:I.Northern Italy is home to Venice and its world-famous canals.II.Central Italy is home to Rome and its historical treasures.III.Southern Italy is home to Sicily and its culinary（烹饪的）traditions.Used most often in informative speeches.Problem-Solution OrderProblem-solution order:a method of speech organization in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.For example:Specific Purpose:To persuade my audiencethat tougher measures are needed tocontrol illegal selling of antiques.Central Idea:Illegal selling of antiques is aserious problem that requires acombination of government action andindividual awareness.Main points:I.Illegal selling of antiques is a serious problem in parts of China.II.The problem can be solved by a combination of government action and individual awareness.Most appropriate for persuasive speeches.Topical OrderTopical order:a method of speech organization in which the main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics.Suppose your topic is Leonardo da Vinci,who was born in the 1400s.Your specific purpose is“To inform my audience of the achievements of Leonardo da Vinci”.Chronologically:his achievements in each stage of his career.Topically:divide his achievements into categories.Specific Purpose:To inform myaudience about the achievementsof Leonardo da Vinci.Central Idea:Leonardo da Vinci was accomplished as apainter,an inventor,and asastronaut.Main Points:I.As a painter,Leonardo da Vinci produced the Mona Lisa,the Last Supper,and other masterpieces.II.As an inventor,he drew plans for an parachute and a flying machine.III.As an astronomer,he concluded that the earth revolves around the sun.Works not only for informative speeches,but also for persuasive speeches.Usually the reasons why a speaker believes in a certain point of view.For example,a speech on why China should continue its program of space exploration.Specific Purpose:To persuade myaudience that China should continue itsprogram of space exploration.Central Idea:China should continue itsprogram of space exploration because itproduces scientific knowledge,opensaccess to natural resources,and furthers the search forextraterrestrial life.Main Points:I.Space exploration produces scientific knowledge that benefits life on Earth.II.Space exploration opens access to natural resources that are in limited supply on Earth.III.Space exploration furthers the search for extraterrestrial（地球外的）life.Tips for Preparing Main PointsLimit the number of main points.Keep main points separate.Try to use the same pattern of wording for main points.Balance the amount of time devoted to main points.Limit the Number of Main Points In most cases,a speech contains from 2-5 main points.Condense too many main points into categories.Take a speech about Yoga for example:Specific Purpose:To inform my audience about the practice of yoga.Central Idea:Yoga is an ancient practice that involves the whole body.Main Points:I.Yoga breathing starts with deep inhalation.II.Yoga breathing requires slow exhalation.III.Yoga breathing includes prolonged pauses.IV.Yoga postures involve all parts of the body.V.Yoga postures increase flexibility.VI.Yoga postures strengthen muscle tone.VII.Yoga postures demand precise movements.Seven points can fall into two broad categories:yoga breathing and yoga postures.I.One part of practicing yoga involves proper breathing.II.The other part of yoga involves body postures.View an excerpt from“Yoga:Uniting Mind,Body and Spirit”.Keep Main Points SeparateEach main point in a speech should be clearly independent of the others.Two sets of main points for a speech about the process of producing a Broadway play:Ineffective:I.The first step is choosing the play.II.The second step is selecting the cast.III.The third step is conducting rehearsals and then performing the play.More Effective:I.The first step is choosing the play.II.The second step is selecting the cast.III.The third step is conducting rehearsals.IV.The fourth step is performing the play.Try to Use the Same Pattern of Wording for Main Points Ineffective:I.Regular exercise increases your endurance.II.Your sleeping pattern is improved by regular exercise.III.It is possible to help control your weight by regular exercise.More effective:I.Regular exercise increases your endurance.II.Regular exercise improves your sleeping pattern.III.Regular exercise helps control your weight.The more effective follows a consistent pattern of wording.Try to keep the wording parallel.Easier to understand and remember.Balance the Amount of Time Devoted to Main PointsNot mean all main points must receive exactly equal emphasis.Should be roughly balanced.Either of the following is fine:I.30%.I.20%.II.40%.II.30%.III.30%.III.50%.Supporting MaterialsSupporting materials:the materials used to support a speakers ideas.The three major kinds of supporting materials are examples,statistics,and testimony.Read the example in APS pages 96-97:The Growing Use of Acupuncture in Western Medicine.ConnectivesConnectives:a word or phrase that connects the ideas of a speech and indicates the relationship between them.Four types of connectives:1.transitions 2.internal previews 3.internal summaries 4.signpostsTransitionsTransition:a word or phrase that indicates when a speaker has finished one thought and is moving on to another.State both the idea the speaker is leaving and the idea he or she is coming up to.The following transitional phrases are underlined:Now that we have a clear understanding of the problem,let me share the solution with you.We have spoken so far of Guan Yus skill as a warrior,but above all it is his honor and righteousness that make him a mythic figure in Chinese history.Keeping these points in mind about sign language,lets return to the sentence I started with.Internal PreviewInternal preview:a statement in the body of the speech that lets the audience know what the speaker is going to discuss next.The preview statement in a speech introduction.For example:In discussing how China has beenstereotyped in the Western media,welllook first at the origins of the problemand second at its continuing impact today.The audience knows exactly what to listen for as the speaker develops the“problem”main point.Internal previews are often combined with transitions.For example:Transition:Now that we have seen how serious the problem of faulty credit reports is,lets look at some solutions.Internal Preview:I will focus on three solutionsinstituting tighter regulation of credit bureaus,holding credit bureaus financially responsible for their mistakes,and giving individuals easier access to their credit reports.Internal SummariesInternal summary:a statement in the body of the speech that summarizes the speakers preceding point of points.Remind listeners what they have just heard.Used when a speaker finishes a complicated or particularly important main point of set of main points.For example:In short,regular walking at a brisk pace strengthens the heart,increases lung capacity,improves blood circulation,and burns caloriesall without the strain on the knees and ankles caused by running.Clarify and reinforce ideas.Combined with transitions,lead listeners into your next main points.For example:Internal Summary:Lets sum up what we have discussed so far.First,we have seen that Li Shizhens classic work Bencao Gangmu divides the substancesfrom minerals into four categories.Second,we have seen that it divides thesubstances from animals into six categories.Transition:Now let us see how it dividesthe substances from plants.SignpostsSignpost:a very brief statement that indicates where a speaker is in the speech or that focuses attention on key ideas.Frequently theyre just numbers,numerical signposts.For example:The first cause of this problem isinefficient agricultural problem.The second cause is recurrent drought inthe affected countries.The third cause is mismanagement ofavailable food resources by local leaders.Questions are particularly effective as signposts because they invite subliminal（潜意识的）answers and thereby get the audience more involved with the speech.Take the topic of“Internet Fraud”for example,the first main point explored the problem of Internet fraud:So just how serious is the problem ofinternet fraud?Is it a few isolated cases,or is it widespread enough to requireserious measures to protect consumers?The second main point dealt with ways to curb Internet fraud:So how can we solve this problem?Isthere is a way to protect the rights oflegitimate businesses while attacking thefraudulent ones?Use signposts to focus attention on key ideas with the help of a simple phrase:The most important thing to rememberabout abstract art is that it is alwaysbased on forms in the natural world.Similar phrases:Be sure to keep this in mindAbove all,you need to know The End