环境科学与工程专业英语讲义.ppt
环境专业英语环境专业英语授课：马陶武授课：马陶武授课：马陶武授课：马陶武吉首大学生物资源与环境科学学院吉首大学生物资源与环境科学学院吉首大学生物资源与环境科学学院吉首大学生物资源与环境科学学院绪论绪论提高以英语为工具阅读有关专业书刊，获取专业信息及了提高以英语为工具阅读有关专业书刊，获取专业信息及了提高以英语为工具阅读有关专业书刊，获取专业信息及了提高以英语为工具阅读有关专业书刊，获取专业信息及了解专业最新动态的能力（解专业最新动态的能力（解专业最新动态的能力（解专业最新动态的能力（看得懂看得懂看得懂看得懂）。掌握科技英语交流（书面）的技巧（掌握科技英语交流（书面）的技巧（掌握科技英语交流（书面）的技巧（掌握科技英语交流（书面）的技巧（能交流能交流能交流能交流）。）。）。）。为英文科技论文撰写打基础（为英文科技论文撰写打基础（为英文科技论文撰写打基础（为英文科技论文撰写打基础（会写会写会写会写）。）。）。）。看得懂看得懂看得懂看得懂能交流能交流能交流能交流会写会写会写会写一、学习目的一、学习目的一、学习目的绪论绪论专业词汇专业词汇专业词汇专业词汇句子结构分析能力句子结构分析能力句子结构分析能力句子结构分析能力：长句子多、句子结构复杂是专业外语：长句子多、句子结构复杂是专业外语：长句子多、句子结构复杂是专业外语：长句子多、句子结构复杂是专业外语的一个语言特征的一个语言特征的一个语言特征的一个语言特征翻译能力翻译能力翻译能力翻译能力：科技英语翻译的方法和技巧：科技英语翻译的方法和技巧：科技英语翻译的方法和技巧：科技英语翻译的方法和技巧简单写作训练简单写作训练简单写作训练简单写作训练：英语论文写作与发表的知识，具体内容包：英语论文写作与发表的知识，具体内容包：英语论文写作与发表的知识，具体内容包：英语论文写作与发表的知识，具体内容包括论文标题、关键词、摘要、引言、正文、结论、参考文括论文标题、关键词、摘要、引言、正文、结论、参考文括论文标题、关键词、摘要、引言、正文、结论、参考文括论文标题、关键词、摘要、引言、正文、结论、参考文献等的写法献等的写法献等的写法献等的写法英文科技交流英文科技交流英文科技交流英文科技交流二、教学内容二、教学内容二、教学内容绪论绪论选择性讲解教材，丰富专业词汇选择性讲解教材，丰富专业词汇选择性讲解教材，丰富专业词汇选择性讲解教材，丰富专业词汇翻译训练翻译训练翻译训练翻译训练常用科技用语常用科技用语常用科技用语常用科技用语科技英语写作的基本知识科技英语写作的基本知识科技英语写作的基本知识科技英语写作的基本知识三、课程教学模块三、课程教学模块三、课程教学模块绪论绪论环环境科学与工程境科学与工程专业专业英英语语（第二版）（第二版）张晖张晖、张张道斌、周丹娜道斌、周丹娜编编著著科学出版社科学出版社四、教材选用四、教材选用四、教材选用绪论绪论总教学时数：总教学时数：总教学时数：总教学时数：3636学时学时学时学时1.1.专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练2424学时学时学时学时2.2.常用科技用语常用科技用语常用科技用语常用科技用语4 4学时学时学时学时3.3.科技英语写作基本知识科技英语写作基本知识科技英语写作基本知识科技英语写作基本知识4 4学时学时学时学时4.4.作业与课外阅读作业与课外阅读作业与课外阅读作业与课外阅读4 4学时学时学时学时五、教学计划与学时分配五、教学计划与学时分配五、教学计划与学时分配第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练1.Finding solutions for tough environmental problems1.Finding solutions for tough environmental problems2.Climate change and the greenhouse effect2.Climate change and the greenhouse effect3.Overview on ecological restoration3.Overview on ecological restoration4.Environmental security:an evolving concept4.Environmental security:an evolving concept5.The process of environmental impact assessment(EIA)5.The process of environmental impact assessment(EIA)6.Environmental analytical chemis6.Environmental analytical chemistrytry7.Wastewater treatment7.Wastewater treatment8.Control of pollutant particles8.Control of pollutant particles9.Incineration9.Incineration10.Disposal of unprocessed refuse in sanitary landfills10.Disposal of unprocessed refuse in sanitary landfills11.Planning and realization of soil remediation11.Planning and realization of soil remediation This January,environmental engineers and scientists This January,environmental engineers and scientists gathered in Monterey,Calif.,to participate in an gathered in Monterey,Calif.,to participate in an Environmental Engineering Frontiers Environmental Engineering Frontiers WorkshopWorkshop sponsoredsponsored by by the the National Science FoundationNational Science Foundation and the and the AssociationAssociation of of Environmental Engineering ProfessorsEnvironmental Engineering Professors.HistoricallyHistorically,the,the disciplinediscipline has been focused on has been focused on engineered process technologiesengineered process technologies built aroundbuilt around a single a single mediummedium,such as water or wastewater.,such as water or wastewater.The workshop participants agreed that these processes remain The workshop participants agreed that these processes remain a foundation for future progressa foundation for future progress,but they also identified,but they also identified important important research frontiersresearch frontiers that emphasize a much broader that emphasize a much broader scope of environmental concerns(see Table 2.1).scope of environmental concerns(see Table 2.1).1.Finding solutions for tough environmental problems1.Finding solutions for tough environmental problems1.Finding solutions for tough environmental problems第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练Research Frontiers:Research Frontiers:1.1.Sustainable environmentSustainable environment(1)Safe,adequate,and sustainable(1)Safe,adequate,and sustainable water supplywater supply(reuse and (reuse and conservation)conservation)(2)(2)Terrestrial and coastal resourcesTerrestrial and coastal resources(3)(3)Ecosystem stressEcosystem stress(4)Assessment of chronic exposure to(4)Assessment of chronic exposure to tracetrace contaminants contaminants(5)(5)ReductionReduction of toxic materials of toxic materials used in industrial processes used in industrial processes and consumer productsand consumer products第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练Research Frontiers:Research Frontiers:2.2.Complex systemsComplex systems(1)Integration of components of complex,biogeochemical(1)Integration of components of complex,biogeochemical systemssystems(2)Atmospheric systems(2)Atmospheric systems(3)(3)Ecosystem stability and diversityEcosystem stability and diversity(4)(4)Microbial ecologyMicrobial ecology第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练Research Frontiers:Research Frontiers:3.3.Analytical and molecular toolsAnalytical and molecular tools(1)Molecular biological tools(1)Molecular biological tools(2)Chemical tools(2)Chemical tools4.4.Process technologiesProcess technologies(1)Reactive separation systems(1)Reactive separation systems(2)(2)TargetedTargeted chemical destruction chemical destruction(3)Engineering(3)Engineering subsurfacesubsurface systems systems(4)Membrane technologies(4)Membrane technologies(5)Process technologies for the nonindustrialized world(5)Process technologies for the nonindustrialized world第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练 The research frontiers identified by the workshop The research frontiers identified by the workshop participants were categorized into four general areas:participants were categorized into four general areas:sustainable environmental resourcessustainable environmental resources,complex environmental complex environmental systemssystems,new,new analytical toolsanalytical tools,and,and engineered processesengineered processes.Each Each category of frontier research was further subdivided.category of frontier research was further subdivided.A A pervasivepervasive theme of the workshop was the theme of the workshop was the inherent inherent complexitycomplexity of environmental systems.of environmental systems.The workshop The workshop participants noted that although scientific investigation can participants noted that although scientific investigation can unravel unravel aspects of key aspects of key issues|relatedissues|related to pollution of air,water,to pollution of air,water,and land,a more comprehensive,integrated view of these and land,a more comprehensive,integrated view of these systems is needed to provide solutions to difficult systems is needed to provide solutions to difficult environmental problems.environmental problems.第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练 Environmental engineersEnvironmental engineers must seek to understand the must seek to understand the nature and nature and functioningfunctioning of large and complex systems in order of large and complex systems in order to protect whole ecosystems,to protect whole ecosystems,produceproduce new and sustainable new and sustainable technologies,prevent the outbreak of diseases across global technologies,prevent the outbreak of diseases across global scales,and protect the environment from damage resulting scales,and protect the environment from damage resulting from the production of new chemicals.from the production of new chemicals.Environmental Environmental engineersengineers must must take a leading roletake a leading role in directing projects,as well in directing projects,as well as in investigating the different aspects of environmental as in investigating the different aspects of environmental systems.systems.第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练 As its As its central missioncentral mission,environmental engineering,environmental engineering is is concerned withconcerned with the analysis of environmental systems and the the analysis of environmental systems and the design of plans,criteria,and technological systems for the design of plans,criteria,and technological systems for the solution of environmental problems.solution of environmental problems.The intellectual challenge The intellectual challenge for environmental engineers and scientists is the for environmental engineers and scientists is the identificationidentification of critical environmental problems and the of critical environmental problems and the acquisitionacquisition of of scientific knowledge crucial to achieving effective solutionsscientific knowledge crucial to achieving effective solutions.Perhaps the Perhaps the greatest challengesgreatest challenges will be in preventing,and will be in preventing,and not just removing pollution and in conserving existing not just removing pollution and in conserving existing resources.resources.Environmental engineersEnvironmental engineers must do a better job of must do a better job of helping society anticipate helping society anticipate adverseadverse environmental impacts environmental impacts arising from the production of new chemicals before they arising from the production of new chemicals before they become problems.become problems.第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练 A serious failureA serious failure to anticipate impacts occurred when to anticipate impacts occurred when MTBEMTBE was added to gasoline to reduce air pollution without was added to gasoline to reduce air pollution without carefully considering the potential effects of carefully considering the potential effects of leaks leaks from tanks from tanks on groundwater quality.on groundwater quality.Although air quality improved in Although air quality improved in urban areas,the threat of groundwater contamination urban areas,the threat of groundwater contamination increased significantly.increased significantly.Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)Chlorofluorocarbons(CFCs)were were eliminated eliminated in favor ofin favor of hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)to reduce to reduce ozone destruction in the ozone destruction in the stratospherestratosphere;but this was done;but this was done without sufficient knowledge of the potential environmental without sufficient knowledge of the potential environmental impact of impact of refractory trifluoroacetic acidrefractory trifluoroacetic acid that can form in the that can form in the atmosphere and eventually rain down over the Earth.atmosphere and eventually rain down over the Earth.第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练 The workshop participants advised that,once harmful The workshop participants advised that,once harmful chemicals are in the environmental,chemicals are in the environmental,engineers must play a key engineers must play a key role in determining the ability of natural systems to adapt to role in determining the ability of natural systems to adapt to the presence of these chemicalsthe presence of these chemicals.In pursuit of necessary In pursuit of necessary information,engineers have gone to the frontiers of research,information,engineers have gone to the frontiers of research,where,at the limit of current understanding,there are where,at the limit of current understanding,there are opportunities to opportunities to advanceadvance knowledge in new and positive knowledge in new and positive directions.directions.第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练 New biological and chemical tools can be used for the New biological and chemical tools can be used for the analysis of complex environmental systems.analysis of complex environmental systems.The workshop The workshop attendeesattendees recommended that to recommended that to take maximum advantage oftake maximum advantage of these tools,environmental engineers would have to increase these tools,environmental engineers would have to increase their interactions with a wide range of chemists and biologists.their interactions with a wide range of chemists and biologists.Moreover,they said,to ensure that scientific breakthroughs Moreover,they said,to ensure that scientific breakthroughs result in practical advances in pollution prevention and result in practical advances in pollution prevention and treatment,engineers must cooperate more fully with applied treatment,engineers must cooperate more fully with applied and social scientists as well as with policy makers in and social scientists as well as with policy makers in government and industry.government and industry.It was concluded thatIt was concluded that by working by working together,these groups could bring scientific and technological together,these groups could bring scientific and technological advances into widespread use for meeting the challenges of advances into widespread use for meeting the challenges of environmental sustainability.environmental sustainability.第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练A Synthesis of IssuesA Synthesis of Issues Workshop participants considered Workshop participants considered a range ofa range of questions to questions to identify and identify and frameframe the frontier challenges that environmental the frontier challenges that environmental engineers will be called on to engineers will be called on to addressaddress.In the global arena of In the global arena of the 21st century,the 21st century,what are the most important environmental what are the most important environmental problems for which there are no known or easy solutions?problems for which there are no known or easy solutions?Are Are these problems solvable with existing knowledge and these problems solvable with existing knowledge and technologies?technologies?If not,what new tools can be used to solve these If not,what new tools can be used to solve these problems?problems?What science and technology breakthroughs What science and technology breakthroughs provide provide the most promising opportunitiesthe most promising opportunities to make a to make a quantum quantum leapleap in societys ability to understand and solve environmental in societys ability to understand and solve environmental problems.problems.第一章第一章 专业词汇与翻译训练专业词汇与翻译训练 Important characteristics of chemicals that are released to Important characteristics of chemicals that are released to the environment include their the environment include their volatilityvolatility,adsorptionadsorption and and partitioningpartitioning to to mineralsminerals and and organic matterorganic matter,and their overall,and their overall persistencepersistence.CriticalCritical to the issue of persistence is how these to the issue of persistence is how these chemicals are chemicals are degradeddegraded within a specific environment.within a specific environment.Are these chemicals degraded Are these chemicals degraded biotically or abioticailybiotically or abioticaily?Are Are they subject to intrinsic they subject to intrinsic biodegradabilitybiodegradability?Can a variety of Can a variety of microorganismsmicroorganisms degrade a chemical,or is its degradation degrade a chemical,or is its degradation limited to a particular species or limited to a particular species or redox environmentredox environment?Can the Can the exchange of genetic informationexchange of
