语言学概论讲课稿PPT课件.ppt
A New Concise Course on LinguisticsPhilipLeeSchoolofForeignLanguagesTextbookRequired:ANewConciseCourseonLinguistics for Students of English(Pleasereadthebookreviewhttp:/ Description 语言学概论是一门基础理论课，是英语专业本科高年级阶段的专业选修课程。通过该课程的教学，使学生深刻了解语言的性质、语言的结构、语言与言语的重大区别、语言各层次系统、语言习得、语言的时空变异、语言与思维、文化、社会、心理等外部因素的关系，从而有助于学生深入学习英语语言文化知识并提高语言水平和教学能力，同时能较为系统地掌握语言学领域一些最主要的理论、原则和方法，具备一定运用所学知识来描写、解释语言现象或解决具体问题的能力，从而加深对人类语言这一社会现象的理性认识。本课程教学应体现以学生为中心和因材施教的原则。教学中应该深入浅出、详略得当地向学生传授语言研究中的基础性成果。充分利用多媒体教学技术，节省教学时间，增加信息密度，提高教学质量。为培养学生分析和解决问题的能力，应以书面作业的形式布置并讲解适量的习题和思考题，使学生在充分掌握基本概念的基础上能正确运用所学知识进行一定的语言研究活动。在应用本大纲进行教学时，应该保证大纲规定的基本内容。本课程为学期课程，考核方式为期末闭卷考试。GradingThere will have one final exam and anumberofhomeworkassignments.Gradeswillbedeterminedasfollows:Homework30%FinalExam70%Thehomeworkassignmentsincludeallthereviewquestionscorrespondingtothechaptersthatwecoverinthelectures.Requirements for the Course Classattendance,activeparticipationintheclassactivities,andthecompletionofhomeworkassignments.Week17-19:ReviewWeek20:FinalExamOffice Hours:4:00-6:00,Wednesday(aftertheMeeting)Lecture One Introduction to LinguisticsTeaching aims:通过教学，使学生了解语言学定义、语言学研究对象与研究问题、语言研究中一些重要区分，掌握语言学研究范围、语言基本定义以及语言的区别性特征，能应用语言和语言学的基本知识来描写、解释或解决一些语言现象或实际问题。Teaching contents:(toseethePagev)Allocation of time:4 periods Teaching methods:lecturebyteacher,oralquestionsandclassdiscussionTeaching procedure:Step 1:Some Important Terms(1)Linguistics:thescientificstudyoflanguage(2)Generallinguistics:thestudyoflanguageasawhole(3)Particularlinguistics:thestudyofasinglelanguageordialect,oratmostagroupofdialects(4)Englishlinguistics:thescientificstudyoftheEnglishlanguageasanaturalhumanlanguageEnglishLinguisticsisconcernedwiththedescriptionofthelinguisticorganizationoftheEnglishlanguageits lexis,grammar and semantics,butalsotherangeofvariationaccordingtoregion(dialect),socialgroup(sociolect)andsituation(register).(5)Aboutthenameofthiscourse:新编简明英语语言学教程/A NewConciseCourseonLinguisticsforStudentsofEnglishQuestion:Does this course belongtogenerallinguisticsorparticularlinguistics?这是一门以语言学理论为指导，以英语语言为研究对象的课程(toseethepageiii)(6)Adifferentvoice:Theavailabilityofsuchabroadrangeofmaterialsinlinguistics(如此大规模的语言学书籍的发行)willcontributetothedevelopmentoflinguisticsasadisciplineinChineseuniversitiesandcolleges,helpingtoovercomethedivisionsinto“Englishlinguistics”,“Chineselinguistics”andsoonwhichhindertheprogressoflinguisticsasaunifiedscience.Step 2:The Nature of Linguistics ThenatureoflinguisticsasadisciplineandasascienceThe nature of linguistics as a scientificdiscipline科学：反映自然、社会、思维等的客观规律的分科的知识体系science,branchofknowledgereflectingsystematizedobservationofnature,society,orwaysofthinking文学：以语言文字为工具形象化地反映客观现实的艺术，包括戏剧、诗歌、小说、散文等literature,artofreflectingtheobjectiverealitythroughimagesbytheuseofwrittenlanguages,includingdrama,poem,novel,prose,etc.语言学在本质上是一门社会科学，但又接近于自然科学（徐通锵,2007）。Step 3:The contents 1.1 What is linguistics?1.1.1 DefinitionThescientificstudyoflanguageNotanyparticularlanguage,e.g.English,Chinese,butlanguagesingeneral(1)Whatislanguage?(2)Howdoeslanguagework?(3)Whatdoalllanguageshaveincommon?UniversalGrammarByscientificitmeansthestudyisbasedonthesystematicinvestigationoflinguisticdata,conductedwithreferencetosomegeneraltheoryoflanguagestructure.TocollectandobservelanguagefactstomakegeneralizationstoformulatehypothesestocheckthehypothesesDataandtheorystandinadialecticalcomplementation.Asasciencelinguisticsnowhasasetofestablishedtheories,methodsandsub-branches.Linguisticsisnowempiricalratherthanspeculativeorintuitiveanditoperateswithpubliclyvariabledataobtainedbymeansofobservationorexperiment.语言学理论的科学性用几条原则来衡量：客观性（objectivity），系统性（systematicness）和清晰性（explicitness）。1.1.2 The scope of linguistics 1)Generalvs.particular(descriptive)linguisticsa.ThestudyoftherulesofhumanlanguageingeneralGenerallinguistics.Itdealswiththebasicconcepts,theories,descriptions,modelsandmethodsapplicableinanylinguisticstudy.b.Thestudyoftherulesofaparticularlanguageparticular(descriptive)linguistics2)Generalvs.branch(multiplelayersandfacetsoflanguage)a.Generallinguisticsb.Phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmatics,socio-linguistics,psycholinguisticsandappliedlinguistics(toseethepage2-3).3)Corevs.interdisciplinary(non-core,periphery)a.Core:phonetics,phonology,morphology,syntax,semantics,pragmaticsb.Non-core:socio-linguistics,psycholinguisticsandappliedlinguistics4)Theoreticalvs.applieda.Theoreticallinguisticsisthebranchoflinguisticsthatismostconcernedwithdevelopingmodelsoflinguisticknowledge.Partofthisendeavorinvolvesthesearchforandexplanationoflinguisticuniversals,thatis,propertiesalllanguageshaveincommon.Thefieldsthataregenerallyconsideredthecoreoftheoreticallinguisticsaresyntax,phonology,morphology,andsemantics.Although phonetics often informsphonology,itisoftenexcludedfromthepurview of theoretical linguistics,alongwithpsycholinguisticsandsociolinguistics.普通语言学一般语言学理论语言学。狭义上讲，理论语言学基本上相当于普通语言学。广义上理解，理论语言学是关于人类语言研究的理论和方法的总和，它既包括人类一般语言的共性与规律的总结，又包括个别语言的个性与规律的概括。b.（toseethepage3）1.1.3 Some important distinctions in linguistics 1)Prescriptive vs.descriptive2)Twotypesoflinguisticstudy3)Descriptivemeansalinguisticstudyaimstodescribeandanalyzethelanguagepeopleactuallyuse.Prescriptivemeansalinguisticstudyaimstolaydownrulesforcorrectandstandardbehaviorinusinglanguage.ExamplesModernlinguisticsismostlydescriptivewhereastraditionalgrammarismostlyprescriptive.呆板，垃圾，角色，阿房宫，叶公好龙，热中/热衷，受到质疑。中华人民共和国国家通用语言文字法规定推行规范汉字.中华人民共和国宪法第19条规定：国家推广全国通用的普通话。同胞，华山，狙击，姓龚，疟(yao)子 ItisI/Itisme.Whodoyouspeakto?/Whomdoyouspeakto?Ihaventdoneanything/Ihaventdonenothing.The“guidelinesonanti-sexistlanguage”:Donotusemantomeanhumanityingeneral.Useperson,people,humanbeings,menandwomen,humanityandhumankind.对对Distinction 1 的总结的总结笼统地说，语言学经历了三个阶段：规定性的，描写性的和解释性的（explanatory）。就自然科學来讲，可以解释的现象已经很多了，而在语言学中，能够解释的事实还少得可怜，已经做出的解释也是探索性的，准备修正的。2)Synchronic vs.diachronicThedescriptionofalanguageatsomepointoftimeinhistoryisasynchronicstudy.Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisadiachronicstudy.Adiachronicstudyoflanguageisahistoricalstudy.Synchronicstudyoflanguageisastudyoflanguageinitscurrentexistence.将05（1/2）同学的学习成绩进行比较，确定10名成绩优异者。这种研究属于_。将学号为13号的同学过去3年的成绩进行分析，确定其成绩发展趋势，这种研究属于_。Judgethesynchronicordiachronicorientationfromtheirtitle.(1)EnglishExamined:TwoCenturiesofCommentontheMotherTongue(2)ProteanShape:AStudyinEighteenth-centuryVocabularyandUsage(3)PejorativeSenseDevelopmentinEnglish(4)TheCategoriesandTypesofPresent-DayEnglishWord-Formation(5)LanguageintheInnerCity:StudiesintheBlackEnglishVernacular.语言能否从泛时观点（panchronic）去加以研究呢？毫无疑问。但一谈到具体的事实，就没有什么泛时的观点了。3)Speech vs.writing Speechispriortowriting.Speechplaysagreaterrolethanwritingineverydaycommunication.Everynativespeakeracquireshis/hermothertonguethroughspeech.Modernlinguistsdataforinvestigationandanalysisaremostlydrawnfromeverydayspeech,whichtheyregardasauthentic.Alanguageanditswrittenformconstitutetwoseparatesystemsofsigns.Thesolereasonfortheexistenceofthelatteristorepresenttheformer.Theobjectofstudyinlinguisticsisnotacombinationofthewrittenwordandthespokenword.Thespokenwordaloneconstitutesthatobject.Butwhatexplainstheprestigeofwriting?a.Thewrittenformofawordstrikesusasapermanent,solidobjectandhencemorefittingthanitssoundtoactasalinguisticunitpersistingthroughtime.b.Formostpeople,visualimpressionsareclearerandmorelastingthanauditoryimpressions.c.A literary language enhances evenmoretheunwarrantedimportanceaccordedtowriting.d.Whenthereisanydiscrepancybetweenalanguageanditsspelling,theconflictisalwaysdifficulttoresolveforanyoneotherthanalinguist.Andthesolutionbasedonwritingisaneasiersolution.Inthisway,writingassumesanauthoritytowhichithasnoright.4)Langue vs.parole ThedistinctionismadebySaussure.LangueandparoleareFrenchwords.Langue:theabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommunity.Langue:thesetofconventionsandrulesthatlanguageusersallhavetoabideby.Langueisabstract.Langueisrelativelystableanditdoesnotchangefrequently.Toabstractlanguefromparoletodiscovertheregularitiesgoverningtheactualuseoflanguageandmakethemthesubjectsofstudyoflinguistics.Parole:therealizationoflangueinactualuse;theconcreteuseoftheconventionsandtheapplicationoftherules.Paroleisconcrete.Parolevariesfrompersontopersonandfromsituationtosituation.Paroleissimplyamassoflinguisticfacts,toovariedandconfusingforsystematicinvestigation.Acomparisonbetweenthem (1)语言是社会的产物，言语是个人行为的产物。(2)语言有约束力，言语则是自由的。(3)语言是记忆的映象，言语是实际的运用。(4)语言是过去的产物，言语是当前的现实。(5)语言与言语在发生学的意义上是互为条件的。(6)语言是同一的，相对稳定的；言语是多变的，缺乏同一性。LangueParole社会性（集体性）同时性（空间性）结构性形式性自主性齐一性内在性系统性规则性关系性潜在性静态性个人性（意志性）历时性（时间性）事件性 实质性 受制性 多样性 外在性 过程性 事实性 个别性 实在性 动态性除了语言与言语外，索绪尔还提出了其他几对对立范畴，即：能指与所指signifiervs.signified，共时语言学与历时语言学synchronicvs.diachroniclinguistics，组合关系与聚合关系syntagmaticvs.associativeorparadigmaticrelations，内部语言学与外部语言学internalvs.externallinguistics，任意性与可证性arbitrarinessvs.motivation，不变性与可变性invariabilityvs.variability，多样性与相似性varietyvs.similarity，意义与价值meaningvs.value。Langue:therules,thepiecesofchess,andtheboard;parole:actualgamesofchess.5)Competence vs.performance ThedistinctionismadebyChomsky.Competence:theidealusersknowledgeoftherulesofhislanguage.Performance:theactualrealizationofthisknowledgeinlinguisticcommunication.Competenceistheperfectknowledgeofhisownknowledge.Performance:ungrammaticalandambiguoussentences;mistakesinactualuse;slipsoftongue;unnecessarypauses;itiscausedbysomefactorssuchasstress,anxietyandembarrassment.AccordingtoChomsky,linguistsshouldstudyanidealspeakerscompetence,nothisperformance,whichistoohaphazardtostudy.Itissometimeshardtodrawastrictlinebetweencompetenceandperformance.Therearemanyreasonsforthediscrepancybetweencompetenceandperformanceinnormallanguageusers.Forexample,thereareethnicbackground,socioeconomicstatus,regionofthecountry,andphysicalstatesuchasintoxication,fatigue,distraction,andillness.乔姆斯基在转换生成语法中提出的两分法概念，指普遍的语言能力和个人的语言运用，是对索绪尔语言与言语所作区别的演绎。语言能力是指在语言习得过程中获得的关于母语的（无意识的）理性知识，这是一个理想说者/听者在一个语言同一的社团（即无地理方言和社会方言的语言社团）里所具备的能力。在语言运用的范围里，凭借有限的语言素材（语音、词汇等）及其组合规则，说话者能够生成、理解无限多的句子，能够对句子的语法性、多义性及各种改写关系提出判断。生成转换语法的目的在于建立一种语法体系的模式，该模式应该尽可能正确地反映说话者的普遍的语言能力，同时又要提出语言习得适当的假设。人们批评这种语言能力说太过于理想化，由此导致了将该理论向交际能力方向的扩展。语言运用和言语多被视为同义概念，而语言能力和语言之间则存在本质的不同，主要在于，语言是符号的静态系统，而语言能力则是一个动态的系统，是一种无限地生成语言的机制。6)Traditional grammar vs.modern linguistics LanguagehasbeenstudiedforcenturiesinEuropebysuchscholarsasphilosophers,grammariansandphilologists.The beginning of modern linguisticswasmarkedbythepublicationofF.deSaussures book Course in GeneralLinguistics(普通语言学教程).Thedifferencesbetweenmodernlinguisticsandtraditionalgrammar(1)Modern linguistics is descriptivewhiletraditionalgrammarisprescriptive.Linguistsareobserversandrecordersoflanguagefacts,notajudge.(2)Modernlinguisticsregardsthespokenlanguageasprimary,notthewritten.Why?Thewrittenlanguageispermanent;thereislackofsoundrecording;traditionalclassicaleducationLatin(3)ModernlinguisticsdoesnttforcelanguagesintoaLatin-basedframework.Foralongtime,Latinistheonlylanguageforreligion,scholarshipetc.将05（1/2）同学过去10年的成绩进行分析、比较，确定留校资格，这种研究属于_。1.2 What is language?1.2.1 Definitions of language Language is a tool for humancommunication.Its function only,andthereareothertoolsforcommunication.语言基本工具论Languageisasetofrules.Thereareotherrule-governedsystems.语言结构系统论Sapirs definition:工具论Halls definition:社会制度论Chomskys definition:语言集合论语言生物进化论，语言文化形态论，语言行为方式论，语言社会共变论，语言先天能力论，语言行为功能论,语言认知能力论。四种语言观自足系统观，交际工具观，天赋能力观和文化语言观。代表人物分别是索绪尔、斯大林、乔姆斯基和洪堡特。A generally accepted definition:Languageisa systemofarbitrary vocal symbolsusedforhuman communication.(1)Theelementsystem reflectsthefactthatlanguageprovidesuswiththeframeworkforgeneratingappropriateutterancesratherthanprovinguswithaninfinitestoreofready-madeutterances.(2)Arbitrary means that between thesignifier(sound)andthesignified(concept),thereisnonatural,necessaryorintrinsicconnection.(3)Vocal means the most importantmediumoflanguageisspeechsound,notthewrittenform.(4)Symbols means something thatrepresents something else,such as adrawing of a heart pierced by an arrow,standingforromanticlove.(接接4)具体代表抽象，而语言则是抽象代表具体。(5)Human means human-specific,different from animal communicationsystems.(6)Communication refers to thefunctionoflanguage.1.2.2 Design features Design or defining meansto give the distinguishing characteristics ofor to differentiate.(to describe,tomarkout,de+sign)Definingpropertiesofhumanlanguage that distinguish it from anyanimalsystemofcommunication.Arbitrariness issynonymouswithneither“conventional”northespeakersfreechoice.Itmeansthelackofnatural,prioriandlogicalrelationshipbetweenthesignifierandthesignified.Theconverseofarbitrarinessisnon-arbitrariness,includingmotivationandiconicity.索绪尔首先把任意性看作语言事实和语言属性。他认为语言符号由音响形象和概念组成，即语言符号的语音和语义部分。他把前者叫做能指，后者叫做所指。他在普通语言学教程中解释了任意性的涵义:能指和所指的联系是任意的，即语言是任意的，例如“姊妹”的观念在英语里同用来做它的能指的sister/sIst/这串声音没有任何内在的联系，它也可以用任何别的声音表示，就是说，为什么用sister而不用其他形式无道理可言Iconicityisthecorrespondingrelationshipbetweensyntacticformandsemanticfunctionandthusitisanindispensablecomplementofarbitrariness.Motivationisanydrivingforceorstimulantthatpromoteslanguagescomingintobeing,itsmutationorevolution.Fromanintegrationalperspective,arbitrarinessandnon-arbitrarinessaretwofunctionalprinciplesoflanguageorganizationandtheycomplementarilymanifestthemselvesatthelevelofthelinguisticsignanditsentities,soundandmeaning,andofsyntacticstructuresandtheirsemanticcontents.Productivity:Alsocallscreativityorrecursiveness.Itpartlyoriginatesfromduality.Becauseofdualitythespeakerisable to combine the basic linguisticsunitstofromaninfinitesetofsentences,mostofwhichweareneverbeforeproducedorheard.Languageisproductiveinanothersense:itspotentialtoproduceendlesssentences.Heboughtabookwhichwaswrittenbyateacher who taught in a school whichwasknownfiritsgraduateswhoDuality:Theadvantageofdualityliesinthegreatproductivepowerourlanguageisendowedwith.Forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsareproducedoutofasmallofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.语言的二层性指语言是由音位层和音义结合的符号序列层构成的装置。语言的底层是一套音位，语言的上层是音义结合的符号和符号的序列，这一层又分语素、词、句子三级。核心是以少驭多。如汉语的底层是30个左右的音位，它们组成数千个语素，而这些语素又组成数十万条词，词又组成无穷无尽的句子。Displacement:languageisfreefromtheconstraintsoftimeandspace.Cultural transmission:Instinctmeansaninborntendencytobehaveinawaycharacteristicofaspecies;natural,unlearned,predictableresponsetoastimuli,e.g.sucklingisaninstinctofmammals.AnAmericanlinguistStevenPinkerusesthewordinstincttoembodytheessenceofhumanlanguage.Whetheroneconsiderslanguagetobeinstinctiveornotdependsonpreciselywhatoneistalkingabout.Languageisinstinctiveinsofarasweareallbornwithapredispositiontospeak,weallacquirealanguagewithouttuitionandwhenwespeakwedonotconsciouslyconvertourthoughtsintospeech.Languageisnon-instinctiveinthatwecanchoosewhattosayorwhethertosayanythingatall.Itisnotinstinctiveinthewaythatremovingoneshandfromaveryhotplateisdonebeforeweareevenawareofthesituation.语言是用于人类交际的一种任意的、口语的符号系统。人类语言具有双重性，即语音和意义两种系统，而动物只有十分简单的声音系统。人类语言具有创造性，即语言使用者可以产生和理解无数个句子，而动物只有十分有限的几个或十几个信号。人类语言具有位移性，即可以用语言指称或谈论远离当时当地的东西。动物不能传达昨天、明天或几里之外的消息。人类语言具有替换性，即在同一语言社团中，一切成员都能产生和理解同样的符号，而对动物而言，雄性能产生的信号雌性不能产生，雌性能理解的信号雄性不能理解。人类语言具有区分性，语音的符号可以分析成一个个的成分，中间有明显的界限。动物的声音信号不能分为单个成分，只能是一个连续体。人类语言具有文化性，人类语言可以用来搪塞
