语言学导论部分精.ppt

语言学导论部分第1页，本讲稿共17页GuidelineFocused discussion on Linguistics第2页，本讲稿共17页Linguistics(05-12)考点1:核心概念概念提出者，概念本身的内涵，涵盖要素（尤其是具有区分性的要素）考点2:概念的应用具体语言现象注意点：综观七年来的21道试题，语言学综述部分考到语言学综述部分考到8题，考察重要题，考察重要语言学家的语言学家的2题，考察二级概念的题，考察二级概念的11题题；可见首要是对语首要是对语言学整体框架要了解清楚；第二，要对试卷涉及过的言学整体框架要了解清楚；第二，要对试卷涉及过的（含选项中出现的）语言学家有所了解；对主要二级概（含选项中出现的）语言学家有所了解；对主要二级概念要认识明确，并可理解具体例子。念要认识明确，并可理解具体例子。第3页，本讲稿共17页语言学概述部分（见教材ppt）戴炜栋，何兆熊，(2002)，新编简明英语语言学教程，上海外语教育出版社。二级概念部分（同上）第4页，本讲稿共17页重要语言学家John(Langshaw)Austin(1911 1960)was a British philosopher of language,born in Lancaster and educated at Shrewsbury School and Balliol College,Oxford University.Austin is widely associated with the concept of the speech act（言语行为）and the idea that speech is itself a form of action.Consequently,in his understanding language is not just a passive practice of describing a given reality,but a particular practice to invent and affect those realities.His work in the 1950s provided both a theoretical outline and the terminology for the modern study of speech acts developed subsequently,for example,by(the Oxford-educated American philosopher)John R.Searle,William P.Alston,Franois Rcanati,Kent Bach,and Robert M.Harnish.第5页，本讲稿共17页John(Rogers)Searle(born July 31,1932 in Denver,Colorado)is an American philosopher and presently the Slusser Professor of Philosophy at the University of California,Berkeley.Searle began his college education at the University of Wisconsin,and subsequently became a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford University where he earned an undergraduate degree and a doctorate in philosophy.Widely noted for his contributions to the philosophy of language,philosophy of mind and social philosophy,he began teaching at Berkeley in 1959,where,among his many distinctions,he was the first tenured professor to join the Free Speech Movement.He received the Jean Nicod Prize in 2000,and the National Humanities Medal in 2004.第6页，本讲稿共17页Avram Noam Chomsky(born December 7,1928)is an American linguist,philosopher,cognitive（认知的）（认知的）scientist,political activist,author,and lecturer.He is an Institute Professor and professor emeritus of linguistics at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Chomsky is well known in the academic and scientific community as one of the fathers of modern linguistics.Since the 1960s,he has become known more widely as a political dissident,an anarchist,and a libertarian socialist intellectual.第7页，本讲稿共17页In the 1950s,Chomsky began developing his theory of generative grammar（生成语法）,which has undergone numerous revisions and has had a profound influence on linguistics.His approach to the study of language emphasizes“an innate（天生的）（天生的）set of linguistic principles shared by all humans known as universal grammar,the initial state of the language learner,and discovering an account for linguistic variation via the most general possible mechanisms.“He also established the Chomsky hierarchy,a classification of formal languages in terms of their generative power.第8页，本讲稿共17页In 1959,Chomsky published a widely influential review of B.F.Skinners theoretical book Verbal Behavior（言言语行为语行为）,which was the first attempt by a behaviorist to provide a functional,operant analysis of language.Chomsky used this review to broadly and aggressively challenge the behaviorist approaches to studies of behavior dominant at the time,and contributed to the cognitive revolution in psychology.His naturalistic approach to the study of language has influenced the philosophy of language and mind.第9页，本讲稿共17页M.A.K.Halliday(born 1925)is an Australian linguist who developed an internationally influential grammar model,the systemic functional grammar(which also goes by the name of systemic functional linguistics SFL 系统功能语言学).第10页，本讲稿共17页Halliday(1975)identifies seven functions that language has for children in their early years.Children are motivated to acquire language because it serves certain purposes or functions for them.The first four functions help the child to satisfy physical,emotional and social needs.Halliday calls them instrumental,regulatory,interactional,and personal functions.Instrumental:This is when the child uses language to express their needs(e.g.Want juice)Regulatory:This is where language is used to tell others what to do(e.g.Go away)Interactional:Here language is used to make contact with others and form relationships(e.g.Love you,mummy)Personal:This is the use of language to express feelings,opinions and individual identity(e.g.Me good girl)第11页，本讲稿共17页The next three functions are heuristic（启发式的）,imaginative,and representational,all helping the child to come to terms with his or her environment.Heuristic:This is when language is used to gain knowledge about the environment(e.g.What the tractor doing?)Imaginative:Here language is used to tell stories and jokes,and to create an imaginary environment.Representational:The use of language to convey facts and information.第12页，本讲稿共17页Leonard Bloomfield(1887 1949)was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s.His influential textbook Language（语言论语言论）,published in 1933,presented a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics.He made significant contributions to Indo-European historical linguistics,the description of Austronesian languages,and description of languages of the Algonquian family.第13页，本讲稿共17页Bloomfields approach to linguistics was characterized by its emphasis on the scientific basis of linguistics,adherence to behaviorism especially in his later work,and emphasis on formal procedures for the analysis of linguistic data.The influence of Bloomfieldian structural linguistics declined in the late 1950s and 1960s as the theory of Generative Grammar developed by Noam Chomsky came to predominate.第14页，本讲稿共17页Ferdinand de Saussure(1857 1913)was a Swiss linguist whose ideas laid a foundation for many significant developments in linguistics in the 20th century.Saussure is widely considered to be one of the fathers of 20th-century linguistics,and his ideas have had a monumental impact throughout the humanities and social sciences.第15页，本讲稿共17页Saussures most influential work,Course in General Linguistics(Cours de linguistique gnrale)（普通语言学教程）,was published posthumously in 1916 by former students Charles Bally and Albert Sechehaye on the basis of notes taken from Saussures lectures at the University of Geneva.The Course became one of the seminal linguistics works of the 20th century,not primarily for the content(many of the ideas had been anticipated in the works of other 20th century linguists),but rather for the innovative approach that Saussure applied in discussing linguistic phenomena.第16页，本讲稿共17页Its central notion is that language may be analyzed as a formal system of differential（微分的）elements,apart from the messy dialectics（辩证法）of real-time production and comprehension.Examples of these elements include the notion of the linguistic sign（语言符号）（语言符号）,the signifier（能指）（能指）,the signified（所指）（所指）,and the referent（指示物、现实中的具体事（指示物、现实中的具体事物）物）.第17页，本讲稿共17页