英语五段作文法.ppt

1英语五段作文法英语五段作文法2五段英语写作是美国大学写作课上普遍向学生推荐的一种写作法。它的特点是结构严谨合理，段落层次分明，观点阐述充分，语言变化生动。特别适合于较高一级的250-350词的论述文写作。五段作文，顾名思义，是由五个段落组成的文章，它的基本写法是：Para.1IntroductionofTopicThesisStatementPara.2TopicSentencesSupportingSentencesPara.3TopicSentencesSupportingSentences3第一段是引言部分。主要是引出文章要讨论的主题，并在段尾写出文章中心思想句(thesisstatement)，且尽可能点出各段的中心思想和文章发展的方法(thewaytodeveloptheessay)。第二段到第四段是文章的正文部分，这一部分一般分为三段（三个方面）来阐述的一段的中心思想，每一段以段落主题句(topicsentence)开头，它说明thesisstatement，本身又被本段SupportingSentences所说明。第五段是结尾部分。主要是对文章进行归纳和总结。Para.4TopicSentencesSupportingSentencesPara.5ConclusionRestatementoftheThesis4I.解释结构：解释结构：（1）解释原因）解释原因解释现象，分析原因、理由是英语写作中常见的结构。这种作文主要是对某种社会（自然）现象，问题的出现或原因、理由进行解释。五段作文模式中，它的基本结构如下：Para.1IntroductionofProblemorPhenomenonPara.2ThesisStatementCauseIPara.3CauseII5可见这钟结构主要有两大部分。第一部分也是引言段，即把要解释的问题或现象描写和表示出来；第二部分也就是正文段，解释和分析问题出现的原因。Para.5ConclusionPara.4CauseIIITask1:Youareallowed40minutestowriteanessayabout250wordsonthefollowingtopic.Since1980,divorcerateinChinahasincreasedrapidlyasshowninthefollowinggraph.Whatarethecausesforit?6Percentage of People Who Got Divorced During theYearsBetween1960to20005.00%4.00%3.00%2.00%1.00%0.00%196019701980199020001.00%5.60%2.00%2.90%1.70%6.00%7SampleAnswer:DivorceinChinaInrecentyearsChinahasexperiencedadramaticincreaseinthedivorcerate.Accordingtothechartgiven,duringthelastdecade,thedivorcerateinbigcitieshasincreasedasmuchasithadintheentirepreviousthirtyyears.In1960therewereonlyonedivorcedpersonforevery100marriedpeople,andthirtyyearslatertheratewas2.9percent.Butby2000theratejumpedto5.8percent.（第一段是通过对图表的描写把近十年来离婚率大幅上升的现象表现出来。）Theupwardtrendindivorcereflectsthreeimportantchangesinoursociety.（这一句是文章的中心思想句，对造成离婚率上升总的概括，然后用threeimportantchanges交代了随后的正文发展方向8Themostsignificantoneisthechangeinsocialattitudetowardsthedivorcedpeople.（主题句）Inthepasttheactofdivorceitselfwasconsideredasocialstigma.Evenifacouplehadalreadylivedseparately,theydarednottoseekdivorce.Nowthatdivorcehasbecomesociallyacceptable,youwontbelookeddownuponjustbecauseyouareadivorcedperson.（原原因因1：人人们们对对离离婚婚观观念念的的转转变变）Second,thechangeinpersonaleconomicactivitiesalsofacilitatedivorce.（主题句）Millionsoffarmersfloodsintocitiestoseekjobs,andthousandsofcitydwellersgoabroadforstudyorwork.Theunprecedentedsocialmobilityhasplacedseverestrainsonmarriedcouples,notonlyintermsofgeographicseparation,butalsopsychologicalchange.（原原因因2：民民工工潮潮和和出出国国热热的的社社会会流流动动对对家家庭庭的的压压力力）9Finally,legalchangeshavegreatlysimplifieddivorceprocedures.（主题句）Inthepastsuingforadivorcewasthemostdifficultthingeverimagined,youwouldntsucceedwithoutyearsofefforts.Nowthereviseddivorcelawmakeslegalseparationeasyformostpeopletoobtain.People,forexample,areallowedtogetdivorcemerelyforloverssake.Thusthelastbarriertodivorceisremoved.（原因3：新的婚姻法简便了离婚手续）Whateverchangesresponsiblefortheriseindivorcerate,onethingiscertain:thereisasignificantchangeinpeoplestraditionalviewofmarriageanddivorce.（最后是归纳性总结，对文章中心思想句加以重复）10(2)(2)解释理由：解释理由：解释理由：解释理由：解释性文章不仅是解释某种社会现象或社会问题及其原因，例如：为什么离婚率高？为什么青少年抽烟的越来越多？为什么成功者不总是最聪明者？也有解释做个人事情的理由：比如为什么我要上网？为什么我要学习英语等等。其结构是一样的，所不同的是往往以第一人称着笔。Task2:Youareallowed40minutestowriteanessayabout250wordsonthefollowingtopic.Goingabroadforstudiescostsalargesumofmoney.Butevensoitattractsmanyyoungpeople.Doyouliketojointhemifyouhaveanopportunity?Why?Giveyourreasons.11SampleAnswer:GoingAbroadforStudiesTheotherdayIannouncedthatIwouldgoabroadforfurtherstudiesrightaftermycollegeeducation.Mydecisionevokedtheimmediateobjectionofmyfamily:Why?WhyshouldIboughtahugesumofmoneyforoverseasstudieswhileImightreceivethesameeducationathomeatrelativelylowcost?Myansweris:inadditiontoknowledge,Icangainexperiencesthatthosewhostayathomewillneverhave.（用个人经历引出主题，继而引出了文章观点：我出国读书不只是为了知识，还有在国内读书体验不到的经历。）12First,experienceistheopportunityforthereal-lifeuseofforeignlanguages.（主题句）Whileapersoncanstudyaforeignlanguageathome,theeffectcanneverbecomparedwithconstantuseofthelanguageinacademicandeverydaylife.Thereisnobetteropportunitytoimprovesecond-languageskillsthanlivinginthecountryinwhichitisspoken.LivinginEnglish-speakingcountriessuchasAmericaandAustraliaforseveralyears,forexample,myEnglishwillbeasperfectasnativespeakers.（在国外自然接触外语的经历，其能力的提高是在国内不能比的。）13Second,livingandstudyingabroadoffersmeadifferentperspectiveoftheworld.（主题句）Onauniversitycampus,foreignstudentsarelikelytoencountertheircounterpartsfromdifferentcountriesandareasandareexposedtodifferentideasandvalues.Thishelpsmetohaveameaningfulunderstandingofdifferentsocietiesandinevitablyseesmyowncountryinanewlight.（在国外接触不同国家的价值观念，对了解自己国家，了解世界，开阔眼界很有帮助。）14Third,overseasexperience,frustratingandpainfulasitmaybe,ishelpful.（主主题题句句）Apersongoingabroadforstudyoftenexperiencesmuchmoredifficulty-difficultyinadaptingtoanewcultureandindealingwithallproblemsalone.Yet,thedifficulty,coupledwiththefrustrationbroughtonbycultureshock,isarewardingexperienceforonesfuturelifeanddevelopmentofpersonality.（在国外遇到的挫折和独立处理问题的经历对人生的成长是一种宝贵的财富。）15Althoughgoingabroadisexpensiveandperhapspainful,thepayoffisworthwhile.Forthebenefitisnotmerelyknowledgegained,buttheexperiencesdesirableinonespersonallife.（回到文章开头：出国学习所得到的不仅仅是知识，而且还有经历。）II.分析结构：分析结构：这类文章主要对某事物产生的影响或结果进行分析。因此这种结构比较简单。第一部分也即引言段引出要讨论的问题或现象；第二部分的正文段则对这个问题或现象所产生的影响或后果进行分析。其结构模式如下：Para.1IntroductionofProblemorPhenomenonThesisStatement16Task3:Youareallowed40minutestowriteanessayabout250wordsonthefollowingtopic.While most people pursue success,either academic orprofessional,some believe that success is not always a goodthing.Whatdoyouthinkofit?WhatkindofadverseeffectsitmayproducePara.3EffectorBenefitIIPara.2EffectorBenefitIPara.4EffectorBenefitIIIPara.5ConclusionSolutionorSuggestion17SampleAnswer:EffectsofSuccessEffectsofSuccessWangan,a bright and most successful student in our class,scores high in all courses she takes.From primary school tocollege,sheis anAstudentandawardedscholarships everyyear,butnooneexpectsshehasmentallycollapsedrecentlysimplybecauseshefailedtobeselectedinherdepartmentasthecandidateforstudyingoverseas.Wanganscaseisnotrare,butreflectsacommonphenomenonwhichshowsthatsuccessisnotalwaysagoodthing.（通过描述故事引出观点：成功并不一定好。）18 Success,especially the one that comes easily,isdamaging.（主题句）Thechildwhowinsthefirstprize in a painting contest with limited entries,thestudentwhogetsthreeAsinhisfirstyearofprimaryschool,theadultwhodistinguisheshimselfatafirsthobbyaccidentmayfaceprobabledisappointmentandfrustrationwhenrealchallengesarise.（成功来之不易，往往在遇到真正挑战时束手无策）19Successisalsobadwhenitsachievedatthecostofthetotalqualityofanexperience.（主题句）Forexample,successfulstudentsareoftentheoneswhoaresoobsessedwithgradesthattheyneverenjoyotheractivitiesoncampusandinlife.Theyneverdareventureintonewareas.Andthelackofexperiencesindifferentfieldstendstocontributetofrustrationandfailurewhentheyhandleproblemsbeyondtheirfields.（以牺牲发展其他方面的能力而获得单一方面的成功有害无益。）20Successcanbedestructiveforitproducesunbearablepressure.（主题句）Toscorehighinlearning,topasscollegeentranceexamination,todefeatrivalsinfiercecompetition,onehastoworkunderextremelyterriblepressureanddrivehimselftoohardtoapointwhereheseesasingleexamineasamatteroflifeanddeath.Hencecomemanytragedies.（为获取成功而承受巨大压力也会带来害处。）Itistimetorethinkofoursuccess.Wemayaskourselves:Isitgoodforoursociety-forourparents,forourmedia-toplacesomuchemphasisonsuccess?（提出重新考虑对成功的价值观，以问题结束，发人深思。）21III.比较结构：比较结构：对比和比较型论说文是英语考试作文中一种常见的命题方式。即要求对两个或两个以上的事物、事件、观点作比较，通过它们之间相同或相异之处的比较，看出它们各自的特点或优缺点。由于目的不同，写法也不同。一种是纯介绍性的，即通过比较或对比来客观地提供有关两事物的信息，并不表明自己的看法和态度。另一种是论述性的，即通过比较或对比来表明对两个事物的态度和看法。目前考试中的命题作文都属于这一种。22（1）倾向性比较：）倾向性比较：通过两事物(A,B)之间的不同特点和优缺点的比较，进行比较深入的论述。它的基本结构如下:Para.1IntroductionThesis:PreferAtoBPara.2BsadvantagesanddisadvantagesPara.3AsdisadvantagesandadvantagesPara.4AsadvantagesPara.5Conclusion23第一段先引出要比较的两个事物或事件。如能表明自己的倾向，也可在此段里表达。第二段至第四段主要通过对比和比较，进一步说明或阐述自己的看法。由于这种比较是有倾向的比较，因此对两事物的特点及优缺点的叙述不能“一视同仁”，而要有区别。一般说来，对要否定的事物其优缺点要少写、略写，一笔带过，在句子结构里，把优点置于从句位置。而其缺点要充分暴露，甚至不惜夸大。相反，对要肯定的事物其优点应多写、详写，充分显示，而对其缺点应轻描淡写，甚至不写。这种有侧重的叙述，较能保证观点鲜明。24在段落安排上，为体现这种主次轻重，可以这样安排：第二段要写否定的事物，先肯定其优点，然后指出其次致命的缺点。第三段要肯定的事物，先承认有一定的缺点，后分析其优点。第四段继续写肯定的事物，分析其他的优点。Task 4:You are allowed 40 minutes to write an essayabout250wordsonthefollowingtopic.Therearetwopopularmodelsoftraveling.Oneistojointhepackagetour,anotheristotravelindividually.Whichonedoyouprefer?Givereasonstoillustrateyourchoice.25SampleAnswer:ModelsofTravellingWiththeincreasedstandardoflivingandthedecliningworkingweeks,moreandmorecity-dwellersaretakingtheir holidays in scenic spots and places of interest.Mostofthemliketojoinpackagetoursasthismodeoftravel is said to be most convenient.But I prefer totravelindividuallyforfreedom.（引出两种不同的旅游方式，并表明倾向自助旅游，因为自由）It is true that joining a package tour can bring greatconvenience.Youdonthavetoworryaboutroomandboardduringthetravel,noraboutyourtransportation.Theguidewilltakecareofeverything.Whatyoudoistofollowtheguideandenjoythescenery.Butyoulose26yourfreedomforthis.Atthesightofhis/herflagwaving,youhavetotakeyourselfawayfromthescenesyouaremarvelingatandfollowtheguidewhosesoleinterestistocoverallspotsaccordingtohisschedule,regardlessoftheweatheroryourhealthcondition.（先肯定旅行社旅游的优点，接着就分析其缺点Individualtravel,however,givesyouagreatdegreeoffreedom.（主题句）Inclimbingmountains,youcanchoosetodriveupincablecars,ortakepleasureintheprocessofclimbing.Youcandecidewhentostartyourway,wheretolingeralittlelongerandwhichspottobeskipped over to save time for another spot.You canalwaysadjustyourplan.（然后转到自助旅游点上，详细阐述其优点，如可以自由安排日程等）27Travelling alone,you may encounter inconveniencesuchasgettingaccommodationforthenightandaplaceformeals.Butyoucanchoosethehotelandrestauranttoyourliking,andavoidtheembarrassmentofbeingforcedtoshareatableoraroomwithastranger.（用一句话自助旅游有食宿困难，但在这一点上继续分析其优点，如可以找自己喜欢的饭店和旅馆）Tohaveaholidaytouristoenjoyandrelaxyourself,andtorelaxthoroughly,freedomisofessence.Ifyoulosethefreedomofaction,itisnolongeraholidayinanythingbutname.ForthisreasonIliketravelingalonewithseveralfriends.（归纳自助旅游的优点）28（2）平衡性比较：）平衡性比较：有些文章作者既不完全赞成一事物，也不完全赞成另一事物，因而在依次分析了这两个事物的优缺点后，可作出平衡的结论。其基本模式是：Para.1IntroductionThesis:BothA&BhaveadvantagesanddisadvantagesPara.2AsadvantagesPara.3AsdisadvantagesPara.4Bsadvantages(anddisadvantages)Para.5BalancedConclusion29第一段引出要比较的两个基本点事物，然后表明看法，它们各有优缺点；第二段写A事物的优点；第三段写A事物的缺点；第四段写B事物的优缺点；第五段写平衡的看法。Task5:Youareallowed40minutestowriteanessayabout250wordsonthefollowingtopic.Someemphasizebookknowledge;othersstresspracticalexperience.Which one is more important?Give yourreasonstoillustrateyouropinion.30SampleAnswer:KnowledgeorExperienceWhichismoreimportantinlife,knowledgefromthebooks you read,or personal experience you gain inreality?Theanswermayvaryfrompersontoperson.Theyoung,educatedmayemphasizetheformer,andtheoldmaystressthelatter.Butinmyopinion,theyareofthesameimportance.（引出要比较的知识和经验，并表明两者都重要）Experience is priceless.How to become an efficientsecretary?Howtoprepareforyourfirstchildtocomeintotheworld?Thereissomuchexperienceweneedincareers,inlifeandeveninacademicstudies.Ithelpsonedealwiththeproblemswitheaseandconfidence.31Especiallyforstudentswhogrowupintheivorytower,togetinvolvedinpracticalactivitiesandtoaccumulateexperienceofdifferentkindsismorecrucial.（首先强调经验的重要）Experience,however,islimitedintermsoftimeandspace.（主题句）For one thing,it is impossible foranyone to experience all the events and meet all thefamous people.For another,as the speed with whichskills are obsolete and new problems crop up isunprecedented because of the fast development ofsociety,experienceisfarlessadequate.Dependingtoomuch on it only leads to narrow-mindedness andprejudice.（分析单靠经验的缺点）32Onewaytocompensateforitistoreadbooks,Booksofvariouskindscanbringusalmostunlimitedadditionalexperience.Frombooksyoucannotonlytracebacktothewisdom of our antecedents,but keep up with the latestdevelopmentsofscienceandtechnology.Tobesure,itssecondhandexperience.Butitistheidealsupplementtoourlimitedexperience.Fewofuscantravelaroundtheworld,orlivelongbeyondonehundredyears,butallofuslivemanylivesbyreadingbooks.（接着指出书本知识的重要性）Both book knowledge and personal experience areessential.Whileexperiencemakesonemoreresourceful,bookknowledgemakesonemorelearned.（归纳总结，作出平衡性结论）33IV评论结构：评论结构：评论某一事物、某一社会现象或某一观点（特别是有争议性的），以发表自己的看法是一种常见的写作题型。这种评论型的文章可以根据作者的观点采取不同的写法：一种是对谈论的事物持肯定、赞成的态度；另一种是对谈论的事物持否定、反对的态度；还有一种是对谈论的事物持平衡的看法。赞成与反对型的写法：赞成与反对型的写法：Para.IntroductionoftheissuetobediscussedThesis:Para.2Itsadvantages（赞成）或（反对）Para.3Itsadvantages（赞成）Itsdisadvantages（反对）34第一段引出要讨论的事物，可能的话在最后一句赞成或反对的态度。第二段不论是赞成型还是反对型都要先评论事物好的一面。第三段赞成型继续评论事物好的一面，反对型开始评论事物坏的一面。第四段赞成型的谈论事物的另一面，即不好的一面；反对型继续评论事物坏的一面。第五段是结论性的意见：赞成/反对。Para.4Itsadvantages（赞成）Itsdisadvantages（反对）Para.5ConclusionBiasedorBalanced35Task6:Youareallowed40minutestowriteanessayabout250wordsonthefollowingtopic.It is said that American students are incapable ofsimpleadditionandmostChinesestudentscantusetheabacus（算盘）（算盘）.Doyouthinkitisabadthing?Whatisyourattitude?36SampleAnswer:OldTechnologiesInarecentissueofChinaDaily,IreadastoryaboutAmericanhighschoolstudentswhocantdosimpleaddition.Itsaysthatwhenthecomputerized cash register in a fast-foodrestaurantbrokedown,thegirlwhodidapart-time job there had to stop work because shecould not figure how much change is ownedbackfroma$10bill.（通过报纸上登载的消息引出社会现象：高中生不会做简单的算术）37Manyreadersdeplorethefact.Itistrueasscience and technology develop,many oldtechnologiesarebeinglost.Theendofmentalcalculationsisonlyoneexample.Stopwritinglettersisanother.Butthisisnotnecessaryabadthing.Mustmodernyouthlearnhowtouseanabacusandhowtohandledialtelephone?（尽管许多读者对此表示担忧，而作者认为这不一定是坏事）38Ithinktheendofmentalcalculationsandthe abacus is an indication of socialprogress.This is no tragedy.They arevanishing because they cant satisfy thedemandsofmodernpeople.Whyshouldweuse abacus when we have electroniccalculations and computers,a much fastertool?Why should we write letters eachotherwhenwehavetelephonesandE-mail,amoreefficientsubstitute?（阐明看法：这是社会进步的标志）39Furthermore,thedevelopmentofsciencemustbeatthecostofobsoletetechnologies.Forexample,wewillhavenoroomtobuildcomfortablemodernbuildingsorconvenienthighwaysifold,traditionalbuildingsarenotdemolished.And,howwouldwedevelop the automobile industry if everyoneinsistedonridingbicycles?（继续谈论，人为社会进步必然要以淘汰旧的技术为代价）With the progress of society and advance ofscience,itisunavoidableforsomeoldtechnologiestobemadeobsoleteandextinct.Itisanaturallaw.Inthislight,theAmericangirlisnottoblame.（结论，回到文章开头，人为不会算术不应受指责）40Assignment:Youareallowed40minutestowriteabout250wordsonthefollowingtopic.TheInternetisbecomingincreasinglypopularinpeoplesdailylife.Whilepeopleenjoyitsbenefit,theyarealsoworriedaboutitssideeffects.（图表见word文档）41Thank You for Your Attention!