医学英语构词法讲座.ppt

Medical Terminology王克勤Introduction Every profession has its jargon,a specialized language that allows for quick,efficient communication between members of the same profession while minimizing the potential for misunderstandings.n nMedical terminology is a special vocabulary used by health care professionals for effective and accurate communication.Because it is based mainly on Greek and Latin words,medical terminology is consistent and uniform throughout the world.It is also efficient;although some of the terms are long,they often reduce an entire phrase to a single word.n nThe medical vocabulary is vast,and learning it may seem like learning the entire vocabulary of a foreign language.Moreover,like the jargon that arises in all changing fields,it is always expanding.The task seems overwhelming,but there are methods that can aid in learning and remembering words and can even help in making informed guesses regarding the meanings of unfamiliar words.Most medical terms can be divided into component partsroots,prefixes,and suffixesthat maintain the same meaning whenever they appear.By learning these meanings,you can analyze and remember many words.n nTeach a person 500 medical terms and they know 500 medical terms.Teach a person 500 components(prefixes,roots,suffixes)and they can understand a medical glossaryn nThis course teaches you how medical terms are built or put together instead of just memorizing lots of medical words and their meanings.You learn to recognize the meaning of a medical term by dividing the word into its three basic component parts:the prefix,root and suffix.By knowing the meanings of the prefixes,suffixes,and root words,you can easily figure out the meaning of a medical term.n nThis technique of word building is a simple and straightforward way to learn medical terminology without long hours of memorizing the medical dictionaryWord Building Basics 复合型复合型Psychologyn nPsycheGreek word for“mind”Greek word for“mind”n nLogosGreek word for“study of”Greek word for“study of”cyto=“cell”,architectonics=“architecture”BroadmannscytoarchitectonicmapCytoarchitechtonicdivision50regionsExamplesWordWordPrefixPrefixRootRootEndingEnding=DefinitionDefinitionDyspneaDyspneaDysDysPnePneA A=DifficultDifficult breathingbreathingApneaApneaA APnePneA A=Absence ofAbsence of breathingbreathingBradypneaBradypneaBradyBradyPnePneA A=Slow Slow breathingbreathingHeadHeadCephalgia(aheadache)Cephalgia(aheadache)Encephal/oEncephal/oInsidethehead(brain)Insidethehead(brain)Encephalitis(inflammationofthebrain)Encephalitis(inflammationofthebrain)Anencephalic(bornwithoutabrain)Anencephalic(bornwithoutabrain)Mening/oMening/oMembranessurroundingtheMembranessurroundingthebrainandspinalcordbrainandspinalcordMeningitis(inflammationoftheMeningitis(inflammationofthemembranes)membranes)-pathy-pathyDisease,abnormalityDisease,abnormalityEncephalopathy(diseaseofthebrain)Encephalopathy(diseaseofthebrain)Neuropathy(diseaseofthenerves)Neuropathy(diseaseofthenerves)DysDysDifficult,painful,abnormalDifficult,painful,abnormalDyslexia(difficultyreading)Dyslexia(difficultyreading)Neur/oNeur/oNerveNerveNeuroma(tumor)Neuroma(tumor)Neuritis(inflammation)Neuritis(inflammation)-plegia-plegiaParalysisParalysisHemiplegia(paralysisofonesideoftheHemiplegia(paralysisofonesideofthebody)body)Quadriplegia(paralysisofallfourlimbs)Quadriplegia(paralysisofallfourlimbs)Cardi/oCardi/o=heart=heartEndocarditis,myocarditis,Endocarditis,myocarditis,pericarditis(inflammationofthepericarditis(inflammationofthelining,themusclelayer,thelining,themusclelayer,theouterlayeroftheheart)outerlayeroftheheart)Brady/tachyBrady/tachy=slow/fast=slow/fastBradycardia(rate60)Bradycardia(rate100)tachycardia(rate100)-stasis-stasis=tostop=tostopHemostasis(tostopbleeding),Hemostasis(tostopbleeding),-cyte-cyte=cell=cellErythrocytes,leucocytes(red,Erythrocytes,leucocytes(red,whitebloodcells)whitebloodcells)Hem/o,-emiaHem/o,-emia=blood=bloodHypoxemia(lowoxygen),Hypoxemia(lowoxygen),myomyocardcarditisitis=musclelayerof=musclelayerofheartinflamedheartinflamedperipericardcarditisitis=outerlayerof=outerlayerofheartinflamedheartinflamedendendo ocarcarditisditis=innerlayerof=innerlayerofheartinflamedheartinflamedcardicardiologistologist=aphysicianspecializingin=aphysicianspecializinginthehearttheheartCardioCardiomyopamyopathythy=damagetoheartmuscle=damagetoheartmusclelayerlayerCardioCardiomegalmegaly y=enlargementoftheheart=enlargementoftheheart-itis-itis=inflammation=inflammationtonsillitis,appendicitis(youknowtonsillitis,appendicitis(youknowthese!)these!)-osis-osis=abnormalcondition=abnormalconditioncyanosis(ofblueness,duetocyanosis(ofblueness,duetocoldorlowoxygen)coldorlowoxygen)-ectomy-ectomy=tocutout(remove)=tocutout(remove)appendectomy,tonsillectomy(youappendectomy,tonsillectomy(youknowthesetoo!)knowthesetoo!)-tomy-tomy=tocutinto=tocutintotracheotomy(tocutintothetracheotomy(tocutintothe windpipe,temporaryopening)windpipe,temporaryopening)-stomy-stomy=tomakea“mouth”=tomakea“mouth”colostomy(tomakeacolostomy(tomakeapermanentopeninginpermanentopeningincolon)colon)macromacro=large=largemacrostomia(abnormallylargemacrostomia(abnormallylargemouth)mouth)micromicro=small=smallmicrostomia(abnormallysmallmicrostomia(abnormallysmallmouth,see“stomy”inmouth,see“stomy”in colostomyabove?)colostomyabove?)mega/-mega/-megalymegaly=enlarged=enlargedmegacolon(abnormallylargemegacolon(abnormallylarge colon=largeintestine)colon=largeintestine)DentoDento=teeth=teethdentistdentistGlosso/linguoGlosso/linguo=tongue=tongueglossitis,lingualnerveglossitis,lingualnerveGastroGastro=stomach=stomachgastritisgastritisEnteroEntero=intestine=intestinegastroenteritisgastroenteritisColoColo=largeintestine=largeintestinecolitis,megacoloncolitis,megacolonPneumo/pulmoPneumo/pulmo=lung=lungpneumonitis,pulmonologistpneumonitis,pulmonologistHepatoHepato=liver=liverhepatitis,hepatomegalyhepatitis,hepatomegalyNephro/reneNephro/rene=kidney=kidneynephrosis,renalarterynephrosis,renalarteryDermoDermo=skin=skindermatitisdermatitisMasto/mammoMasto/mammo=breast=breastmammography,mastectomymammography,mastectomyOsteoOsteo=bones=bonesosteoporosisosteoporosisCardioCardio=heart=heartelectrocardiogram(ECG)electrocardiogram(ECG)CystoCysto=bladder=bladdercystitiscystitisRhinoRhino=nose=noserhinitis(runnynose!)rhinitis(runnynose!)Hemo/emiaHemo/emia=blood=bloodhematologist,anemiahematologist,anemiaLeuk/oLeuk/o=white=whiteleukemia(overabundanceofleukemia(overabundanceofwhitebloodcells)whitebloodcells)melan/omelan/o=black=blackmelanoma(blacktumorofthemelanoma(blacktumoroftheskin)skin)cyan/ocyan/o=blue=bluecyanosis(bluenessmaybeduetocyanosis(bluenessmaybeduetocoldornotenoughoxygenincoldornotenoughoxygeninblood)blood)xanth/oxanth/o=yellow=yellowxanthoma(yellowtumor)xanthoma(yellowtumor)Aden/oAden/o=gland=glandadenomaadenomaLip/oLip/o=fat=fatlipomalipomaMy/oMy/o=muscle=musclemyomamyomaLymph/oLymph/o=lymphtissue=lymphtissuelymphomalymphomaCarcin/oCarcin/o=malignant=malignantcarcinomacarcinomaOsteo/oOsteo/o=bone=boneosteomaosteoman n1 1、Neuro is a stem which means nerve.Polyneuritis Neuro is a stem which means nerve.Polyneuritis means inflammation of many _.pole-nu-means inflammation of many _.pole-nu-ritis ritis（nerves nerves）n n2.2.Cerebro and encephalo are stems which mean brain.Cerebro and encephalo are stems which mean brain.Encephalitis,for example,means inflammation of the Encephalitis,for example,means inflammation of the _.ensef-ah-litis(brain)_.ensef-ah-litis(brain)n n3.3.Psycho and mento are stems which mean mind.Psycho and mento are stems which mean mind.Psychology is the science that studies the _.Psychology is the science that studies the _.si-kol o-je(mind)si-kol o-je(mind)n n4.4.Mania is a stem which means mad-ness.Pyromania,Mania is a stem which means mad-ness.Pyromania,for example,means fire _.madnessfor example,means fire _.madness piro-mane-ah piro-mane-ahn n5.5.Phobia is a stem which means fear.A person Phobia is a stem which means fear.A person with hydrophobia has a _ of water.with hydrophobia has a _ of water.hidro-fobe-ah (fear)hidro-fobe-ah (fear)n n6.6.Esthesia is a stem which means feeling or Esthesia is a stem which means feeling or sensation.Anesthesia means without _ sensation.Anesthesia means without _ or _.anes-theze-ah(feeling/sensation)or _.anes-theze-ah(feeling/sensation)n n7.neuro means:_ nerve7.neuro means:_ nerven n8.8.cerebro/enchephalo means:_ cerebro/enchephalo means:_ (brain)(brain)n nGlial Cells.Glia,or glue cells,are the nonneuronal elements of the nervous system;Three types of glial cells are recognized:astrocytes,oligodendrocytes,and microglial cells.n nnon-neuronaln nastro-cytesn noligo-dendro-cytesn nmicro-glial