语法专题6—宾语从句和状语从句.ppt

宾语从句定义：宾语从句的宾语部分中有一个从句充当宾语。Eg:I believe it.(主语+谓语+宾语）此句中it 是宾语，如果它由一个句子来代替，那就是一个 宾语从句。I believe that I can win the match.宾语从句三要素：连接词语序（主句+连接词+主语+谓语）时态注意：宾语从句的标点符号。注意：宾语从句的标点符号。宾语从句的标点符号取决于主句1）如果主句是陈述句，句尾用句号；2）如果主句是疑问句，句尾用问号。一、宾语从句的连接词(三类）1.连词：that2.连词：if、whether3.连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which，连接副词when,where,why,how 1连词that，只起连接作用，在从句中不作句子成分，也无词汇意义，在口语中常被省略。eg.He knew（that）he should work hard.She said(that)she would leave a message on his desk.I am sure(that)you will be successful in the future.I am afraid(that)I may forget my French.注意：在suggest 后的宾语从句中，谓语用动词原形或 should+动词原形eg.He suggests(that)we(should)start working right now.2连词if或whether（是否）；引导一般疑问句做宾语从句。一般情况下，if 和whether可以互换，以下3种情况只能用whether：在不定式前：Whether to go there or not hasnt been decided.在介词前：It depends on（依靠）whether it is going to rain.与or not连用：They are talking about whether to go there or not.Eg:Do you know if/whether he will go to school tomorrow?Do you know whether he will go to school or not tomorrow?He asked if/whether that was a fast train.He asked whether that was a fast train or not.Mom asked Dad whether or not he was coming back for lunch.3连接代词who,whom,whose,what,which，连接副词when,where,why,how，它们起连接作用，作句子成分，各有自己的意义。eg.The teacher asked the new students which class he was in.I want to know who was the first to invent the computer.I wonder whose book it was.Tell me what you were doing at this time yesterday.He didnt know when he was leaving for the USA.Could you tell me where the post office is?The teacher asked him why he was late for school.He didnt say how he made the model plane.【注意】1由连接代、副词引导的宾语从句可以和“疑问词+不定式”结构转化。eg.I dont know how I should do with the presents.=I dont know how to do with the presents.We havent decided where we can spend our holiday.=We havent decided where to spend our holiday.二.宾语从句的语序-从句要用陈述句语序。Eg:How can I get to the museum?-Can you tell me how I can get to the museum?Where does he come from?-Ask him where he comes from.Is there a post office near here?-I dont know if/whether there is a post office near here.注意：如果是对主语提问的特殊疑问句，变为宾语从句语序不变。Eg:Who cleaned the classroom?-I wonder who cleaned the classroom.三、宾语从句的时态1)主句时态是现在的时态，从句时态根据实际情况而定。He says that he went on a trip last week.He says that he goes on a trip every month.He says that he is going on a trip next week.Have you got any ideas when they will come?注意：如果could 和would 不表示过去时态，而表示一种客气、有礼貌的语气，则宾语从句中时态不受限制。Eg.Could you let me know when he will be back?I would like to tell you that a nice film will be shown next week.2)主句时态是过去的时态，从句时态也要去过去时的某种形式。He said that the fastest way to travel was by plane.He didnt say when he was coming.He said that he had never seem such an exciting match before.注意：宾语从句表达的内容是客观事实或者真理，仍用现在时。The teacher told us that the earth goes around the sun.直接引语和间接引语1、定义在引用别人的原话时，被引用的句子称为直接引语。“I have seen the film,”Mary said.The man replied,“I am going by train.”当人们用自己的话来转述别人的话时,被转述的部分称为间接引语。eg.Mary said she had already seen the film.The man replied that he was going by train.使用间接引语时要注意下面几点：1)引用陈述句时引语前一般用连词that.2)人称一致eg.“Ive already got your letter,”she said to him.She said that she had already got his letter.3）时态一致。“The keys are on the desk,”she told me.She told me that the keys were on the desk.4)指示代词、地点及时间状语等也需作必要的改动。（见后表）直接引语中间接引语中指示代词ThistheseThatThose时间状语nowtoday,tonightthis week(month,etc.)yesterdaylast weektwo days agotomorrow next weekthenthat day,that nightthat week(month,etc)the day beforethe week beforetwo days before/earlierthe next daythe next week地点herethere动词come,bring go,take引用问句时要注意：1、一般疑问句用whether或if 连接，并且把疑问语序改为陈述语序。Eg.She asked,“Can I go with them?”She asked if she could go with them.2、特殊疑问句也要把除疑问词以外的语序改成陈述语序.Eg.She asked me,“how many books have you borrowed?”She asked me how many books I had borrowed.注意：下面这个句子，语序不变，因为连接词既作引导词又作从句中的主语。“Whats the matter with him?”asked the mother.The mother asked what was the matter with him.关于引用祈使句引用祈使句时，多使用一个不定式，前面的谓语根据语气决定：1.“Wake him up,”she said.2.-She told me to wake him up.2.“Carry the books upstairs,”Mr.Brown said.Mr.Brown ordered the men to carry the books upstairs.能跟这种结构的动词有：advise,ask,let,make,invite,order,teach,tell,1.时间状语从句2.地点状语从句3.原因状语从句4.条件状语从句5.让步状语从句6.结果状语从句7.目的状语从句8.方式状语从句常见引导词：when,as,while,before,after,since,till(until),as soon as,the moment,no soonerthan,hardlywhen.注意：在由以上连接词或词组连接的主从复合句注意：在由以上连接词或词组连接的主从复合句中，主句谓语动词所表示的动作和从句谓语动词中，主句谓语动词所表示的动作和从句谓语动词所表示的动作有时是同时发生，有时是先后发生。所表示的动作有时是同时发生，有时是先后发生。因此在理解此类句子时要特别注意主句和从句的因此在理解此类句子时要特别注意主句和从句的谓语动词的时态。谓语动词的时态。1.when 引导的从句引导的从句：表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时发生，或从句的动作发生在主句动作之前。有时when等于and at this time.例如：I was going out when a visitor came.(动作同时发生）They continued their way when the snowstorm had passed.(动作不同时发生）2.as 引导的从句引导的从句：表示“当时”或“一边,一边”,主句和从句的动作同时发生。e.g.Will you drop the letter in the box as you go past the post?As the students walked along the lake,they sang happily.3.while 引导的从句引导的从句：表示”当过程中“，强调某一段时间内主语和从句中谓语动词所表示的动作在同一时期发生。e.g.While we were watching TV,Mr Li came in.4.before 引导的从句引导的从句：一般表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之前。e.g.I didnt know any English before I came here.5.after引导的从句引导的从句：表示主句的动作发生在从句动作之后。e.g.After he locked the door,he left.After he had finished his work,he played a game of chess with his friend.6.since 引导的从句引导的从句：表示”自从以来“，从句中的动词一般表示动作的起点，用过去时。主句中的动词表示动词延续的情况，一般用现在完成时。如果主句中的动词表示的不是延续的动词而是表示目前的状态，可用一般现在时。It is twenty years since she joined the Party.7.till(until)引导的从句引导的从句：1）表示”直到”,主句和从句都用肯定式 2）表示“直到才”，主句用否定，从句用肯定。They worked till it was dark.She didnt go to bed until she had reviewed her lessons比比较till and until 1)until可用于句首，而till通常不用于句首。Until you told me,I had heard nothing of what happened.2)until when 疑问句中，until要放在句首。-Until when are you staying?-Until next Monday.8.1)as soon as 和和the moment 引导的从句引导的从句表示表示“一一就就”2）no soonerthan 和和hardly when 引引导的从句表示导的从句表示”刚刚就就”As soon as she came to the classroom,she began to read English.The moment I heard the song,I felt cheerful.地点状语从句通常由where,wherever 引导。Where I live there are plenty of trees.Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.I will go where the weather is better.Wherever you are,I will be waiting for you.比较：because,since,as和for 1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。I didnt go,because I was afraid.Since/As the weather is so bad,we have to delay our journey.2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。He is absent today,because/for he is ill.He must be ill,for he is absent today.连接词主要有 if,unless,as/so long as,on condition that 等。if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。unless=if not.Lets go out for a walk unless you are too tired.If you are not too tied,lets go out for a walk.典型例题You will be late _ you leave immediately.A.unless B.until C.ifD.or常见引导词：though/although,even if/even though,however,whatever,no matter how(who)though,although注意：注意：当有当有though,although时，后面的从句不能有，后面的从句不能有but，但是但是 though 和和yet可可连用用Although its raining,they are still working in the field.He is very old,but he still works very hard.Though the sore be healed,yet a scar may remain._she is young,she knows quite a lot.A.WhenB.However C.Although D.Unlessever if,even though.即使Well make a trip even though the weather is bad.whetheror 不管都Whether you believe it or not,it is true.no matter+疑疑问词 或或疑疑问词+后后缀ever No matter what happened,he would not mind.Whatever happened,he would not mind.引导词：so that 或 suchthat比较：so和 such其规律由so与such的不同词性决定。such是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so 是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many,few,much,little连用，形成固定搭配。so foolish such a foolso nice a flower such a nice flower so many/few flowers such nice flowersso much/little money.such rapid progressso many people such a lot of people（so many 已成固定搭配，已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于相当于 many，但但 a lot of 为名名词性的，只能用性的，只能用such搭配搭配。）sothat与suchthat之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。The boy is so young that he cant go to school.He is such a young boy that he cant go to school.引导词：that,so that,in order that,lest,for fear that,in caseYou must speak louder so that/in order that you can be heard by all.He wrote the name down for fear that(lest)he should forget it.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.引导词：as,(just)asso,as if,as thoughas if,as though两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用多用虚虚拟语气气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛似的”，“好像似的”。They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）