畸形的举止真诚的灵魂 代丽华.doc

17ContentsChinese Abstract 2English Abstract31. Introduction41.1. Sherwood Anderson and His Works41.2. A Brief Introduction of Winesburg, Ohio41.3. Literature review52. The Definition of Abnormal Person63. The Manifestation of Grotesques73.1. The Abnormal Languages of Grotesques73.2. The Abnormal Behaviors of Grotesques114. The Causes of the Deformity.124.1. Impact of Industrialization124.2. Impact of Social Conventions134.3. Lack of Communication145. The Sincere Soul of the Grotesques146. Conclusion15References17畸变的举止, 真诚的灵魂解析小镇畸人中“不畸”的畸人摘 要小镇畸人这部作品是完全意义上的美国式的小说，它脱离了欧洲文学对美国文学的影响，真正展现了美国人自己的世界。现有的相关文献表明，对小镇畸人的研究大都关注该小说中所谓畸人的“畸形”。本文将从文本结合分析安德森笔下的畸人，关注“古怪”这个主题，但是却通过对“古怪”这个概念追本溯源，解释造成古怪的原因，比较不同作家对于“畸人”和他们古怪行为的不同理解。通过分析这些“畸人”的内心，体察他们那原本天真纯朴的心灵，这一点是非常必要的。并且所有这些古怪之处正是温斯堡人纯朴善良的体现，同时也体现了安德森对儿时田园生活的向往和期许。安德森笔下的畸人，在美国文学史上产生了深远的影响。“畸人”们虽有着古怪的典型形象，但他们是因为具有独特的魅力且固守绝对的“真理”而将自己变成了“畸人”。关键词： 舍伍德·安德森；畸形的举止；真诚的灵魂；美国Distorted Behavior, Sincere SoulAnalysis of the “Non Abnormal” Abnormal People in the Winesburg, Ohio AbstractSherwood Andersons Winesburg, Ohio is an American novel in a complete sense. It breaks away from the influence of European literature on American literature and truly shows the American world. The existing literature shows that most of the studies on the novel pay attention to the so-called “deformity” of the Winesburg Ohio. In this paper, we will analyze Andersons freaks from the perspective of the text, and focus on the theme of “eccentricity”, however, by tracing the origin of the concept of “eccentricity”.This paper will explain the causes of the eccentricity, and compare different writers different understandings of “grotesques” and their eccentricity. Its very necessary to analyze the inner feelings of these “grotesques” and observe their original innocent and simple hearts. And all these oddities are the embodiment of the simple and kind-hearted of the Winesburg people, and also reflect Andersons yearning and expectation for the pastoral rural life when he was a child. Andersons depiction of abnormal people have profound influence on the history of American literature. He not only created the typical image of “grotesques” which is not weird in fact, but also established the unique charm for the United States, which changed itself into a grotesque for sticking to the absolute “truth”.Key words: Sherwood Anderson；abnormal behaviors；sincere soul；America1. Introduction1.1 Sherwood Anderson and His WorksOn September 13, 1876, Anderson was born into a poor family in Clyde, Ohio. In order to help the family, Anderson has done all kinds of work since he was a child, without much formal schooling. After a short time in the army, he began to go into business. While living a prosperous business life, he is also quietly writing novels. Beset by various problems in business, personal life and art life, one day in 1912, he left home suddenly and decided to live a more meaningful life with his pen. After arriving in Chicago, he joined the literary circle in Chicago. In 1916, Anderson published the novel Windy McPhersons Son with a strong autobiographical style, which was out of control. The publication of Winesburg, Ohio in 1919 made Anderson successful and established his position in the history of American literature. Andersons other major works include:, Marching Men 1917; Poor White 1920; The Triumph of The Egg and Other Stories 1921; Men 1925; Dark Laughter 1933, he published his last important short book, Death in The Woods and other stories. Sherwood Anderson played an important role in the history of American Literature in the 20th century. Winesburg, Ohio is called the founder of American modernist novels. This book influenced William Faulkner, Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald and other American writers. For example, when Anderson learned that Hemingway, who is considered one of the most famous novelists of the 20th century, was going to Italy, Anderson put forward his own opinions on the creation of writing. He told Hemingway that Hemingway should go to Paris, because the environment in Paris is conducive to the improvement of writing. Anderson also wrote a letter of recommendation for Hemingway, which made Hemingways trip to Paris fruitful. Andersons writing style also had a certain influence on Hemingway, who often read Andersons works. From Hemingways writing techniques, its not hard to see that there is much deep influence of characteristics of Andersons writing techniques.1.2 A Brief Introduction of Winesburg, OhioWinesburg, Ohio is a masterpiece of Sherwood Anderson. The first story of the novel was written in 1916, and it was published in 1919. When Winesburg, Ohio was published in 1919, Anderson caused a great sensation in the critical circle. It established Andersons position in the history of American literature. Since then, his work has attracted the attention of many critics and scholars. Anderson witnessed an important period of transformation in American history - industrialization. “Although this period reached the climax of material prosperity, it also marked a deep sense of crisis in society and spirit” (虞建华, 2004: 11.)“It is found that “the thought and poetry are gone”, the religious and social activities that unite the towns people are gone, the apple and cherry trees are gone, and everything is gone”(董衡翼, 1993(3): 30-31).In the past, the traditional values and ways of life which were regarded as the living standards were divorced from the modern society. People gradually became the vassal of things, and the traditional values and ways of life were greatly impacted. Winesburg has the oldest vitality, a desire for money and a rich life, but the rural tradition has also disappeared behind a factory. Andersons Winesburg, Ohio was a group of grotesques living in small towns in the Midwest of the United States. The beautiful rural life was invaded by the industrial civilization at that time, and people showed a sense of confusion and urgency. Anderson has no intention to laugh at them with words. Although they were different from normal people, what the author wants to express was his still humanistic care toward these people in the town. In a word, Anderson cleverly used these surface phenomena to show the regular inner character and the peak of his passion. These fixed moments suggest to the readers that the conservative small town people are too deep in the mire of traditional concepts to adapt to the changes of society. Under the impact of the materialism of industrial civilization, they were hard to break away from the constraints and constraints of their emotions, find ways to make human nature perfectly reflect and develop harmoniously, and they could not really control their own destiny, so their spirit and soul seems to be distorted and they eventually becomes a grotesques.1.3 Literature reviewIn China, the research on Sherwood Anderson and the collection of short stories Winesburg Ohio started later than before, and the research methods were also limited. At present, there was no systematic work on all of Andersons works, most of the research was only around some of his works. It was worth noting that the domestic research on Anderson and the Winesburg Ohio is in a gradually warming state. Jiang Yuanxiangs masters thesis, the Female Vision of Small Town Grotesques and Sherwood Anderson.The group characteristics of the female images in the Winesburg Ohio, from the perspective of women, discuss the life and destiny of the female in the works, and point out Andersons narrow in shaping the female images. Anderson, as a male writer, has limitations in his understanding and discussion of women, which can not be ignored. It also reflected the limitations of women in the special historical era of American social transformation at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Ni Jings master thesis, Disillusionment and Lonely Escape: an Explanation of the Lonely Psychology of The Winesburg Ohio, the author believed that Anderson was very concerned about the inner world of those people who lived in small towns in the Midwest of the United States. They tried hard to communicate, but the result was more lonely. Those lonely souls were vividly represented by a series of descriptions, such as their appearance, communication barriers, gestures and eyes, intense body movements and so on. This paper attempted to use Freud, Adler and alienation psychoanalysis to study the internal and external factors of the formation of abnormal people. This paper expounds the application of Freudian psychoanalysis in this novel and the influence of Freudian psychoanalysis on Sherwood Andersons works. This paper probed into the social origin alienation of the formation of the abnormal people, and expounded that the small town abnormal people was the epitome of the life of the small town people in the transitional period of the United States. At the same time, the psychological factors that caused loneliness were clarified. Here we talked about the social roots, thought that the character deformity caused by social alienation, only mention the impact of industrial civilization on the small town of rural life produced by handicraft industry, but did not analyze in detail which factors of society cause alienation. 2. The Definition of Abnormal PersonThe term “abnormal person” comes from The Master of Zhuangzi. Grand Master: “abnormal person, abnormal person and someone doesnt get along with the common people, but he does”. It can be seen that Zhuangzis so-called “abnormal person” is different from the secular meaning of “strange person” But he is also “Someone doesnt get along with the common people, but he does”, that is to say, he can be “equal” or “connected with heaven”. There is nothing in practice, but there is no external form, which is different from human relations and uncoupled from the common. The second poem of Lu Yous The Affair in Song Dynasty reads: “There are many things in the wild hall, and the strange people have no common feelings. Like outliers, people with unique aspirations and different customs. (Net 1). It is in the novel of Winesberg, Ohio that Anderson defines the grotesques characters in his works for the first time. It enriches the connotation of abnormal people in the history of literature. All men lead their lives behind a wall of misunderstanding they have themselves built, and most men die in silence and unnoticed behind the walls. Now and then a man, cut off from his fellows by the peculiarities of his nature, becomes absorbed in doing something that is personal and private, useful and beautiful. Word of his activities is carried over the walls. (Anderson, 1983: 7) 3. The Manifestation of Grotesques3.1. The Abnormal Languages of GrotesquesIn describing of the abnormal characters in the novel, Anderson used the external characteristics to depict the differences between the characters and the normal people in detail. It is worth noting that the author talks about the deformity of the characters appearance here, but understands the characters anomie through some description of body movements and language. In order to express the peoples pursuit of love in the small town, Anderson deeply depicts the characters behaviors; in order to express peoples desire for mutual understanding, he also described the characters language expression in detail. Next, the chapter will analyze the abnormal behaviors of the grotesques in the small town from different behaviors and expressions. Language silence is an important way to describe abnormal people in this book, there are many descriptions. In the eyes of the normal people, the abnormal people in the small town are mostly silent. Even if living in a social group, they are mostly alone and seldom talk to others. They feel gloomy and alone. The whole town is silent. While reading the stories, readers will find that people often have aphasia. Most of the characters in Winesburg, Ohio are aphasia. Its easy to find out that the characters are not born to be unable to speak, but their aphasia is caused by the social environment.” (杜燕, 2016(5): 40) For example, Biddelbaum lived in a small town for many years, and he couldnt speak in front of people. Whats more, he didnt want to talk to people.In the past, Biddlebaum was a teacher. He was born as a teacher because he was very gentle with his students. More importantly, he deeply loved his students. He used his hands to express his pure love from his heart to children or his students. By touching the boys shoulder and head, Biddlelbaum talked with them in his soft and sweet voice to convey his happiness and pure love to the young people. “Wing Biddlebaum talked much with his hands.”(Anderson, 1983: 16) And he didnt want to talk to people. Communication can only be done by hand, which is a kind of deformity. “Wing Biddlebaum, forever frightened and beset by a ghostly band of doubts, did not think of himself as in any way a part of the life of the town where he had lived for twenty years.” (Anderson, 1983: 15) A person who has lived in a city for 20 years did not feel that he belongs to the city. It couldnt communicate with other people normally, which showed the alienation phenomenon in people communication. “In his bed at night he imagined unspeakable things and in the morning went forth to tell his dreams as facts.”(Anderson, 1983: 11) Life was good before, but something broke it all. One student said the dream as a fact. People in the town think hes homosexual. In Western countries, the expression of love between the same sex is not part of the body contact, or will be considered to have a homosexual tendency. “Or showing love to a child as always through hand contact would also be considered improper, which is why Biddlebaums hand is seen as a symbol of evil.”(赵云梅, 2007(9): 35 ) Even if Biddlebaum is homosexual, its normal. Just as “Id is divided into two parts by Freud, and they are love or sex instinct and death instinct. Love instinct is a kind of spiritual love which means transcendence of sexual love, but sex instinct is all humans basic desire. And the duty of death instinct is to bring living creatures to their inorganic form, and death instinct refers to destruction and hatred.”(Anderson, 1983: 37) In the story of Hands, the Id was symbolized by Wing Biddlebaums hands which he showed his love instinct. He showed his first love for others, which was the embodiment of his spiritual quality and soul. In his previous experience, he felt that no one could understand and believe him, so he preferred not to talk. This was also a threat to those who wanted to communicate normally from the external environment. He had to choose this way of communication.