现实主义欧洲文学史.ppt
现实主义欧洲文学史 Still waters run deep.流静水深流静水深,人静心深人静心深 Where there is life,there is hope。有生命必有希望。有生命必有希望RealismAmovementinartandliterature;ItdevelopedinEuropeandtheUS;Inthesecondhalfofthe19thcenturyandtheearlyyearsofthe20thcentury;Itcentered集中集中inthenovel;Itemphasizesfidelity忠实忠实torealityandactual experience实际经验实际经验.Itaimsatatruthful representation陈述陈述ofhumanbehaviorandsurroundingsorfiguresandobjects客观事物客观事物exactlyastheyactorappearinlife.Attemptsatrealismhavebeenmadeseveraltimesthroughouthistoryinallthearts,buttheterm词汇词汇isgenerallyrestricted限定约束限定约束toamovementthatbeganinthemid-19thcentury,inreactiontothehighlysubjective主观主观approachofRomanticism.ItwasinoppositiontoRomanticismsemphasisonfeelingsandimaginations,whichwasbelievedasanescapefromrealitybythewritersofRealism.TheworldreflectedinRomanticwritersworkswasfalse错误的错误的andtheromanticworkswereconsideredtoosentimental伤感的感情脆弱的伤感的感情脆弱的bytherealists.ItbeganinFranceinthenovelsofFlaubertandtheshortstoriesofMaupassant.Centraltotheidea核心思想核心思想ofRealismisthebeliefthatliterature is the mirror镜子镜子 of real life.WritersofRealismuseeverydayscenesandoccurencesastheirsubject主题主题.Method:observationalandobjectiverepresentationTherealistsregardcharacterization人物人物塑造塑造ratherthantheplot情节情节thecenterofthenovel.Therealistshavemoreinterestinsocial problemsandtendtotalkaboutethical伦伦理理issues.Itslanguageisusuallysimple,clearanddirect.Itstoneisusuallycomicandsometimessatirical讽刺性的讽刺性的.Therealistsconcentrateonmiddle-classlifeandpreoccupations想法想法,avoidinglarger,moredramaticissues.Fortherealists,itisimportanttoreflecttheworldasitisfromthepersonal experienceofit.RepresentativefiguresFranceStendhalBalzac巴尔扎克巴尔扎克FlaubertZola左拉左拉MaupassantEnglandDickens狄更斯狄更斯-GeorgeEliot-theBrontesistersThackeray-ThomasHardyRussiaAntonChekhov-TurgenevDostoyevsky-TolstoyNorthernEuropeHenryIbsennatualismFrenchLiteratureStendhaloneoftheleadingRealistFrenchnovelistsofthe1800sMajorworks：The Red and the Black(1830)红与黑红与黑The Charterhouse of Parma(1839)巴马巴马修道院修道院CharateristicsofhisworksHehasanacute敏锐的敏锐的analysisofthecharacters psychology心理心理.Hisuseofcharacter analysismarkshimasoneofthefirstrealistsin19th-centuryliteratureHisworksarealsonotedfortheuseofirony讽讽刺反语刺反语,ambiguity模棱两可模糊模棱两可模糊,andnarrativecomplexity复杂的复杂的.Hisnarrativepointofviewrestricts限制限制thereadersvisiontothatofthecharacters,soitgivesreadersanobjectivepicturefromthecharactersperspective透视图透视图.Forexample,FabricedelDongoinLa chartreuse de ParmegoestothebattleofWaterloo,butbothheandthereaderareuncertainafterward后来以后后来以后ifhehaswitnessedit.Thisambiguityisakindofpsychological心里上的心里上的realism.Similarly,Stendhalsheroesandheroinescannotbecompletelyknown,eitherbythereaderorbythemselves.Thenarrator叙述者叙述者constantly不断的不断的undercuts削弱削弱thereadersassumptions假想假想aboutthecharacterswithirony,indicating表明表明sometimeshownaive天真天真ormistakenthecharactersare,whilesometimesexpressingsurpriseatwhattheydoorsay.HonordeBalzac(1799-1850)a French novelist and playwright The Human Comedy(1842-1848)人间喜人间喜剧剧 Le Pre Goriot(Father Goriot or Old Goriot)1835 高老头高老头CharacteristicsofhiswritingsBalzacachievedsublime令人崇敬的令人崇敬的realisminhisnovelsthroughhisattentiontodetails andhisintensely强烈强烈的紧张的的紧张的 portrayed描绘描绘 characters.Balzacextensivelyusesdetail,especiallythe detail of objects,toillustrate阐明阐明thelivesofhischaracters.“Theauthorfirmly坚决的坚决的believesthatdetailsalonewillhenceforthdeterminethemerit价值价值ofworks.”自此以后characterizationHischaractersaremulti多多-faceted有小面的有小面的;evenhislesser较小的较小的charactersarecomplex,morallyambiguousandfullyhuman.Hesoughttopresenthischaractersasrealpeople,neitherfullygoodnorfullyevil,butfullyhuman.Thecharactersrepresentaparticularrange范范围幅度围幅度ofsocialtypes.Objectsarealsoimbued充满充满withcharacter;Paris,asettingformuchofhiswriting,takesonmanyhumanqualities.The Human ComedyItisinspiredbyDantesThe Divine Comedy.Itisasetofabout90worksthatexploretheinfluenceofsocietyontheindividual.Itisabookleftunfinishedatthetimeofhisdeath.Hisgoalwastodepict描绘描绘thehumanspeciesinFrancewithitsmanycharactertypesandassociated关联关联behaviors.Itgaveacomprehensive广泛的综合的广泛的综合的viewoftheFrenchsocietyofhistime,andnearlyallsocialclasseshavebeendepicted.GustaveFlaubert福楼拜福楼拜(1821-1880)OftencalledthefirstFrenchrealistConsideredbymanytobethefatherofrealisticfictionMasterpiece:Madame Bovary(1857)包法利夫人包法利夫人CharacteristicsofhisworksHisworksinfluencedthedevelopmentofthemodernnovel,mostnotably显著的显著的intheirdetailed,objectiveobservationofeverydaylifetheirconcernforformHeattemptstohidealltracesoftheauthor.Theexactthoughtsofacharacterarereportedbyanobjectivenarrator,whomakesnocommentonthecharacteratall,revolutionized改革改革modernfiction.Hewasaperfectionist完美主义者至善主义者完美主义者至善主义者abouthiswritingandwasalwayssearchingfortherightword.Madame BovaryCharlesBovaryisakindhearteddoctorwithoutmuchabilityorambition野心报复野心报复.Hemeetsoneofhisclients顾客委托人顾客委托人daughter,Emma艾玛艾玛,abeautiful,daintily-dressed讲究讲究的的youngwomanwhohasreceivedagoodeducationandhasapowerfulyearning渴望渴望forluxury奢侈奢侈andromancethatshelearntfromthepopularnovels.Charlesisimmediatelyattractedtoher.Whenhiswifedies,theyaremarried.Charlesmeanswell,butisboringandclumsy笨拙的笨拙的,andEmmagrowsdisillusioned幻想破灭的幻想破灭的withmarriedlife.Charlesdecidesthatsheneedsachangeofscenery,andmovesfromthevillageintoamarkettown.Emmagivesbirthtoadaughter,however,motherhoodprovesdisappointing.Shethendevelopsanaffairwithayounglawstudent,Lon,whoisconsideredbyherthefinerthingsinlife.Outoffearandshame,however,EmmahidesherloveforLonandhercontempt轻蔑轻蔑forCharles,andplaystheroleofthedevotedwifeandmother,allthewhileconsoling安慰安慰herselfwiththoughtsandself-congratulationsofherownvirtue美德美德.Finally,indespair绝望绝望ofevergainingEmmasaffection,Londeparts离开离开tostudyinParis.Athree-yearaffairbetweenEmmaandalandownerfollows.Fullofromanticfantasy幻想幻想,Emmainsistsoneloping私私奔奔withhim.Theman,however,hasnosuchintentionandendstherelationship.TheshockissogreatthatEmmafallsdeathlyill,andbrieflyturnstoreligion.WhenEmmaisnearlyfullyrecovered,sheandCharlesattendtheopera,whichreawakens重新唤起重新唤起Emmaspassions,andshemeetsLonagain.Theybeginanaffair.WhileCharlesbelievesthatsheistakingpianolessons,EmmatravelstothecityeachweektomeetLon,alwaysinthesameroomofthesamehotel,whichtheycallittheirhome.Later,LongrowsboredwithEmmasemotionalexcesses过度过度,andEmmafeelshimunsatisfactory.Meanwhile,Emma,outofvanity虚荣心虚荣心,purchasesincreasingamountsofluxuryitemsoncreditandherdebtsmountquickly.Whenitistimetopaydebt,Emmapleads恳求恳求formoneyfromseveralpeoplebutisturneddown.Indespair,sheswallows吞下吞下poison毒药毒药anddies.Charlesisindeepgrief悲痛悲痛andpreserves保存保存Emmasroomasifitisashrine圣地圣地,andinanattempttokeephermemoryalive,adoptsseveralofherattitudesandtastes.Inhislastmonths,hestopsworkingandlivesoffthesaleofhispossessions.Whenheaccidentallycomesacrossthelandlordslovelettersoneday,hestilltriestounderstandandforgive.Soonafter,hediesapoorman,leavinghisyoungdaughtertolivewithdistant遥远的遥远的relativesandeventuallysenttoworkatacottonmill磨磨坊坊.criticism批评批评Itisapenetrating尖锐的尖锐的psychologicalstudyofitsheroine女英雄女英雄,EmmaBovary,whostrugglestofindfulfillmentthrougharealizationofherromanticfantasiesofloveandwealth.Thebookcouldbeviewedasanexpose暴露揭发暴露揭发ofthesituationofwomeninthe19thcentury:womenhadnotyetbeenemancipated解放解放andwereexpectedtoobeytheirhusbands,tostayintheirhomeswhilethemenwenttoworkortofightinwars.EmmaalsoservesasavoiceforFlaubert,whopatterned模仿模仿thecharacterspersonality品格品格afterhisown.EmmaBovarysrebellious反抗反抗attitudeagainsttheacceptedideasoftheday,reflectsFlaubertsviewsofthebourgeoisie.NaturalismInliterature,thetheorythatliterarycompositionshouldbebasedonanobjective,empirical经验主义经验主义presentationofhumanbeings.Itdiffersfromrealisminitsamoral与道德无关的与道德无关的attitudetotheobjectivepresentationoflife.Naturalisticwritersregardhumanbehaviorascontrolledbyinstinct本能本能,emotion,orsocialandeconomicconditions.Theyadoptthebiologicaldeterminism决定论决定论生物进化论生物进化论ofCharlesDarwinandtheeconomicdeterminismofKarlMarx.Theyemphasizetheimportanceofheredity遗遗传传.Theyemphasizetheimportanceofenvironmentandthetheoryof“thesurvivalofthefittest”Unliketherealists,thenaturalistsnotonlyrecordmenandmanners,theyobservelikescientistsandbiologists,anddrawatheoryofhumanconduct行为行为basedontheirobservation.Theydonotallowanyinvention虚构虚构andadhere坚持坚持tostrictobservation.ThechieffiguresinFrance:ZolaandMaupassant.Maupassant莫泊桑莫泊桑FrenchshortstorywriterandnovelistAnaturalist/realistInadditiontohismorethan200shortstories,Maupassantalsowrotetravelsketches素描梗概素描梗概andsixnovels.Hisworksarecharacterizedbysimplicity朴素朴素简易天真简易天真andirony.Famousworks:TheNecklace项链项链“Bouledesuif”(Ball-of-Fat)羊脂球羊脂球Hisworksreflectagrim冷酷的冷酷的andpessimistic悲观的悲观的worldinwhichhumanactivityisfutile无用的无用的andultimately最后的最后的meaninglessinauniversedevoid全无全无的缺乏的的缺乏的ofevidenceofamerciful仁慈的仁慈的God.Whileheadmiredthecourageandgenerosity慷慨的大慷慨的大方的方的ofspiritofcertainindividuals,althoughtheyalmostneverbelongedtothemiddleorupperclasses,heusuallydepictedthehumanspiritasdefeatedbydarkerinstincts直觉本能直觉本能.E.g.“Bouledesuif”EnglishLiteratureVictorianEra(18371901)维多利维多利亚时代亚时代QueenVictoriasreign统治统治isknownastheVictorianAgeandwasmarkedbytheriseofthemiddleclassandadeeplyconservative扒开扒开保守的保守的morality.Thiserawasrepresentedbysuch19th-centuryidealsasdevotiontofamilylife,publicandprivateresponsibility,andobedience顺从顺从tothelaw.UnderVictoria,theBritishEmpireexpanded,andBritainbecameanincreasinglypowerfulnationandgrewintoanindustrialized工业化的工业化的nation.ThisperiodistheprimetimeofEnglishRealism.CharlesDickens(1812-1870)probablythebest-knownandthegreatestEnglishnovelistofthe19thcentury.Dickenscrafted精巧的精巧的complexplotsandstriking显著显著的的charactersthatcapturethepanorama全景全景ofEnglishsociety.HeistheoutstandingrepresentativeofEnglishcriticalrealism.Afterhisdeath,hisbodywaslaidinthePoetsCorneratWestminsterAbbey大修道院大寺院大修道院大寺院.significanceHeestablishedthemethodoffirstpublishingnovelsinserialinstallments连载连载inmonthlymagazines.Hisnovelscriticizetheinjusticesofhistime,esp.thebrutal残忍的残忍的treatmentofthepoorinasocietysharplydividedbydifferencesofwealth.Hisnovelsarenoted著著 名名 的的 fortheirpsychological realism and depth深深 度度 incharacterization.MajorWorksThe Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club(1836-1837;1837)The Adventures of Oliver Twist(1837-1839;1838)The Old Curiosity Shop(1840-1841;1841)Dombey and Son(1846-1848;1848)The PersonalHistory of David Copperfield(1849-1850;1850)Hard Times(1854);A Tale of Two Cities(1859)Great Expectations(1860-1861;1861)TheBronteSisters勃朗特勃朗特CharlotteBront(1816-1855)Jane Eyre简爱简爱Shirley雪莉雪莉Emily埃米莉埃米莉(Jane)Bront(1818-1848)Wuthering HeightsAnne安妮安妮Bront(1820-1849)Agnes艾格尼斯艾格尼斯 Grey灰色的灰色的CanyoutellthestoryofJane Eyre?Doyouhappentoknowitssignificanceinliteraryhistory?GeorgeEliot艾略特Afemalewriterwhoassumed假装假装amalenameinpublication出版出版Majorworks:Adam Bede(1859)The Mill on the Floss(1860)弗洛斯河上的弗洛斯河上的磨坊磨坊WilliamThackeray(1811-63)oneoftheforemost最先的最先的19th-centuryrealisticnovelistsinEnglandThackerayisparticularlynotedforhisexquisitely精巧的精巧的humorousandironicportrayals描写描写ofthemiddleandupperclassesofhistime.themostfamouswork:Vanity虚荣心虚荣心 FairVanity Fair is anelaborate精心制作的精心制作的studyofsocialrelationshipsinearly19th-centuryEngland.BeckySharpisoneofthemostvividlyportrayedcharactersinworldliterature.ThomasHardy(1840-1928)HewasthelastoftheHewasthelastofthegreatVictoriannovelists,greatVictoriannovelists,thelastdecadethelastdecade十年十年十年十年ofofthe19thcenturywasthe19thcenturywasdodominated受支配的受支配的byhim.HestoodbetweenVictoriannovelistsandmodernists.mostpopularnovels Far From the Madding Crowd(1874)The Return of the Native(1878)The Mayor of Casterbridge(1886)Tess of the DUrbervilles(1891)Jude the Obscure(1895)CharacteristicsofhisworksThearea,Wessex,andthecityofDorchesterbecamethesettingforhisnovels.Therefore,hisworksareoftencalled“WessexNovels”.Hisbestworksarecalled“novelsofcharacterandenviroment”.Fatalism宿命论宿命论/determinismplaysagreatpartinhisnovels.Therefore,hisworksshareapessimistic悲观的悲观的viewofthehumancondition.Natureisindifferent漠不关心的漠不关心的toapersonsdesiresandefforts.Badluckisasimportantasindividualcharacterindeterminingonesfate.WhatdoyouknowaboutTess of the DUrbervilles?CanyouexplainHardysideaoffatalismwithsomeexamplesfromthenovel?RussianLiteratureGogol(1809-1852)果戈理果戈理ThefirstmasteroffictioninRussianHelaidthefoundationforRussiancriticalrealism.MajorworksThe Inspector General 钦差大臣钦差大臣Dead Souls 死魂灵死魂灵Turgenev(1818-1883)屠格涅夫HewasthefirstrecognizedRussianwritersinthewest.Majorworks:A Hunters Sketches猎人笔记猎人笔记Rudin 罗亭罗亭A Nest of Gentlefolk 贵族之家贵族之家Fathers and Sons(1862)父与子父与子A Hunters Sketches描绘描绘 describesthemiseries痛苦悲惨痛苦悲惨ofpeasantsunderserfdom农奴农奴.Itseffectontheabolition废废除除ofserfdom农奴制农奴制inRussiaequaledHarrietBeecherStows Uncle Toms Cabin小屋小屋 ontheabolitionofslaveryintheUS.Dostoyevsky(1821-1881)Russianthinkerandoneoftheworldsgreatestnovelists,whoseworksdramatize使戏剧化使戏剧化religious,moral,political,andpsychologicalissues.Hebelieveslove,notpunishmentcanredeem赎回补偿赎回补偿Russiaandtheworld.MajorworksThe House of the Dead 死屋日记死屋日记The Insulted and Humiliated(1861)被被侮辱与被损害的侮辱与被损害的Crime and Punishment(1866)罪与罚罪与罚The Brothers Karamazov(1879-1880)卡亚马佐夫兄弟卡亚马佐夫兄弟The Idiot(1868-1869)白痴白痴Tolstoy托尔斯泰托尔斯泰(1828-1910)Realismreacheditspeak顶峰顶峰inTolstoysnovels.Hiswritingsprofoundlyinfluencedmuchof20th-centuryliteraturewiththeirpsychological realistm.TogetherwithDostoyevsky,hemadeRussianrealistnovelsthegist主旨主旨ofworldliterature.MajorworksWar and Peace 战争与和平战争与和平Anna Karenina安娜安娜卡列尼娜卡列尼娜Resurrection 复活复活AntonChekhov契诃夫契诃夫(1860-1904)aRussianshortstorywriterandplaywrightoneofthegreatestshort-storywritersinworldliteratureHebroughtboththeshortstoryandthedramatonewprominence突出突出inRussiaandeventuallyintheWesternworld.Takingacool,objectivestance立场立场towardhischaracters,Chekhovconveys传达传达theirinnerlivesandfeelingsindirectly,bysuggestionratherthanstatement.Hisplotsareusuallysimple,andtheendingsofbothhisstoriesandhisplaystendtowardopenness公开的公开的ratherthanfinality终结终结.Chekhovsworkscreatetheeffectofprofound深厚的深厚的experiencetakingplacebeneath在在之下之下thesurfaceintheordinary普通的普通的livesofunexceptional普通的非例外的普通的非例外的people.FamousworksShortstories“TheChameleon”变色龙变色龙“TheManintheShell”套中人套中人PlaysThe Cherry Orchard 樱桃园樱桃园The Three Sisters三姐妹三姐妹The Sea Gulf海鸥海鸥Uncle Vanya 万亚舅舅万亚舅舅OtherwritersHenrikIbsen易卜生易卜生(1828-1906)Norwegiandramatist挪威挪威recognitionasthefatherofmodernprosedramaFamousworksA Dolls House(1879)Ghosts鬼鬼(1881)Hedda海达海达 Gabler(1890)An Enemy of the People人民的敌人人民的敌人(1882)The Wild Duck(1884)CharacteristicsofhisplaysHisplaysarewell-constructed结构结构,dealingrealisticallywithpsychologicalandsocialproblems.Inhislaterworks,Ibsenmovedawayfromrealisticdramatotackle装备用具滑车装备用具滑车questionsofapsychologicalandsubconscious潜意识的潜意识的nature.Accordingly,symbolsbegantogainprominence突出突出inhisplays.Hetookordinarysocialanddomestic国内的家庭的国内的家庭的relationshipsandsituationsforthesubjectmatter.Heismostnotedforhisproblem plays,whichareconsideredthefountain源泉源泉headofmuchmoderndrama.A Dolls House玩偶之家玩偶之家A Dolls HouseopensonChristmasEveinNora诺拉诺拉HelmerandTorvaldHelmershouse.Torvaldhasrecentlyobtained获得获得anewpositionatthebankthatwillaffordthemamorecomfortablelifestyle.TheHelmersfriendDr.Rank
