英语句子成分及句子类型.ppt

取得英语语法成功的基石取得英语语法成功的基石英语的词性：名词名词(nouns)n.代词代词(pronoun)pron.实词实词 数词数词(numeral)num.形容词形容词(adjective)adj.或或a.副词副词(adverb)adv.动词动词(verb)v 作文题目中，实词都大写，虚词要小写作文题目中，实词都大写，虚词要小写 介词介词(preposition)prep.虚词虚词 连词连词(conjunction)conj.冠词冠词(article)art一一.英语句子的基本成分有英语句子的基本成分有8种：种：主语主语 (subject)-s谓语谓语 (predicate)-v宾语宾语 (object)-o定语定语 (attribute)-attrib状语状语 (adverbial)-adv补语补语 (complement)-c表语表语 (predicative)-p同位语同位语(Appositive)一、主语一、主语主语（主语（subject）：）：句子说明的人或事物。句子说明的人或事物。主语一般位于主语一般位于_。1.Lucy likes her new bike.2.We work hard.3.To learn a foreign language is not easy.4.Playing football after school is great fun.句首句首1.We love China.2.She seems tired.3.He can speak English 4.We have finished reading this book.二、谓语二、谓语谓语谓语:说明主语说明主语做什么做什么或或怎么样怎么样。通常由。通常由_充当充当.动词常分为实义动词动词常分为实义动词,连系动词连系动词,情态动词和助动词情态动词和助动词.动词动词实义动词实义动词连系动词连系动词情态动词情态动词助动词助动词（V.）情态动词情态动词和和助动词助动词不能单独充当谓语不能单独充当谓语,必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.They can speak English well.They are playing over there.1）状态状态系动词系动词，用来表示主语状态，只有，用来表示主语状态，只有be （am,is,are,was,were,been,being）一词）一词 He is a teacher.2）持续持续系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或系动词，用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有态度，主要有keep,remain,stay He always kept silent at meeting.他开会时总保持沉默。他开会时总保持沉默。系动词系动词3）表像表像系动词，用来表示系动词，用来表示看起来像看起来像这一概念，主要这一概念，主要有有seem,appear,look,例如：例如：He looks tired.He seems(to be)very sad.4）感官感官系动词，主要有系动词，主要有feel,smell,sound,tasteThis flower smells very sweet.5）变化变化系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有系动词，表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,comeHe became mad after that.6）终止终止系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有系动词，表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turn outThe rumor proved false.这谣言证实有假。这谣言证实有假。His plan turned out a success.他的计划终于成功了。他的计划终于成功了。三、宾语三、宾语宾语宾语：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一：动作行为的对象，说明主语做什么。一般放在般放在_或或_后面后面.1.We study English.2.Our teacher said that he would go there.3.He is looking at the dog.双宾语双宾语：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。：指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。Hegavemetwobooks.及物动词及物动词介词介词表语表语：跟在：跟在连系动词连系动词后面的词语或从句后面的词语或从句,用用来说明主语的身份来说明主语的身份,特征特征,状态状态.The trees turn green.The flowers are beautiful.My job is to teach you English.The question is how we can get there.四、表语四、表语定语：用来修饰限定定语：用来修饰限定_.This is a red car.The building is their teaching building.The woman doctor is my wife.I have something to tell you.The man in front of the gate is Mr.Li.Every student has an English book.五、定语五、定语名词名词状语状语：修饰修饰动动词、词、形形容词、容词、副副词或词或全全句句，说明，说明时间、地点、方式、因果、时间、地点、方式、因果、条件、让步、方向、程度、目的条件、让步、方向、程度、目的等。等。六、六、状语状语John often came to chat with me As he was ill,he didnt come to class yesterday.She is sitting at the desk,doing her homework.My father worked in this school ten years ago.Though he is young,he knows a lot.He came running.(程度程度 目的目的)（地点（地点 伴随）伴随）（地点（地点 时间）时间）（让步）（让步）（方式）（方式）(原因原因)补语补语是用于补充说明是用于补充说明主语主语或或宾语宾语的身份或的身份或特征。特征。七、七、补语补语Everyone calls him Jack.（宾补）（宾补）He is called Jack.（主补）（主补）同位语同位语是位于是位于名词或或代词后后面的个别名词面的个别名词或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明或名词词组，对前者进行补充说明The Great Wall,one of the wonders in the world,attracts a large number of foreign friends.八、八、同位语同位语一、一、主语主语 主语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.The sun rises in the east.（）2.He likes dancing.（）3.Two will be enough.()4.Seeing is believing.（）6.To see is to believe.（）7.When to hold the meeting has not been decided yet.()8.What he needs is a book.（）9.It is very clear that the elephant is round and tall like a tree.（）名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式主语，作形式主语，that从句是真正的主语从句是真正的主语当当不定式、动名词或从句不定式、动名词或从句在某个句子中作主语在某个句子中作主语时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，时，为保持句子结构前后平衡，避免头重脚轻，因此常用因此常用it作形式主语作形式主语置于置于句首句首，而将真正的主，而将真正的主语放在句尾。此时语放在句尾。此时it只起先行引导作用，本身无只起先行引导作用，本身无词义。词义。什么情况下用什么情况下用it作形式主语？作形式主语？你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗你能划出下列句子的真正的主语吗?你懂得翻译你懂得翻译下列句子吗？下列句子吗？1)It is wrong to tell a lie.()2)It is no use arguing about it.()3)It is uncertain who will come.()说谎是错误的。说谎是错误的。争吵是没用的。争吵是没用的。谁要来还不确定。谁要来还不确定。二、二、宾语宾语 宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：宾语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.She lived a happy life.()2.I love you.()3.We need two.()4.Do you mind my opening the door?()5.He began to learn English a year ago.()6.He did not know what to say.()7.Did you write down what she said?()8.She felt it her duty to take good care of them.()名词名词代词代词数词数词动名词动名词不定式不定式疑问词疑问词+不定式不定式从句从句It作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语作形式宾语，不定式是真正的宾语二、二、表语表语 表语可以用下面这些东西表示：表语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.He is a teacher.()2.My idea is this.()3.She was the first to arrive.()4.I feel much better today./I must be off now.()5.He is out of danger.()6.The news was exciting./They were excited at the news.()7.What surprised me most was that he spoke Chinese so well.()名词名词代词代词数词数词从句从句形容词形容词/副词副词介词短语介词短语分词分词三、三、定语定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示：定语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.Its a red car.()2.They live in the room above.()3.My brother is a teacher.()4.We belong to the third world.()5.Lucys father is a poor worker.()6.Mother made a birthday cake for me.()7.The man under the tree is my teacher.()8.The swimming boy is my brother./The boy swimming in the river is my brother.()形容词形容词副词副词代词代词数词数词名词所有格名词所有格名词名词介词短语介词短语现在分词现在分词三、三、定语定语 定语可以用下面这些东西表示：定语可以用下面这些东西表示：9.I liked the food cooked by my mother./Retired people have a good time at home.()10.There are two things to be discussed today.（）11.Will you tell us about your teaching plan?（）12.This is the very book that I need.（）过去分词过去分词不定式不定式动名词动名词从句从句四、四、四、四、状语状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示：状语可以用下面这些东西表示：状语可以用下面这些东西表示：状语可以用下面这些东西表示：1.He is often late for class.()2.We saw that picture at the cinema.()3.He sat there smoking.()4.They returned tired and hungry.（）5.They did everything they could to save the boys life.（）6.Although he is young,he knows a lot.()7.The box is so heavy that I cant lift it.()副词，程度副词，程度介词短语，地点介词短语，地点分词，伴随分词，伴随不定式，目的不定式，目的形容词，状态形容词，状态让步状语从句让步状语从句结果状语从句结果状语从句四、四、状语状语 状语可以用下面这些东西表示：状语可以用下面这些东西表示：9.While my wife was reading the newspaper,I was watching TV.（）10.He was angry because we were late(）11.If it rains tomorrow,we wont go out.()时间状语从句时间状语从句原因状语从句原因状语从句条件状语从句条件状语从句五、五、五、五、宾语补足语宾语补足语：1.I consider Jim I consider Jim a good frienda good friend.().()2.I always find her I always find her happyhappy.().()3.People praised him People praised him as a heroas a hero.().()4.I had the TV I had the TV fixedfixed.().()5.I saw him I saw him enteringentering the building.()the building.()6.What made youWhat made you think think so?()so?()7.Do you want me Do you want me to goto go?()?()形容词形容词名词名词介词短语介词短语过去分词过去分词现在分词现在分词省略掉省略掉to的不定式的不定式不定式不定式 ImetmybestfriendTomatthestationyesterday.主主语语谓谓语语定定语语宾宾语语同同位位语语状状语语句子种类句子种类按句子的用途分 按句子的结构分陈述句疑问句祈使句简单句并列句复合句感叹句1）简单句简单句：只有一个主语（或：只有一个主语（或并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列并列主语）和一个谓语（或并列谓语）。谓语）。e.g.He often reads English in the morning.Tom and Mike are American boys.She likes drawing and often draws pictures for the wall newspapers.我们可以给句子的我们可以给句子的动词加上副词动词加上副词修饰，修饰，给给名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰名词加上形容词、介词短语修饰，给，给句子加上句子加上状语状语进行修饰等，以使整个句进行修饰等，以使整个句子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不子的意思变得更加的丰富和充实。但不管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。管如何变，都只有一个主谓结构。He worked hard all his life.(划线部分划线部分在句中作状语，修饰动词在句中作状语，修饰动词worked)He is a school student in No.1 Middle School.(划线部分在句中作定语，划线部分在句中作定语，修饰名词修饰名词student)陈述对象陈述对象+陈述内容陈述内容主语主语+谓语谓语谓语动词决定了一个句子的骨架结构谓语动词决定了一个句子的骨架结构启示启示：（：（1）分析复杂句时，先找谓语。）分析复杂句时，先找谓语。（2）写句子时，要知道谓语动词的用法特点）写句子时，要知道谓语动词的用法特点主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语主语主语+谓语谓语+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语补足语宾语补足语动词动词系动词系动词不及物动词不及物动词及物动词及物动词主语主语+系系+表语表语主语主语+谓语谓语间宾指人，间宾指人，间宾指人，间宾指人，直宾指物直宾指物直宾指物直宾指物基本句型（基本句型（1）：主）：主+系系+表表 表语是说明主语的，如用来说明主语的表语是说明主语的，如用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，通常在身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的，通常在系动词后。系动词后。1)My uncle is a professor.2)He looked tired.3)The basketball match is on.4)All the pupils are on the playground now.5)Our aim was to win more medals.6)His work is teaching French.7)The question is who can really repair the machines.1)My uncle is 1)My uncle is a professora professor.2)He looked 2)He looked tiredtired.3)The basketball match is 3)The basketball match is onon.4)All the pupils are 4)All the pupils are on the playground on the playground now.now.5)Our aim was 5)Our aim was to win more medalsto win more medals.6)His work is 6)His work is teaching Frenchteaching French.7)The question is 7)The question is who can really repair the machineswho can really repair the machines.系动词：系动词：1)be，seem，appear2)look，sound，taste，smell，feel 3)get，turn，grow，become，go4)stay，remain，keep，continue感官类变化类维持类谓语动词特特点：谓语动词特特点：不及物动词不及物动词（本身意思完整，后面（本身意思完整，后面不需要宾语）不需要宾语）1.The sun rises.（rise-rose-risen 是是vi，不能带不能带O.）2.The red sun rises.（red修饰修饰sun，作定，作定语）语）3.The red sun rises in the east.（状语（状语Adverbial）1.你应当努力学习。你应当努力学习。2.她昨天回家很晚。她昨天回家很晚。3.那天早上我们谈了很多。那天早上我们谈了很多。4.会议将持续两个小时。会议将持续两个小时。5.在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。化。You should study hard.She went home very late yesterday evening.That morning we talked a great deal.The meeting will last two hours.Great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past ten years.基本句型（基本句型（3）主语）主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语（S.+V.+O.）该句型的谓语动词必须是该句型的谓语动词必须是vt或或vt的的动词词组；动词词组；宾语必须是宾语必须是名词名词或或相当于名词的成分。相当于名词的成分。Translation1.昨晚我写了一封信。昨晚我写了一封信。2.今天下午我想同你谈谈。今天下午我想同你谈谈。3.这本书他读过多次了。这本书他读过多次了。4.他们成功地完成了计划。他们成功地完成了计划。I wrote a letter last night.I want to talk with you this afternoon.He has read this book many times.They have carried out the plan successfully.注意：带注意：带 V-ing 做宾语的动词有：做宾语的动词有：suggest，advise，stop，resist，enjoy，imagine，finish，escape,admit，excuse，delay，practise,consider，keep，mind，understand，avoid，miss，risk succeed in，be busy，be worth，be used to，give up，look forward to 注意：带注意：带 to do 做宾语的动词有：做宾语的动词有：offer,learn,intend,plan,demand,ask,promise,help，prepare，decide,determine，refuse，dare，manage，wish,hope,want,expect，fail，pretend，choose,seem,expect,hope,offer,agree,refuse,learn,help,plan,intend,etc.基本句型（基本句型（4）主语主语+谓语谓语+宾语宾语+宾语宾语 （S.+V.+O.+O.）请请观观察察：1）Hebringsmecookieseveryday.如果意思不如果意思不变变，也可以怎么，也可以怎么说说呢？呢？2）He brings cookies to meeveryday.即要借助于介即要借助于介词词to或或for 朗朗读读：Hebringsmecookieseveryday.Hebringscookies tomeeveryday.Shemademeabeautifuldress.Shemadeabeautifuldressforme.归纳归纳：to侧侧重指重指动动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对对着某人。着某人。for侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有常跟双宾语的动词有：（需需借借助助to的的）bring,give,lend,hand,offer,pass,pay,promise,return,send,show,teach,tell,write,ask,等。等。（需需借借助助for的的）buy,call,cook,choose,draw,find,get,make,order,sing,save,spare,等。等。翻译练习：翻译练习：1.Johnson先生去年教我先生去年教我们们德德语语。2.奶奶昨晚奶奶昨晚给给我我们讲们讲了一个有趣的故事。了一个有趣的故事。3.Mary把把钱钱包交包交给给校校长长了了4.请把那本字典递给我好吗？请把那本字典递给我好吗？5.他把车票给列车员看。他把车票给列车员看。1.MrJohnsontaughtusGermanlastyear.2.Grandmatoldmeaninterestingstorylastnight.3.Maryhandedthewallettotheschoolmaster.4.Wouldyoupleasepassmethedictionary?5.Heshowedthetickettotheconductor.基本句型（基本句型（5）主谓宾宾补）主谓宾宾补 S+Vt.+O+O.C 宾语与宾语补足语宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的主谓关系有逻辑的主谓关系，若无宾语补足，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。宾补时补充说明宾语的。可以用语，则句意不完整。宾补时补充说明宾语的。可以用做宾补的有：做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词不定式，分词等。如：等。如：Thesunkeepsuswarm.Iheardhimsinging.Youmustgetyourhaircut.TheymadeTommonitor.用用 it it 做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放做形式宾语，而将真正的宾语放到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构到宾语补足语的后面，以使句子结构平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。平衡，是英语常用的句型结构方式。即：即：主语主语+谓语谓语+it+it+宾补宾补+真正宾语真正宾语。如：如：I found it very pleasant to be with your family.1我们叫她我们叫她Alice.2我们大家都认为他是诚实的。我们大家都认为他是诚实的。3我要你把真相告诉我。我要你把真相告诉我。4.卫兵命令我们立即离开。卫兵命令我们立即离开。5 每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。每天早晨我们都听到他大声朗读英语。6我们不会让她在晚上外出的。我们不会让她在晚上外出的。We call her Alice.All of us considered him honest.I want you to tell me the truth.The guards ordered us to leave at once.Every morning we hear him read English aloud.We wont let her go out at night.translation根据所学知识，分析句子结构1.Theyworkhard.主主 +谓谓2.Theflowerisdead.主主+系系+表表3.Plantsneedwater.主主+谓谓+宾宾4.Hegivesmesomeseeds.主主+谓谓+直宾直宾+间宾间宾5.Weshouldkeeptheplantsintheshade.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补6.Manyanimalsliveintrees.主主 +谓谓7.Hekeptmeadictionary.主主+谓谓+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语8.ShallIleaveyouthecamera?主主+谓谓+间接宾语间接宾语+直接宾语直接宾语9.Wefindthebookveryinteresting.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补10.Myuncleboughtmeane-dictionary.主主+谓谓+间接宾语间接宾语+直宾直宾11.Singingmakesmehappy.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补12.DamingcallshiscatMimi.主主+谓谓+宾宾+宾补宾补13.Youmustlistentoher.主主+谓谓+宾宾14.Heisascientist.主主+系系+表表并并列列句句用用分号分号或或并列连词并列连词把两个或几个简单句把两个或几个简单句连接起来的句子。连接起来的句子。并列句中的各简单句并列句中的各简单句意义同等重要，意义同等重要，相互之间没有从属关系，相互之间没有从属关系，是平行并列的关系是平行并列的关系。用分号：用分号：Wefishedallday;wedidntcatchathing.用并列连词（如用并列连词（如and、but、so、yet等等）Wefishedallday,butwedidntcatchathing.句型句型：简单句简单句+并列连词并列连词+简单句简单句1、表示连接、表示连接两个同等概念两个同等概念，常用，常用and,not onlybut also,neithernor,then等连接。等连接。e.g.TheteachersnameisSmith,andthestudentsnameisJohn.2、表示、表示选择选择，常用的连词有，常用的连词有or,eitheror,otherwise等。等。e.g.Hurryup,oryoullmissthetrain.3、表示、表示转折转折，常用的连词有，常用的连词有but,still,yet,while,when等。等。e.g.Hewasalittlemanwiththickglasses,buthehadastrangewayofmakinghisclasseslivelyandinteresting.4、表示、表示因果因果关系，常用的连词有关系，常用的连词有so,for,等。等。e.g.Augustisthetimeoftheyearforriveharvest,soeverydayIworkfromdawnuntildark.Exercise:请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句请用合适的并列连词把每组句子合并为一个并列句。Hewastired,sohewenttobed.1.Hewastired.Hewenttobed.2.Thechilddidntgoout.Hewasafraidofthedog.3.Hemadeapromise.Hedidntkeepit.Hemadeapromise,butHedidntkeepit.Thechilddidntgoout,becausehewasafraidofthedog.由一个由一个主句主句和一个或者一个以上和一个或者一个以上从句从句所所构成的句子构成的句子,中间用中间用从属连词从属连词连接。连接。主句是一个完整的句子主句是一个完整的句子,它可以独立存在。它可以独立存在。从句是一个不完整的句子从句是一个不完整的句子,它必须和一个它必须和一个主句连用，不能独立存在。主句连用，不能独立存在。复合句复合句=主句主句+从属连词从属连词+从句；从句；复复合合句句从属连词从属连词+从句从句+主句主句复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句从句的句子。复合句包含：名词性从句名词性从句、定语从句和状、定语从句和状语从句语从句等。e.g.TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWallThisisthebookthatIwant.Ithinkthatheisright.1.Having finished his homework,the boy went on to help his mother.2.What he says doesnt suit what he does.(简单句简单句划线部分在句中作状语，修饰划线部分在句中作状语，修饰整个句子整个句子)(复合句复合句包含两个名词性从句：包含两个名词性从句：What he says 是一个主语从句；是一个主语从句；what he does 是一个宾语是一个宾语从句从句)3.We often study Chinese history on Friday afternoon.4.The boy who offered me his seat is called Tom.5.There is a chair in this room,isnt there?简单句简单句复合句复合句简单句简单句9.Neither has he changed his mind,nor will he do so.10.What he said at the meeting is very important,isnt it?11.The farmer is showing the boy how to plant a tree.12.Both Tom and Jack enjoy country music.并列句并列句 复合句复合句 简单句简单句简单句简单句