考博英语写摘要.docx

如何写摘要1篇写摘要就是把一篇较长的文章压缩成短文。写摘要时首先要准确地理解原文，搞清原文 中所叙事件之间、人与人之间、观点与观点之间的关系，搞清原文中的要点与次要内容，然 后抓住主要情节或主要论点组织成篇。写摘要要注意以下几点：（1）写成的摘耍必须是一个有机整体，而不是原文词句的不相协调的联结，必须较全 面地概括原文，使读者不看原文就能了解原文大意。（2）耍忠于原文，不可偏离原文，不能遗漏原文中主要情节或论点。（3）原文中的直接引语在摘要中要改成间接引语。（4）写成的摘要字数不得超过原文的l/3o（5）原文中的细节、举例可略去，描写性的文字可略去，尽量用词组代替句子或从句。2篇如何写一篇文章的摘要？-下文是对英语写作手册相关章节的翻译摘要是对一篇文章的主题思想的简单陈述。它用最简洁的语言概括了原文的主题。写摘要主 要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。第一步：阅读A.认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文 的理解就越深刻。B.给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可 以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确 定文章的中心思想。C.现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行 概括。D.简要地记下主要观点一一主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。第二步：动手写作A.摘要应该只有原文的三分之一或四分之一长。因此首先数一下原文的字数，然后除以三, 得到一个数字。摘要的字数可以少于这个数字，但是千万不能超过这个数字。B.摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。C.应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。D.摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌 握材料的原意。E.写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧: 1）删除细节。只保留主要观点。2）选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。3）把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么 你只要把它们变成一两句即可。5）压缩长的句子。“His courage in 可以概括为：” He “He was hard up 可以概括为：“He4）避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不 能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。如下列两例：battle might without exaggeration be called lion-like. ” was very brave in battle. ”for money and was being pressed by his creditor. ”was in financial difficulties. ” 6）你还可以使用词组代替整句或者从句。请看下面的例子:uBeautiful mountains like Mount Tai, Lushan Mountain, and Mount Huang, were visited by only a few people in the past. Today, better wages, holidays with pay, new hotels on these mountains, and better train and bus services, have brought them within reach of many who never thought of visiting them ten years ago. ”可以概括为：” Beautiful mountains like Mount Tai, once visited by only a few people, are today accessible to many, thanks to better wages, paid holidays, new hotels and better transportation services. ”7）使用概括性的名词代替具体的词，比如：“She brought home several Chinese and English novels, a few copies of Time and Newsweek and some textbooks. She intended to read all of them during the winter vocation. ”可以概括为：" She brought home a lot of books to read during the vocation. ?8）使用最短的连接词。比如，可以使用but, then, thus, yet, though,不能使用at the same time, in the first place, because of these, on the other hand 等较长的连接 词。通常，使用分号就能够达成使用连接词的效果。9）文章中的第一人称说的话通常在摘要中转换成第三人称，从而把大段的对白简化，比如:Kate looked at Paul disapprovingly: You use much too much salt on your food, Paul 一 it' s not good for you! ” Paul put down his knife and frowned: " Why on earth not! If you didn' t have salt on your food it would taste awful- like eating cardboard or sand- just imagine bread without salt in it, or potatoes or pasta cooked without salt!” Kate was patient. She didn' t want to quarrel with Paul. She wanted to persuade him. She said firmly: " But too much salt is bad for you. It cause high blood pressure and latter on, heart-attacks. It also disguises the taste of food, the real tastes which are much more subtle than salt, and which we have lost the sensitivity to appreciate any more. ”可以用第三人称概括为:Kate suggested to Paul that he should eat less salt. She thought that eating too much salt would do hard to Paul' s health and that it could reduce the real tastes of food. But Paul disagreed. He said that food without salt would be tasteless.第三步：修改成文草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要 中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子, 删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。3篇一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。美国人称摘要为“Abstrac忙而英国人则喜 欢称其为“Summary”。通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。而对文章摘要部 分的字数要求则更少。因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。论文摘要 的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。而国际刊物要求所刊登的 论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵 盖全文，并直接点明全旨。语言上要求尽量简炼。摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不 必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报 告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地 了解书籍的要义。写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。摘要分陈述性的(Descriptive)和资料性的(Informational)两类。陈述性摘要只陈述书 籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容。资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个 要点的主要内容。它可以包括三个组成部分点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。二、常见句型常见的摘要句型有：1) This paper deals with.2) This article focuses on the topics of (that,having,etc).3) This eassy presents knowledge that.4) This thesis discusses.5) This thesis analyzes.6) This paper provides an overview of.7)This paper elaborates on .8) This article gives an overview of.9) This article compares.and summarizes key findings.10) This paper includes discussions concerning.ll)This paper presents up to date information on.12)This article covers the role of chemicals in.13)This paper addresses important topics including.14)This paper touches upon.15)This paper strongly emphasizes.16)This eassy represents the preceedings of.17)This article not only describes.but also suggests.18)This paper considers.19)This paper provides a method of.20)This paper introduces an applicable procedure to analyze.21)This paper offers the latest information regarding.22)This paper is devoted to examining the role of.23)This article explores.24)This paper expresses views on.25)This paper reflects the state of the art in.26)This paper explains the procedures for.27)This paper develops the theory of .28)This article reviews the techniques used in.29)This paper investigates the techniques and procedures to.30)This article is about.31)This eassy is related to .32)This paper concerns.33)This paper gives an account of.34)This article tells of.35)This paper tries to describe.36)This paper provides an analysis of .37)This paper reports the latest information on .38)The author of this article reviews.39)The writer of this paper discusses.40)The writer of this eassy tries to explore.41)The aim of this paper is to determine.42)The purpose of this article is to review.43)The objective of this paper is to explore.破题用语，一般有： The author of this article reviews (or: discusses, describes,summarizes,examines) somethingThis article reviews (or:reports,tells of,is about,concerns)somethingThis article has been prepared (or:designed,written)©The purpose of this article is to determine somethingThe problem of something is discussed结论和建议，一般有以下几种写法：The author suggests (recommends,concludes)thatThis article shows thatIt is suggested that©The author's suggestion (or:conclusion )is thatThe author finds it necessary to三、分类举例1)陈述型论文摘要。陈述型论文摘要(Descriptive Abstract) 一般只说明论文的主题是 什么，多半不介绍内容。4篇1)英文摘要的时态。英文摘要时态的运用也以简练为佳，常用一般现在时、一般过 去时，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，进行时态和其他复合时态基本不用。一般现在时。用于说明研究目的、叙述研究内容、描述结果、得出结论、提出建议 或讨论等。分别举例如下：This study (investigation) is (conducted, undertaken) toThe anatomy of secondary xylem (次生木质部)in stem of Davi di a involucr ata (琪桐)and Camptotheca acuminata (喜树)is compared. The result shows(r eveals) , It is found that-*The conclusions are*The author suggests-*.涉 及到公认事实、自然规律、永恒真理等，当然也要用一般现在时。一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、观察、 调查、医疗等过程)。例如：The heat pulse technique was applied to study the stemstaflow (树干液流)of two main deciduous broadleaved tree species in Ju ly and August, 1996.需要指出的是，用一般过去时描述的发现、现象，往往是尚不能 确认为自然规律、永恒真理的，而只是当时如何如何；所描述的研究过程也明显带有过 去时间的痕迹。现在完成时和过去完成时。完成时少用，但不是不用。现在完成时把过去发生的或 过去已完成的事情与现在联系起来，而过去完成时可用来表示过去某一时间以前已经完 成的事情，或在一个过去事情完成之前就已完成的另一过去行为。例如：Concrete ha s been studied for many years. Man has not yet learned to store the solar e nergy.2）英文摘要的语态。采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。 一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混用。主动语态。现在主张摘要中谓语动词尽量采用主动语态的越来越多，因其有助于文字 清晰、简洁及表达有力。The author systematically introduces the history and development of the tissue culture of poplar 比 The history and development of the tissue culture of poplar are introduced systematically 语感要强。必要 时,The author systematically都可以去掉,而直接以Introduces开头。被动语态。以前强调多用被动语态，理由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那 件事是谁做的，无须一一证明。事实上，在指示性摘要中，为强调动作承受者，还是采 用被动语态为好。即使在报道性摘要中，有些情况下被动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的 事物做主语。例如：In this case, a greater accuracy in measuring distance mi ght be obtained. 3）英文摘要的人称。原来摘要的首句多用第三人称This pape r等开头，现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词开头。例如：To describe-, To study*, To investigate*, To assess*, To determine*, The torrent c lassification model and the hazard zone mapping model are developed based o n the geography information system.行文时最好不用第一人称，以方便文摘刊物的 编辑刊用。4）注意事项。应避免一些常见的错误。冠词。主要是定冠词the易被漏用。the用于表示整个群体、分类、时间、地名以 外的独一无二的事物、形容词最高级等较易掌握，用于特指时常被漏用。这里有个原则, 即当我们用the时,听者或读者已经确知我们所指的是什么。例如：The author desi gned a new machine. The machine is operated with solar energy. 由于现在缩略 语越来越多，要注意区分a和an,如an X ray.数词。避免用阿拉伯数字作首词,如：Three hundred Dendrolimus tabulaeform is larvae are collected中的 Three hundred 不要写成 300.单复数。一些名词单复数形式不易辨认，从而造成谓语形式出错。尽量使用短句。因为，长句容易造成语义不清；但要避免单调和重复。科技期刊涉及专 业多，英文更是不易掌握，各行各业甚至表达方式、遣词造句都有区别。如果有机会， 要多与英语国家同行接触，多请他们改一些国人所撰写的摘要或论文，积累经验，摸索 规律。如果缺少这样的机会，多看英文文献，也会有助于我们英文写作及水平的提高。