大学英语写作教程1第九单元.ppt

UnitNineSentencevarietyUnitObjectivesSentencevarietyShortcompositionsSentencevarietyDifferentpartsofasentenceDifferenttypesofsentencesDifferentpartsofasentenceTheme Rheme Tombroketheteapot.TheteapotwasbrokenbyTom.LastnightTombroketheteapot.主位主位述位述位DifferenttypesofsentencesSimplesentenceCompoundsentenceComplexsentenceSimplesentenceLightsflashed.Doorsbanged.Buzzerssoundedmadly.Peoplerushedpast,eyesstraight.Istoodthere,amazedandfrightened.The simple sentence is useful in expressing haste,excitement,exactness or simplicity of idea.CompoundsentenceYouleaveatonce.Ishallcallthepolice.Eitheryouleaveatonce,orIshallcallthepolice.Thiscarisnewer,but thatoneisabetterbuy.Jimisafraidofthisplan;so amI.Suddenlytherewasablindingglare,andIfelltomykneesinterror.Thecompoundsentenceiseffectivelyusedtoindicatecomparisonorcontrast,parallelactionorideas,oraction-resultideas.ComplexsentenceMr.Leeisafamousartist.HelivesinOmaha.Mr.Lee,who lives in Omaha,isafamousartist.Thebook(that I mean)hasaredcover.Youmayhaveit(after I have read it).The complex sentence ties together related ideas of unequal importance.The less important ideas belong in dependent clause.Using subordination,vary the structure and length of sentence.Avoid the exclusive use of simple and compound sentences.Simplesentences:NellieMelbawasborninAustralia.Shestudiessingingonthecontinent.Sheeventuallybecamefamousthereasaconcertandoperaticsinger.Complexsentence:BorninAustralia,NellieMelbastudiessingingonthecontinent,wheresSheeventuallybecamefamousasaconcertandoperaticsinger.SecuringVarietywithintheSentence1.Donotexpresseveryidealikethis:subject,verb,complement.Foremphasisorclarity,shiftasentencepartoutofitsnaturalorder.e.g.Everycupwiththehandlemissing,Ithrewaway.Downthestreetcamethemarchers.object before verbsubject after verb2.Varysentencebeginnings.1)Beginasentencewiththerewhenitseemsnaturaltodoso.e.g.Thereisnothingmoretobesaid.2)Beginwithanadj.outofitsnaturalorderorbeginwithanadverb.e.g.Old and feeble,thedogcouldscarcelywalk.HurriedlyJanetstuffedclothesintoasuitcase.3)Beginwithaprepositionalphrase.e.g.In the distanceIcouldheartherumbleofthunder.4)Beginwithaverbalphrase.e.g.To emphasize his remark,hepounderonthedesk.Having received an unexpected holiday,weweredelighted.By leaving now,weshouldreachtheparkbeforenoon.5)Beginwithadependentclause.e.g.What I could not useIstoredinmylocker.While Lee stood amazed,Alfredmarchedoffdownthestreet.FROM PARAGRAPH TO ESSAY2THINKITOVERDoyoueverwonder“howtobegin”athemeoressay?Isathemehardertowritethanaparagraph?Actually,athemeisanessayacompositioninwhichthewritersonechiefaimistotellhowhefeelsorthinksaboutacertainsubject.Ashegiveshisimpressions,moods,likes,dislikes,andviewpoints,herevealshimselftothereader.Heisinterestedinprimarilyinexpressinghisopinions.Hisreadersmayormaynotagreewithhim;hedoesnotreallycare,forhisisnot,asarule,tryingtoinfluencethem.Themecancoveranykindofideaandcantakemanyforms.Thesubjectcanbeanything,importantorinsignificant;youmightwriteathemeaboutouterspaceoruponastomach-ache!Athemeisnomoredifficulttowritethanisaparagraph;itissimplylonger.Inatheme,indeed,youhavemoreroomtodevelopatopicthaninaparagraphmore“leeway”toexpressyourself.Nordoesathemerequirespecialguidesbeyondthosethatpertaintoaparagraph.Themostimportantsingleconsiderationinthemewriting,asinparagraphwriting,isunity.Considerathemeasanexpansionofaparagraphthatbeginswithatopicsentenceandendswithaclincher.Paragraphsbearthesamerelationshipinathemethatsentencesdoinaparagraph.Youshouldhavenotroubledevelopingathemeifyourememberthatfact.topic sentence=opening paragraph;related sentences=middle paragraph(s);clincher sentence=final paragraph.ESSAY PARAGRAPH_._,_._,_._._._._,_._._._._,_,_._._._._._._,_.TOPIC SENTENCEMIDDLE PARAGRAPHSRELATED or SUPPORTINGSENTENCESCLINCHERSENTENCEFINALPARAGRAPHOPENING PARAGRAPHThe Positive Meanings of LoveWedliketosharesomeofthepositivemeaningslovehasforus.LovemeansthatIknowthepersonIlove.LovemeansthatIcareaboutthewelfareofthepersonIlove.LovemeanshavingrespectforthedignityofthepersonIlove.LovemeanshavingaresponsibilitytowardthepersonIlove.LovemeansmakingacommitmenttothepersonIlove.LovemeanstrustingthepersonIlove.Lovecantolerateimperfection.Loveisopen.Loveisselfish.Loveinvolvesseeingthepotentialwithinthepersonwelove.Inshort,matureloveisunionundertheconditionofpreservingonesindividuality.Inlove,twobeingsbecomeoneandyetremaintwo.The Positive Meanings of LoveWedliketosharesomeofthepositivemeaningslovehasforus.LovemeansthatIknowthepersonIlove.Imawareofthemanysidesoftheotherpersonnotjustthebeautifulsidebutalsothelimitations,inconsistenciesandfaults.Ihaveanawarenessoftheothersfeelingsandthoughts,andIexperiencesomethingofthecoreofthatperson.Icanpenetratesocialmasksandrolesandseetheotherpersononadeeperlevel.写作教程2-1.mp32-10.mp3sLovemeansthatIcareaboutthewelfareofthepersonIlove.Totheextentthatitisgenuine,mycaringisnotpossessive,nordoesitholdtheotherpersonback.Onthecontrary,mycaringfreesbothofus.IfIcareaboutyou,Imconcernedaboutyourgrowth,andIhopeyouwillbecomeallthatyoucanbecome.Consequently,Idontputupobstaclestowhatyoudothatenhancesyouasaperson,eventhoughitmayresultinmydiscomfortattimes.s2-1.mp3LovemeanshavingrespectforthedignityofthepersonIlove.IfIloveyou,Icanseeyouasaseparateperson,withyourownvaluesandthoughtsandfeelings,andIdonotinsistthatyousurrenderyouridentitytomatchanimageofwhatIexpectyoutobeforme.Icanallowandencourageyoutostandaloneandtobewhoyouare,andIavoidtreatingyouasanobjectorusingyouprimarilytosatisfymyownneeds.s2-2.mp3LovemeanshavingaresponsibilitytowardthepersonIlove.IfIloveyou,Irespondtomostofyourmajorneedsasaperson.Thisresponsibilitydoesnotincludemydoingforyouwhatyouarecapableofdoingforyourself;nordoesitmeanthatIrunyourlifeforyou.ItdoesmeanacknowledgingthatwhatIamandwhatIdoaffectsyou,sothatIamdirectlyinvolvedinyourhappinessandyoursuffering.Aloverdoeshavethecapacitytohurtorignorethelovedone,andinthissenseweseethatloveinvolvesanacceptanceofsomeresponsibilityfortheimpactmywayofbeinghasonyou.2-3.mp3sLovemeansmakingacommitmenttothepersonIlove.Thiscommitmentdoesnotmeansurrenderingourtotalselvestoeachother;nordoesitimplythattherelationshipisnecessarilypermanent.Itdoesinvolveawillingnesstostaywitheachotherintimesofpain,struggle,anddespair,aswellasintimesofcalmandenjoyment.2-5.mp3sLovemeanstrustingthepersonIlove.IfIloveyou,Itrustthatyouwillacceptmycaringandmyloveandthatyouwontdeliberatelyhurtme.Itrustthatyouwillfindmeattractive,andthatyouwontabandonme;Itrustthemutualnatureofourlove.Ifwetrusteachother,wearewillingtobeopentoeachotherandrevealourtrueselves.2-5.mp3sLovecantolerateimperfection.InaloverelationshiptherearetimeswhenIambored,timeswhenImayfeellikegivingup,timesofrealstrain,andtimesIfeelIcantmoveforward.Authenticlovedoesnotimplyenduringhappiness.Icanstayduringroughtimes,however,becauseIcanrememberwhatwehadtogetherinthepast,andIcanpicturewhatwewillhavetogetherinourfutureifwecareenoughtofaceourproblemsandworkthemthrough.Weagreewiththeideathatloveisaspiritthatchangeslife.Loveisawayoflifethatiscreativeandthattransforms.However,loveisnotreservedforaperfectworld.Loveismeantforourimperfectworldwherethingsgowrong.Loveismeanttobeaspiritthatworksinpainfulsituations.Loveismeanttobringmeaningintolifewherenonsenseappearstorule.Inotherwords,lovecomesintoanimperfectworldtomakeitpossibletolive.s2-6.mp3Loveisopen.IfIloveyou,Iencourageyoutoreachoutanddevelopotherrelationships.Althoughourloveforeachotherandourcommitmenttoeachothermightprohibitcertainactionsonourparts,wearenottotallyandexclusivelymarriedtoeachother.Itisafalselovethatcementsonepersontoanotherinsuchawaythatheorsheisnotgivenroomtogrow.2-7.mp3sLoveisselfish.IcanonlyloveyouifIgenuinelylove,value,appreciate,andrespectmyself.IfIamempty,thenallIcangiveyouismyemptiness.IfIfeelthatImcompleteandworthwhileinmyself,thenImabletogivetoyououtofmyfullness.Oneofthebestwaysformetogiveyouloveisbyfullyenjoyingmyselfwithyou.s2-8.mp3Loveinvolvesseeingthepotentialwithinthepersonwelove.Inmyloveforanother,Iviewherorhimasthepersonsheorhecanbecome,whilestillacceptingwhoandwhatthepersonisnow.Bytakingpeopleastheyare,wemakethemworse,butbytreatingthemasiftheyalreadywerewhattheyoughttobe,wehelpmakethembetter.s2-9.mp3Tosumitup,matureloveisunionundertheconditionofpreservingonesindividuality.Inlove,twobeingsbecomeoneandyetremaintwo.2-10.mp3sARGUMENTATION PARAGRAPH AND ESSAY ANALYSIS2幻灯片2ARGUMENTATION WRITINGThepurposeofargumentationistoconvince,sothatthepointintheargumentativeparagraphoressaymustbeclear.Thewritermaytrytomakethereaderagreehisorherpointofvieworpersuadethereadertochangehismindorbehavior.Additionally,thewritersideamustbearguable.Itcannotbeafact,forexample,BeijingisthecapitalofChinaorpersonalpreference,forexample,MichaelJordanismyfavoritebasketballplayer.Otherwise,theargumentwillbemeaningless.Theothernecessaryelementsinanargumentativeessayaresufficientevidenceandgoodlogic.Exploring the Main Traits on the ModelsHowcanyouwriteanargumentationparagraphandessay?Whatarethemainelementsinthem?Youcanfirstreadthefollowingmodelparagraphs:oneisaboutpunctuality;theotherisaboutwomenscollegeeducation.Afterreadingthetwoparagraphsandansweringtheanalysisquestions,youcanfindsomesimilaritiesbetweenthem:Model1:An Argumentation Paragraph(1)Whenyouarewaitinginfrontofatheatreoratthetrainterminal,youwillrealizehowimportantpunctualityis.(2)Punctualityisreallyavirtue,especiallyinamoderncity.(3)Ifeverybodywaspunctual,therewouldbelesssufferingandsorrow.(4)Punctualityisthemainconstituentofgoodcharacter.(5)Apersonwhoisontimeforhisappointmentshowshisrealconsiderationforothers.(6)Ontheotherhand,apersonwhoisalwayslateshowshisselfishnessandthoughtlessnessandheisnotthepersonthatisworthytobefriendswith.(7)Tobeornottobepunctualisahabit.(8)Sowhenweareyoung,weshouldtrytobepunctualeverytimeandneverbelateforitismuchmoreeasilyacquiredinyouththanwhenweareolder.Analysis Questions1.Aboutthecontent:a.Whatisthewriterspointofviewaboutpunctuality?b.Howmanygoodpointsofpunctualitydoesthewritermentionintheparagraph?Whatarethey?c.Whatisthewriterssuggestionaboutpunctuality?Peopleshouldtrytobepunctual.Two.Oneislesstobesufferingandsorrowandtheotheristoshowonesconsiderationforothers.Whenweareyoung,weshouldtrytobepunctualeverytimeandneverbelateforitismuchmoreeasilyacquiredinyouththanweareold.2.Aboutthestructure:a.Isthereatopicsentenceintheparagraph?Whichisit?b.Howmanysupportingsentencesarethere?Whatisthemethodusedtoorganizethesupportingdetails?c.Isthereaconcludingsentence?Ifso,whichsentenceisit?Yes,thesecondsentence.Therearefivesupportingsentences,from(3)to(7).Thewriterusedcomparisonandcontrasttoshowtheevidence.Yes,thelastsentenceistheconcludingsentence.3.Aboutthefunctionofthesentence(s):a.Whatdoyouknowfromthefirsttwosentences?Whatisthelogicoftheargumentation?b.Whatdoyouknowfromthesupportingsentences?c.Whatdoesthelastsentencetellus?The1stsentenceisaspecificexampleconcerningthetopicandthe2ndsentenceisageneralstatementofthewriterspointofview.Sothelogicisinductivereasoning-fromexampletostatement.Thesupportingsentencesshowtheevidencesofthepoint.Thewriterconcludesitsargumentationbygivingasuggestioninthelastsentence.4.Aboutthelanguage:Whatarethefeaturesoftheexpressionsusedintheparagraph?Therearenoexpressionsofsubjectivitylike“Ithink”,“inmyopinion”,expressionsofideasarecertainandclearlystated.Model 2:Another Argumentation ParagraphTheotherSideofCityLifeIntheeyesofmanypeople,citylifeisattractivewithallitsadvantagesandconvenience,yettheydontknowtheothersideofthepicture.First,withtheexpansionofthecity,housinghasbecomeaseriousproblemforcitypeople.Thenthereistheproblemofpollution:harmfulgasesfromvehiclesandpoisonouswaterfromfactoriespolluteoursurroundings;noisecontinuallydisturbsyourpeaceandrestanddrivesyoumad.Thirdly,moderncitylifeputsahighpressureuponpeople:youhavetohurrytoandfromwork;youhavetododgeinthestreetsoastoavoidbumpingintothefloodofpeople,bicycles,cars,buses;alldaylongyouareundergreatstress.Fourthly,bigcitiesalsocausesomesocialproblems,ofwhichhighcrimerateisthemostseriousone.Peoplearejustifiablyinfearofbecomingvictimsofburglary,robbery,murderandothercrimesatanytime.Thecityshouldfindsomewayorothertocopewithalltheseproblems.Analysis Questions1.Aboutthecontent:a.Whatisthewriterspointofviewaboutcitylife?b.Howmanyreasonsaregivenbythewritertosupporttheidea?Whatarethey?c.Whatisthewritersconclusion?Thewriteraskstoseetheothersideofthecitylife.Therearemainlyfourreasonstosupporttheidea:problemofhousing;problemofpollution;problemofcrowdedness;andproblemofcrimes.Thewritersuggeststhatpeoplefindsomewaytocopewiththeproblems.2.Aboutthestructure:a.Isthereatopicsentenceintheparagraph?Whichisit?b.Howmanysupportingsentencesarethere?Whatisthemethodusedtoorganizethesupportingdetails?c.Isthereaconcludingsentence?Ifso,whichsentenceisit?Yes,thereis.Thefirstsentenceisthetopicsentence.Allthesentencesaresupportingsentencesexceptthefirstoneandthelastone.Yes,thereis.Thelastsentenceistheconcludingsentence.3.Aboutthefunctionofthesentence(s):a.Whatcanyouknowfromthefirstsentence?Whatisthelogicofargumentation?b.Whatdoyouknowfromthesupportingsentences?c.Whatdoesthelastsentencetellus?The1stsentencetellsthewriterspointofview-hisopinionaboutcitylife.Thelogicisdeductivereasoning-fromstatementtoexample.Thesupportingsentencesshowtheevidencesofthepoint.Thewriterconcludesitsargumentationbygivingasuggestioninthelastsentence.4.Aboutthelanguage:Whatarethefeaturesoftheexpressionsusedintheparagraph?Therearenoexpressionsofsubjectivitylike“Ithink”,“inmyopinion”,expressionsofideasarecertainandclearlystated.Thewriterusedsuchwordsas“first,then,thirdlyandfourthlytostatehispointofview.Findings on an Argumentation Paragraph1.Themainfeaturesofanargumentationparagraphinclude:a.oneclearpointofview,usuallyinthebeginningorthesecondsentence.b.agoodlogic-eitherinductiveordeductivereasoning.c.gooduseofotherwritingmodesandmethodstoorganizethesupportingfacts,examplesandotherevidences,forexample,comparisonandcontrast,classification,andsoon.d.arestatementofthepointofvieworgivingsuggestionattheendoftheparagraph.2.Thelanguagefeaturesareasfollows:a.Theexpressionsinanargumentativeparagraphshouldtrytobeobjective,thatis,trytoavoidsuchexpressionslikeIthink,orinmyopinion.b.Theoveruseoftheexpressionsofuncertaintylikeperhaps,maybe,sometimes,etc,willweakentheforceofargument.Wecanfindthesimilarcharactersinargumentationessaysaswell:providingclearpointofview;developingtheargumentwithagoodlogic-eitherinductiveordeductivereasoning;makinggooduseofotherwritingmodesandmethodstoorganizethesupportingfactsandrestatingthepointofvieworgivingsuggestionattheend.PleasereadModel3tofindouttheelementsalikeandthentrytoanswerthequestionsfollowed.Model3:AnArgumentationEssayIsthe“TEM4Test”Necessary?Recently,therehasbeenaheateddiscussionaboutwhetherthenational“TEM4Test”isnecessaryornot.Someteachers,studentsandauthoritiesareinfavorofit.TheyholdthatitisaneffectivewaytoraisetheleveloftheEnglishlanguageinourcountryrapidly.ItissomethingthatmaystimulatetheteacherstoimprovetheirteachingandurgestudentstoattachimportancetoEnglishandstudyhardtoraisetheirlevel.Thereareotherswhoholdanoppositepoi