阅读理解新题型解题技巧.ppt

阅读理解（新题型）解题技巧讲座解题技巧讲座Skimming&Scanning略读和寻读略读和寻读题题 型型n是非判断题(Y/N/NG)n句子填空（完成句子）解题技巧（略读）解题技巧（略读）一一一一.略读略读略读略读(Skimming)(Skimming)(Skimming)(Skimming)1.1.1.1.概念：概念：概念：概念：又称又称“跳读跳读”(reading and skipping)(reading and skipping)或或“浏览浏览”(glancing)(glancing)。要求以尽可能快的阅读速度，。要求以尽可能快的阅读速度，迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。即要求读者有选择迅速获取文章大意或中心思想。即要求读者有选择地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以抓住文章的大概，地进行阅读，可跳过某些细节，以抓住文章的大概，从而加快阅读速度。从而加快阅读速度。目的：目的：快速把握整体和大局。窥几斑而知全豹。快速把握整体和大局。窥几斑而知全豹。2.2.2.2.略读的技巧略读的技巧略读的技巧略读的技巧n n要利用印刷细节，如标题、副标题、小标题、斜体要利用印刷细节，如标题、副标题、小标题、斜体词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等进行预测略读词、黑体词、脚注、标点符号等进行预测略读(preview skimming)(preview skimming)，了解作者的思路和行文模式，了解作者的思路和行文模式，以便把握大意、有关细节及其相互关系。以便把握大意、有关细节及其相互关系。n n以一般速度以一般速度(200-250wpm),(200-250wpm),阅读文章的开头两段，阅读文章的开头两段，力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、文章风格、口吻、力求抓住文章大意、背景情况、文章风格、口吻、语气等。语气等。n n阅读段落的主题句和结论句。阅读段落的主题句和结论句。n n注意转折词和序列词。注意转折词和序列词。However,moreover,in However,moreover,in addition;firstly,secondly addition;firstly,secondly 等。等。解题技巧（寻读）解题技巧（寻读）二二.寻读寻读(Scanning)(Scanning)1.1.概念：概念：又称“查读”，是一种从大量的资料中迅速查找某一项具体事实或某一特定信息(如人物、事件、时间、地点、数字等等)，而对其它无关部分则略去不读的快速阅读方法。n n目的：快速寻找特定信息。要什么找什么。n n2.2.2.2.寻读的技巧：寻读的技巧：寻读的技巧：寻读的技巧：n n利用材料的编排形式。例如利用材料的编排形式。例如:A.A.按字母顺序排列，如：词典、索引、邮编、电话簿按字母顺序排列，如：词典、索引、邮编、电话簿B.B.按日期和时间排列，如：电视节目。按日期和时间排列，如：电视节目。C.C.按年代排列，如：历史资料。按年代排列，如：历史资料。D.D.按类别排列，如：体育比赛。按类别排列，如：体育比赛。n n 利用章节标题和说明。利用章节标题和说明。n n抓住与某具体信息相关的提示词抓住与某具体信息相关的提示词(signal words)(signal words)。e.g.population,census,inhabitants,problem,e.g.population,census,inhabitants,problem,reason,explanation reason,explanation 等等等等。解题要点：解题要点：n n要尊重原文，依据原文，不可凭借自己的知识主观臆要尊重原文，依据原文，不可凭借自己的知识主观臆断。断。(如：判断如：判断N N或或NGNG题题)n n 要依据原文适当推断，勿做自行推断或过度推断。要依据原文适当推断，勿做自行推断或过度推断。n n题目中若出现题目中若出现must,only,allmust,only,all以及以及alwaysalways,答案一般都答案一般都不是不是Y Y。此时，答案可能是。此时，答案可能是N N或或NGNG，一般情况是，一般情况是N N。n n要抓住答案的规律。要抓住答案的规律。Y Y与与N N的比例相当，的比例相当，NGNG比例最少比例最少(一般只有一般只有1 1或或2 2个个)。一般不会连续出现。一般不会连续出现3 3个同样答案。个同样答案。n n相信自己的第一感觉，勿轻易改答案。相信自己的第一感觉，勿轻易改答案。解题步骤：解题步骤：第一步：定位。找出题目在原文中的出处。第一步：定位。找出题目在原文中的出处。1.1.仔细阅读各小标题，归纳出文章的主旨或主题。仔细阅读各小标题，归纳出文章的主旨或主题。【ExampleExample】Landfills(Landfills(考纲样题考纲样题)n nHow Much Trash Is Generated?How Much Trash Is Generated?n nWhat Is Trash Disposed of?What Is Trash Disposed of?n nWhat Is a Landfill?What Is a Landfill?n nBuilding the LandfillBuilding the Landfilln nWhat Happens to Trash in a Landfill?What Happens to Trash in a Landfill?n nHow Is a Landfill Operated?How Is a Landfill Operated?【题目题目】1.The passage gives a general description of the 1.The passage gives a general description of the structure and use of a landfill.structure and use of a landfill.【解题解题】归纳归纳6 6个小标题为个小标题为the structure of a landfill,the structure of a landfill,末段为末段为the the use of a landfill,use of a landfill,故可以初步判定该题目与主旨吻合。故可以初步判定该题目与主旨吻合。2.2.找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。找出题目中的关键词，最好先定位到原文中的一个段落。n n具体做法：具体做法：将题目中的关键词与原文各段落的小标题或每段将题目中的关键词与原文各段落的小标题或每段话的第一句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落。话的第一句相对照。有些题目能先定位到原文中的一个段落。如此可以大大减少做题时间，提高准确率。如此可以大大减少做题时间，提高准确率。ExampleExample Americans generateWhat happens to this trash?Americans generateWhat happens to this trash?Some gets recycled or recovered and some is burned,but Some gets recycled or recovered and some is burned,but the the majoritymajority is is buriedburied in in landfillslandfills.How is trash disposed of?How is trash disposed of?about 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted,16 about 27 percent of the trash is recycled or composted,16 percent is buried and percent is buried and 57 percent57 percent is is buriedburied in in landfillslandfills.题目题目 2.most of the trash that Americans generate 2.most of the trash that Americans generate ends upends up in landfills.in landfills.解题解题 根据谓语动词根据谓语动词ends upends up可将答案定位于标题可将答案定位于标题How is Trash How is Trash disposed of?disposed of?所在的段落。所在的段落。n n3.3.快读段落，另找关键词确定答案所在句。快读段落，另找关键词确定答案所在句。题目题目 2.most of the trash that Americans generate 2.most of the trash that Americans generate ends upends up in landfills.in landfills.解题解题 题目的关键词为题目的关键词为题目的关键词为题目的关键词为mostmost及及及及ends up,landfills ends up,landfills 为为为为线索词。故判定答案为线索词。故判定答案为线索词。故判定答案为线索词。故判定答案为Y Y。小窍门小窍门 考试题中若出现考试题中若出现考试题中若出现考试题中若出现most,majority,measure,most,majority,measure,fee,size,cost,speedfee,size,cost,speed等与数字有关的名词，可直等与数字有关的名词，可直等与数字有关的名词，可直等与数字有关的名词，可直接与原文中的某一具体数字联系在一起。接与原文中的某一具体数字联系在一起。接与原文中的某一具体数字联系在一起。接与原文中的某一具体数字联系在一起。4.4.细读答案句，筛选出正确答案。细读答案句，筛选出正确答案。5.5.注意顺序性。题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。注意顺序性。题目的顺序和原文的顺序基本一致。n n第二步：判断。根据下列原则和规律，确定正确答第二步：判断。根据下列原则和规律，确定正确答案。案。一一一一.判断题判断题判断题判断题(Yes/No/Not Given)(Yes/No/Not Given)(Yes/No/Not Given)(Yes/No/Not Given)1.Y(for Yes)1.Y(for Yes)型题的判断原则。型题的判断原则。1)1)题目是原文的同义表达法，通常用同义词或同义结题目是原文的同义表达法，通常用同义词或同义结构。构。【ExampleExample】n n 原文原文 In most parts of the world,In most parts of the world,there are there are regulations that governregulations that govern where a landfill can be where a landfill can be placed and how it can operateplaced and how it can operaten n 题目题目 5.In most countries the selection of a 5.In most countries the selection of a landfill site landfill site is governed by rules and regulations.is governed by rules and regulations.n n2)2)题目是根据原文中的几句话作出推断或归纳。此题目是根据原文中的几句话作出推断或归纳。此类题目需要考生简单推断，但勿自行推理或过度推类题目需要考生简单推断，但勿自行推理或过度推理。理。【ExampleExample】n n 原文原文 Compare our admission inclusive fare and see how Compare our admission inclusive fare and see how much you save.Cheapest is not the best.much you save.Cheapest is not the best.If you compare If you compare our bargain our bargain Daybreak faresDaybreak fares,beware most of our,beware most of our competitors do not offer an all inclusive petitors do not offer an all inclusive fare.n n 题目题目 5.5.Daybreak faresDaybreak fares are are expensiveexpensive than than most of their most of their competitorscompetitors.n n 解题解题 文章虽然没有直接提到文章虽然没有直接提到 faresfares的费用比绝大多数的竞争的费用比绝大多数的竞争对手都昂贵，但依据原文可推断出对手都昂贵，但依据原文可推断出 DaybreakDaybreak和绝大多数的和绝大多数的竞争对手相比，收费更高，但服务项目更全，与题目意思一竞争对手相比，收费更高，但服务项目更全，与题目意思一致，故判定为致，故判定为Y Y。n n2.N(for No)2.N(for No)2.N(for No)2.N(for No)型题的判断原则。型题的判断原则。型题的判断原则。型题的判断原则。n n1)1)题目与原文直接相反。通常用反义词、题目与原文直接相反。通常用反义词、not not 加同加同义词及反义结构。义词及反义结构。【ExampleExample】n n 原文原文 A landfill is not like a compost pileA landfill is not like a compost pile(混和肥混和肥料堆料堆),where the purpose is to bury trash in such a),where the purpose is to bury trash in such a way that it will decompose(way that it will decompose(分解分解)quickly.)quickly.n n 题目题目 4.4.Landfills are like compost pilesLandfills are like compost piles in that in that they speed up decomposition of the buried trash.they speed up decomposition of the buried trash.n n 解题解题 原文中说原文中说A landfill is not like a compost pileA landfill is not like a compost pile，但题目中却说，但题目中却说Land fills are like compost pilesLand fills are like compost piles。二。二者完全相反，故判定为者完全相反，故判定为N N。n n2)2)原文用原文用bothbothand,and,or,alsoand,and,or,also等词列举两个或多个情等词列举两个或多个情形形(通常为两个通常为两个)并存，而题目却用并存，而题目却用mustmust或或onlyonly等词说成是其等词说成是其中一种情况。反之亦然。这种以偏概全或添油加醋的现象可中一种情况。反之亦然。这种以偏概全或添油加醋的现象可判定为判定为N N。【ExampleExample】n n 原文原文 In the United States,In the United States,taking care of trash and taking care of trash and building landfills are local government responsibilitiesbuilding landfills are local government responsibilitiesn n 题目题目 4.In the United States 4.In the United States the building of landfills is the the building of landfills is the job of job of bothboth federal federal andand local government.local government.n n 解题解题 原文中说原文中说taking care of trash and building landfills taking care of trash and building landfills 只只是是local governmentlocal government的责任，但题目中却说是的责任，但题目中却说是both federal both federal and local governmentand local government的工作。添油加醋，故判定为的工作。添油加醋，故判定为N N。n n3)3)题目是原文中的比较级的误用或与原文中表示比题目是原文中的比较级的误用或与原文中表示比较概念的词语相混淆。较概念的词语相混淆。【ExampleExample】n n 原文原文 The United States ranks somewhere The United States ranks somewhere in the middle in the middle ofof the major countries(United Kingdom,Canada,)in the major countries(United Kingdom,Canada,)in landfill disposal.The United Kingdom landfill disposal.The United Kingdom ranks highestranks highest,burying,burying about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.about 90 percent of its solid waste in landfills.n n 题目题目 3.Compared with other major industrialized 3.Compared with other major industrialized countries,America buries countries,America buries a much highera much higher percentage of its percentage of its solid waste in landfills.solid waste in landfills.n n 解题解题 原文中提到原文中提到The United Kingdom ranks highest,The United Kingdom ranks highest,burying solid waste in landfills.burying solid waste in landfills.但题目中却说是但题目中却说是America America buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in buries a much higher percentage of its solid waste in landfills,landfills,与原文矛盾。故判定为与原文矛盾。故判定为N N。n n注意：注意：much higher in the middle of.much higher in the middle of.n n4)4)原文和题目使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的词。原文和题目使用了表示不同范围、频率、可能性的词。原文中用原文中用many,sometimesmany,sometimes及及unlikelyunlikely等词。而题目中常用等词。而题目中常用all,all,usually,alwaysusually,always及及impossibleimpossible等词。等词。【ExampleExample】n n 原文原文 Without a qualification from a reputable school or Without a qualification from a reputable school or university,it is unlikely to find a job.university,it is unlikely to find a job.n n 题目题目 It is impossible to get a good job without a It is impossible to get a good job without a qualification from a respected institution.qualification from a respected institution.n n 解题解题 原文中原文中unlikelyunlikely强调的是强调的是“不太可能不太可能”，但题目中却说，但题目中却说是是impossible(impossible(完全不可能完全不可能)，语气过于绝对。故判定为，语气过于绝对。故判定为N N。提。提示：示：unlikely impossible.unlikely impossible.n n5)5)原文中包含由原文中包含由if,unless,if not if,unless,if not 等引导的条件状等引导的条件状语，而题目中则少掉条件成分。这种断章取义的情语，而题目中则少掉条件成分。这种断章取义的情况可判定为况可判定为N N。【Example1Example1】n n 原文原文 The Internet is a hazardous tool The Internet is a hazardous tool if it is not properly if it is not properly used.used.n n 题目题目 The Internet is dangerous.The Internet is dangerous.【Example 2Example 2】n n 原文原文 The corruption cannot be well wiped out The corruption cannot be well wiped out unless an unless an efficient mechanism is set up to deal with it.efficient mechanism is set up to deal with it.n n 题目题目 The corruption can never be eradicated.The corruption can never be eradicated.n n3.NG(for Not Given)3.NG(for Not Given)型题的判断原则。型题的判断原则。型题的判断原则。型题的判断原则。1)1)题目中的关键内容在原文中没有提及或找不到依据题目中的关键内容在原文中没有提及或找不到依据【ExampleExample】n n 原文原文 In addition,there is a In addition,there is a household hazardous wastehousehold hazardous waste drop-off station for chemicals(paints,pesticides)that are drop-off station for chemicals(paints,pesticides)that are banned from the landfill Some paints can be recycled and banned from the landfill Some paints can be recycled and some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces or power some organic chemicals can be burned in furnaces or power plantsplantsn n 题目题目 7.Hazardous wastes have to be treated before 7.Hazardous wastes have to be treated before being dumped into landfills.being dumped into landfills.n n 解题解题 原文中虽然提到家庭制造的危险垃圾，但始终没有提原文中虽然提到家庭制造的危险垃圾，但始终没有提到危险垃圾倒进垃圾填埋场之前该如何处理。故判定为到危险垃圾倒进垃圾填埋场之前该如何处理。故判定为NGNG。n n2)2)题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围，即更加题目中涉及的范围小于原文涉及的范围，即更加具体。具体。【Example1Example1】n n 原文原文 Tourists in South Africa come mainly from Tourists in South Africa come mainly from EuropeEurope.n n 题目题目 Tourists in South Africa come mainly from Tourists in South Africa come mainly from EnglandEngland.n n4)4)题目中有比较级，而原文中则没有。题目中有比较级，而原文中则没有。【Example1Example1】n n 原文原文 In Sydney,In Sydney,a vast array of ethnic and local a vast array of ethnic and local restaurantsrestaurants can be found to suit all palates and pockets.can be found to suit all palates and pockets.n n 题目题目 There is now a greater variety of restaurants to There is now a greater variety of restaurants to choose from in Sydney than in the past.choose from in Sydney than in the past.n n4)4)原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、保证、原文是某人的目标、目的、想法、愿望、保证、发誓等，而题目则说成是事实。发誓等，而题目则说成是事实。【事实事实vs.vs.观点观点】【Example1】n 原文 His aim was to bring together,once every four years,athletes from all countries on the friendly fields of amateur sport.n 题目 Only amateur athletes are allowed to compete in the modern Olympics.#n n二二.补全句子题型的解题原则补全句子题型的解题原则n n1.1.题目中的题目中的“形名形名”结构由原文中的结构由原文中的“动副动副”结构转换结构转换而来，即：原文中的而来，即：原文中的“动状结构动状结构”转换成题目中的转换成题目中的“定中定中（心词）结构（心词）结构”。这是这一考试类型的典型特征。这是这一考试类型的典型特征。【ExampleExample】n n 原文原文 A landfill,such as the North Wake County Landfill,A landfill,such as the North Wake County Landfill,must be open and available everyday.must be open and available everyday.Customers are Customers are typicallytypically municipalities and construction companies,municipalities and construction companies,although residents may also use the landfill.although residents may also use the landfill.n n 题目题目 8.8.Typical customersTypical customers of the landfill are_.of the landfill are_.n n 解题解题 Customers are typical Customers are typical Typical customers are.Typical customers are.n n 答案答案 municipalities and construction companies.municipalities and construction companies.n n2.2.题目中的句子结构与原文中的决子结构没有明显题目中的句子结构与原文中的决子结构没有明显的区别，答案的确定可根据题目中的某个关键词。的区别，答案的确定可根据题目中的某个关键词。【ExampleExample】n n 原文原文 As customers enter the site,their trucks are As customers enter the site,their trucks are weighed at the scale house.Customers are weighed at the scale house.Customers are chargedcharged tipping tipping fees for using the site.The tipping fees for using the site.The tipping feesfees vary from$10 to$40 vary from$10 to$40 per ton.per ton.n n 题目题目 9.To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill,9.To dispose of a ton of trash in a landfill,customers have to pay a tipping fee of _.customers have to pay a tipping fee of _.n n 解题解题 关键词：关键词：fee,cost,speed,size.fee,cost,speed,size.n n 答案答案$10 to$40$10 to$40。#Reading In Depth仔细阅读理解仔细阅读理解之之篇章词汇题理解题篇章词汇题理解题解题技巧解题技巧n n一.跳读全文，抓住文章的中心思想。n n二.阅读词库的选项，对词性进行分类。n n三.瞻前顾后，灵活选择。n n四.复读全文，谨慎调整。解题步骤解题步骤n n一一.判定要填入的词的词性时，要注意空格前后的判定要填入的词的词性时，要注意空格前后的内容，至少是一个单词，这样可以大大缩小选择内容，至少是一个单词，这样可以大大缩小选择的范围。此外，判定词性时可以重点分析动词的的范围。此外，判定词性时可以重点分析动词的时态，即哪几个是一般时，哪几个时过去时，哪时态，即哪几个是一般时，哪几个时过去时，哪几个是过去分词。几个是过去分词。n n注意：注意：此类考题不要求考生改写选项，所以，根此类考题不要求考生改写选项，所以，根据上下文时态对应原则，可缩小选择范围。据上下文时态对应原则，可缩小选择范围。n n二.如果选项中出现一组反义词时，往往又一个是干扰选项，它注重考查的是对文章框架的理解，要求考生理解整篇文章的语境色彩，如积极与消极，肯定与否定，褒义与贬义等。n nExample:n nSoon after she came to the university,she was losing interest in her study.Therefore,study was becoming her _.n n备选项：breakthrough,blessing,nightmare.n n三.要有总体观，不必按顺序做题。n n原则：先做有把握的词，以便缩小范围，最后重点围剿悬而未决的空格。