人教版七年级英语语法归纳总结.docx
人教版七年级语法归纳总结最新1、目前所学的动词的形式有4种:动词原形;如:do;have;like动词的单三式(常在动词原形后加s);如:get-gets动词不定式(to+动词原形);如:meet-to meet动词ing式(动词原形后加ing)如:look-looking2、表示征求意见或建议邀请的礼貌用语Would you like+to+动词原形?(你想要吗?)How about+动词ing ?(怎么样? 好不好?)What about +动词ing?(怎么样? 好不好?)Why not +动词原形?(为什么不呢?)Why don't you +动词原形?(你为什么不呢?)Let's +动词原形.(让我们吧。)表示同意、答应:Yes,I'd like to./Oh,I'd love to. Allright/OK . Great! Sure . Goodidea! Thanks. I'llbe glad to©Thanks.That would be very nice.I'd like that.表示不同意、拒绝:No,thanks,Sorrycan't.I'd like to.But I'm afraid I can't/I have no time.3、目前学过的情态动词有can, may,could,would和will等五个。学好情态动词必须把握三个用法:后必须跟动词原形;没有三单式(其后不能加s);可以把情态动词提到句首构成疑问句; 可以在情态动词后面加上not构成否定句。4、目前学过的后跟动词不定式(to+动词原形)的有:would like to+动词原形(想要做某事);wantto+动词原形(想要做某事);forget to+动词原形(忘记要做某事);like to+动词原形(喜欢做某事);love to +动词原形(喜欢做某事)ask sb. to +动词原形.(请/叫某人做某事)tellsb.to+动词原形.(告诉/叫某人做某事)would like sb. to +动词原形.(想叫某人做某事)want sb. to +动词原形.(想叫某人做某事)have to +动词原形(必须/不得不做某事)Nice/Glad/happy to +动词原形(很高兴做某事)如: Nice to meet you.I'm glad to be here.5、目前学过的后跟动词原形的有:情态动词:can,may,could,would,will 后;助动词do,dontdoes,doesn上后(does,doesn上一出现,三单式要滚蛋);动词 please(请)后:如:Please tell him about the picnic.短语 Why not./Why don't you.后;动词 let 后; 如:Let Jane help you. Let's go home.My parents and I sometimes go out to eat.我和父母有时出去吃饭。It often rains here.这儿常常下雨。主语为第三人称单数时的一般现在时一般现在时态,当主语为第三人称单数时,谓语动词也要是第三人称单数,后要加-s或-es。He likes reading at night.他喜欢夜里读书。She usually goes to school by bike.她平时骑车上学。The little cat drinks milk every day.小猫每天都喝牛奶。转换成否定句要加doesn' 3其后的动词用原形。Kelly doesn' t get up early on Saturdays and Sundays.凯丽星期六星期天起床不早。He doesn? t feel well today.他今天感觉不舒服。转换成一般疑问句,句首用Does,其后的动词用原形。Does he have lunch at school?他在学校吃午饭吗?Does it take long by train?乘火车要很长时间吗?19.现在进行时态:概念:表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作,也可以表示目前一段时间 内或现阶段正在进行的活动。结构:由be动词(am, is, are) +动词ing构成,其中be动词要与主语保持性数一致。Mary is flying a kite in the park.玛丽正在公园里放风筝。-What are you doing now?你现在在干什么?I' m reading English.我正在读英语。Are they drawing the pictures now?他们正在画画吗?动词现在分词是动词原形变化而来的,规则变化如下:动词ing形式叫动词现在分词,其构成如下:1)直接在动词后加ingplay-playing, do-doing, talk-talking, sing-singing2)以不发音的字母e结尾的动词,先去e,再加ingmakemaking, writewriting, havehaving, taketaking3)以重读闭音节结尾的动词且词尾只有一个辅音字母,应双写这个辅音字母, 再加ingrun一running, stop-stopping, putputting, swim-swimming注意对现在进行时态的判断。判断一个英语句子用什么时态,主要看句子的时间 状语,一般说来,每种时态都有与之相对应的时间状语。现在进行时表示现在(说 话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。因此,这个时态最常用的时间状语是now;但有 不少句子并没有now,只能通过提示语如look> listen等或者通过上下文来确定 用现在进行时。She is cleaning her room now, 她正在打扫房间。Look! The girl is dancing over there.看!那个女孩在那里跳舞。Can you go and play games with me?你能和我们一起做游戏吗?Can? t you see I am doing my homework?你没看见我正在做作业吗?20 一般过去时一般过去时表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态,常和表示过去的时间状语连用。一般过去时也表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。1. Be动词在一般过去时中的变化:(Dam和is在一般过去时中变为was。(was not=wasn,t) (2)are 在一般过去时中变为 were。 (were not=weren,t)带有was或were的句子,其否定、疑问的变化和is, am, are一样,即否定句在was或w ere后加not, 一般疑问句把was或were放到句首。2. 句中没有be动词的一般过去时的句子否定句:didn't + 动词原形,如:Jim didn't go home yesterday.一般疑问句:在句首加did,句子中的动词过去式变回原形。如:Did Jim go home yesterday?特殊疑问句:疑问词+did+主语+动词原形?如: What did Jim do yesterday?疑问词当主语时:疑问词+动词过去式?如:Who went to home yesterday?动词过去式变化规则:1 . 一般在动词末尾加-ed,如:pull-pulled, cook-cooked.结尾是 e 加 d,如:taste-tasted2 .末尾只有一个元音字母和一个辅音字母的重读闭音节,应双写末尾的辅音字母,再加-e d,如:stop-stopped.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,再加-ed, $n : study-studied5.不规则动词过去式:am,is-was are-were,do-did,see-saw,say-saidgive-gave, get- got,go-went,come-came,have-had,eat-ate, take-took,run-ran,sing-sang,put-put,make-made, read-read,write-wrote,draw-drew, drink-drank,fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke,fly-flew, ride-rode, speak-spoke,sweep-swept,buy-boughtswim-swam, sit-satbring-broughtcan-could cut-cut become-became begin-began draw-drewforget-forgot hear-heardkeep-keptlearn-learnt (learned) leave-leftmeet-metread-readsleep-sleptfeel-felt find-foundfeel-felt find-foundknow-knewlet-let lose-lostspeak-spoke take-tookwake-woke think-thoughteach-taught tell-toldwrite-wrote动词 help 后,也可带 to;如:Let's help Maria (to) carry water.祈使句以动词原形开头,如:Have a seat, please.请坐下。6、目前学笄的后跟动词皿的有:Be 动词后的动词;如:Are you kidding? Fm just looking.This is Michael speaking. 所有的介词后;已学过的介词有:at,for,about,in,on,from,of,to,with,after等。如:What about +动词 ing? Whatabout flying a kite with me ?How about +动词 ing? 一How about going fishing this Sunday?It's time for going home=Ifs time to go home.Thank you for helping me=Thank you for your help.go +动词inggo fishing去钓鱼;go shopping去购物do some shopping 购物like/love +动词ing (喜欢做某事)7、有单复数变化的词名词(1)名词单数变复数的方法1)大部分在词尾加s.如:dog-dogs2)以-s, -x, -ch, -sh 结尾的加 es.如:class-classes bus-buses glass-glasses box-boxeswatch-watches(手表)fish-fishes3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,加es.baby-babies(婴儿)familyfamilies(家庭)studystudies(书房)fly-flies(蝇子)注意:boy-boysplay-playstoy-toysway-waysmonkey-monkeys4)以f,fe结尾的,变f,fe为v,加es.halfhalves(一半)knife-knives(小刀)yourself(你自己)一yourselves(你们自己)(2)特殊变化的词1) a 变 e: man一men(男 子)woman一women(女子)snowman-snowmen(雪人) Englishman Englishmen(英 国人) Englishwoman-Englishwomen(英 国 妇女)2) o 变 e: footfeet(脚)toothteeth(牙齿)3)单复数同形:ChineseChinese(中国人)fishEsh(鱼) yuan-yuan(人 民 币元)4) mouse一mice (老鼠) child一children。L童)5)合成词中一般变后面的词:apple treeapple trees(苹果树)但下列需前后都变:man teachermen teachers (男教师)woman doctor-women doctors(女 医生)6)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。例如:people (人们)police (警察们) 本身就是复数,family指“全家人”时,本身也是复数,它们都不能加s.如:The Chinesepeople蜜very kind.中国人民都 很友好。Kangkang9s family are all tall and thin.康康全家人都又高又瘦。be动词:单数am, is;复数are行为动词:复数:动词原形单数:在行为动词后加s或es (即动词的三单式)。如:Maria likes milk. (likes 是三单式,为单数) Maria and Jane 11拴milk. (like是动词原形,为复数) 指示代词单数:this这个 that那个复数:these这些those那些8.名词+' s所有格单数名词后直接加“ 's ”:Jim' s coat吉姆的外套Jeff' smother杰夫的妈妈以s结尾的复数名词,只加Teachers' Day 教师节 the twins? books 双胞胎的书不以s结尾的不规则的名词复数,加“ 's ”Children? s Day 儿童节 men' s shoes 男式鞋表示两者共同拥有时,只在最后一个名词后加'sLucy and LilyJ s mother露茜和莉莉的妈妈(共同的妈妈,一个妈妈)表示两者各自拥有时,要在每个名词后加'sLucy' sand Kate' s rooms露茜和凯特的房间(各自的房间,两间房子)9、人称代词和物主代词表人 称 代 词主格Iweyouheshe.Itthey宾格meusyouhimheritthem中文我我们你,你们他她它他们物 主 代 词形容 词性myouryourhisheritstheir名词 性mineoursyourshishersitstheirs中文我的我们的你的;你们的他的她的它的他们的用法:人称代词主格:作主语,常放在句首;人称代词宾格:作宾语,放在动词和介词后;形容词性物主代词:后有名词时,用形容词性;(直名则影)名词性物主代词:后无名词时,用名词性。(无名则与).句子的成分主语:是句子要说明的人和物,是动作的发出者,是句子的主体,一般放在句首。主语由 名词,代词担任。谓语:说明主语的动作。只有动词才作谓语,一般放在主语之后。宾语:是动作的接受者。放在动词或介词后。由名词,代词担任。如:Michael often looks after his sister at home on Sunday. 主语.三单问题总则:主语是第三人称单数时,动词(谓语)要用三单式。如:He gets up at six。由于主语He是第三人称单数,动词get后要s,即gets是三单式。 可以作第三人称单数主语(三单主语)的有:(Dhe, she, it; (2)单个的人;单个的物。 动词三单式的构成(1)特殊的:beis havehas(2)有规律的:1)大部分在词尾加s;如:get一gets take一一takesneed-needs know一knows2)以s, x, ch, sh, o结尾的加es;如:guessguesses (猜)watch一一watches (看)teach teaches (教)f ish f ishes (钓鱼)go goes (去)do does3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的,变y为i,加es.如:studyfstudies(学习)flyfflies(飞,放)carrycarries (提)worryworries (担心)注意:buy buys12 .特殊疑问句注意:buy buys12 .特殊疑问句saysays play plays特殊疑问词的用法意思用法例句who谁问人的身份,姓 名等He is LiLieWho is he ?He is my brother.Who is he ?whom谁问人的身份,姓 名等(问宾语)I can ask him the question.Whom can you ask the question?what什么问人的职业或 事物是什么He is a worker. What is he?He has a book. What does he have ?which哪一个问一定范围内 特指的人或物The big box is mine. Which box is yours?The girl at the door is Ann. Which girl is Ann?whose谁的问所属关系This is her book. Whose book is this ?This book is hers.what color什么颜色问颜色(表语)My skirt is red. What color is your skirt?What time几点问点时间We play games at five in the afternoon ?What time do you play games?when什么时候问时间We play games in the afternoon ?When do you play games?where什么地方问地点(状语)We play games at home on Sunday o Where do you play games on Sunday?why为什么问原因He isn't at school today because he is ill. Why isn't he at school today ?how怎样问健康状况、做事的方式等He is 行ne/strong. How is he ?I go home by bike. How do you go home?how old多大几岁问年龄He is ten.How old is he ?how many多少跟复数名词, 问数量There are thirty boys in my class.How many boys are there in your class?how much多少跟不可数名词 问数量或价钱There is some milk in the bottle.How much milk is there in the bottle?how far多远问路程Its five kilometers away from hereHow far is it from here?how soon多久问in+一段时间He can finish it in half an hour.How soon can he finish it ?how long多久问一段时间,问物体的长短He has lived here for a year. How loon has he lived here? The desk is one meters long. How long is the desk ?how often多久(次)问频率I go to see my parents once a month.How often do you go to see your parents?对画线部分提问,除了要注意选择正确的疑问词外,还要注意语序的运用。1、对句子的主语提问,其语序是:就自防+福花+箕祜晟泗'二承/字算瀛苞蕃亭)'xxxxxxxxxxxxSheistheir teacher. Who istheir teacher?主语谓语主语谓语2、对句子主语的定语部分提问,其语序是:疑问词+主语(即定语所修饰的名词)+谓语+其他成分?(整个句子是陈述句语序)My book is over there. Whose book is over there ?主语的定语主语谓语疑问词主语谓语以上两点方法都是:用正确的疑问镯代替因铁梆台,森把句号政,冏号,其余梆合一般不做改变* ,3.对表语或宾语的定语部分提问,其语序是: 疑问词+表语或宾语(画线部分所修饰的名词)+一般疑问句(省略画线部分和它所修饰的名词) I'm looking for my watch. Whose watch are you looking for ?宾语的定语 宾语疑问词 宾语一般疑问句(省略掉my watch)4、对表语、宾语或状语提问,其语序是:疑有自+二版疑问团7Z略语画蔡舐/?/ ,/ / 7He lives in Beijing.Where does he live ?状语疑问词 一般疑问句(省略掉画线部分in Beijing )5、对谓语和宾语提问,其语序是: 疑问词(What)+ 一般疑问句(其中谓语动词要用d。的相对应形式代替,省略掉宾语)He watches TV in the eveningWhat does he do in the evening?He watched TV yesterday evening.What did he do in the evening?He is watching TV now.What is he doing now?否定句:;含有否定词not或no的句子。改否定句的方法:先加后借在句中找到Be动词(am, is, are)或情态动词 (can,may,could,would,will),在它后面加not;找不到以上词时,借don't或doesn't,放 在动词前。注意:句子是三单主语时,借doesnt不是三单主语时,借do.并且:doesn't一出 现,三单式要滚蛋。13、冠词的用法<l>a/an不定冠词,表示“一个”,放在单数名词前,指不确定的某一个;<2> a用在元音前(不是元音字母);an用在辅音前(不是辅音字母)。如:(1) an English boy,an apple,an orange, an egg , an eraser, an old monkey,(2) an hour 一个小时 half an hour半小时 (hour中h不发音)(3) a “ d”(一个 d), an "i",an an "x",a "u”.<3>the定冠词,表示“这,那,这些,那些”,放在名词前,表示特指。14 .数词(一)、基数词注意 eleven, twelve , thirteen, fourteen, eighteen, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, one hundred/thousand等词的拼写。具体用法如:Lesson Twelve, Class Two, Grade Eight, The No. 45 bus, Channel Five, Room 302, the No.2 middle School, a fiveyear-old daughter 注意1、"前有,后无;前无,后有”即 two hundred books , hundreds of books2、如eight-year-old的词后面要加名词3、“在某人几十岁时"用in one's +整十的复数 如:in her fifties, in their thirties4、表示“多高、多宽、多长、多深,年龄少大、距离多远”时,用“数量+单位+形容词”如:two months old, twenty meters deep(二)、序数词注意 first, second, third, fifth, eighth, ninth, twelfth, twentieth, twenty-first, ninety-ninth, one hundredth 等词的拼写。具体用法如:the Twelfth lesson, June the Second World War, on his twentieth birthday.(三)、分数,小数和百分比:分数的表达:分子用基数词,分母用序数词;分子大于一,分母加s,分子和分母之间一 般用连字号。如3/5读作three-fifths, 1/3读作one-third0. 78 读作 zero point seven eight 7.45 读作 seven point four five45%读作 Forty-five percent67%读作 sixty-seven percent注意:分数表示1/2,可以用a/one half表示;分数1/4, 3/4也可以用quarter表示。如:1/4 读作 one-fourth or a quarter, 3/4 读作 three-fourths or three quartersHalf of the students live in the school on weekdays.(习惯上省略 a)One- third of the students are on the playground.Three-fourths of the earth is covered with water.(四)、时间和钟点7: 15 读作 seven fifteen/ a quarter past seven7: 30 读作 seven thirty/half past seven7: 35 读作 seven thirty-five/ twenty-five(minutes)to eight8: 03 读作 three minutes past eight注意:如果分钟不是5的倍数,minute不能省略。(五)、日期和年份on March 8 读作 on march the eighth on 8th of March 读作 on the eighth of Marchin 1998 读作 nineteen ninety-five, in 2008 读作 in two thousand and eight.介词一、介词一般位于名词或代词之前,在句中不单独做任何成分。介词本身有独立的含义, 但意义不够完整,在句中使用时,后面必须接有宾语构成介词短语后,才能表达完整的意义。 介词短语在句中常作状语、定语、表语或宾语补足语。二、介词的用法:(一)表示时间的介词的用法:1 o at, on, in(1) at在句中用在钟点之前。意为“在“点钟”如:at six在6点(2) at用在固定短语中。如:at noon在中午;at this time of year 一年这个时候(3) on常用于表示具体的哪一天或某天的上午、下午及晚上或用于固定短语中。如:on the morning of June在6月5日的早上; on a cold winter night在一个寒冷的冬天的 夜里;on May 20th 在5月20日(4) on用在星期前。如:on Sunday在星期日(5) in用于年、月前面,季节、世纪前以及固定短语中。如: in 2008 在 2008 年;in October 在 10 月;in spring 在春天; in the twentieth century 在二十世纪;in his twenties 在他二十多岁时;in the morning / afternoon /evening在早上/下午/晚上2.before ,after,inin是以现在为起点,表示将来一段时间以后,常用于一般将来时态中。eg: I will come back in three days.我三天以后回来。after是以过去为起点,表示过去一段时间以后,常用于过去时态中。eg:She went after three days.她三天以后走的。before表示“某时刻或某时间之前”时态根据句子而定。E.g: Check your papers carefully before you hand them in,(二)表示地点方位介词的用法:1 .at, in at后跟小地方,in后跟大地点n, on, toin表示在某一范围内的某方位。on表示与某地相邻关系。t。表示在某一地区之外的某方位,不属于该范围。Shanghai lies in the east of China.Shandong lies on the east of Hebei.China lies to the west of Japan.(三)表示手段方式的介词的用法:in, by, with, on表示“用”(1) by主要指利用交通工具。即:“by+名词原形”或“行为手段by+ving形式"。如:Igo to school by bike every day. He learns English by listening to cassettes.(2) in主要指"用某种语言”或“用工具、材料”以及方式(way)等。way.(3)如: People say it in English. I often write in ink / pencil. He can say it in a differenton主要表示行走或站立时所用的身体部位,或利用交通工具。即:“on+冠词/形容词性物主代词+交通工具名词”或接表示媒体的名词。止匕时相当于 over。 如: People walk on foot. But some people can walk on hand. He often goes to school on a bus.注意:“on/in+冠词/形容词性物主代词+交通工具名词”这种交通方式的表达可以转换 成“ by +交通工具名称”。例:on a bike = by bike 如果交通工具名词为car,习惯上用in , 其他多用 on。如: He learns English on TV.(4) with主要指某一具体的劳动工具、材料或用身体部位。如: They like writing with a brush.他们愿意用毛笔写字.We see with our eyes and hearwith our ears.我们用眼睛看,用耳朵听.16.祈使句一、用于表达命令、请求、劝告、警告、禁止等的句子叫做祈使句,祈使句最常 用于表达命令,因此在学校文法中也常称为命令句。祈使句因对象(即主语)是第二人称,所以通常都省略。祈使句的动词都 为一般现在时,句末则使用句号来表示结束。.用客气的语气表示祈使句时,可在句首或句尾加上please,但如果在句 尾加please,那在please之前一定要加一个逗号",二、表现形式肯定结构:1. Do型(即:动词原形(+宾语)+其它成分)。$n:Please have a seat here.请这边 坐。有的祈使句在意思明确的情况下,动词可省略。如:This way, please.=Go this way, please. 请这边走。2.Be型(即:Be+表语(名词或形容词)+其它成分)。如:Be a good boy!要做一 个好孩子!Be quite ,安静 Be careful!小心!3. Let型(即:Let +宾语+动词原形+其它成分)。如:Let me help you.让我 来帮你。否定结构:1. Do型和Be型的否定式都是在句首加don!t构成。如:Dont forget me!不 要忘记我!Don't be late for school!上学不要迟到!2. Let型的否定式有两种:“Don't + let +宾语+动词原形+其它成分”和 "Let + 宾语 + not + 动词原形 + 其它成分”。如:Don't let him go. / Let him not go.别让他走。3. 有些可用no开头,用来表示禁止性的祈使句。如:No smoking!禁止吸 烟!No fishing!禁止钓鱼!17、There be 句型There be句型表示“某地存在某人/物”。它的构成形式一般为There are / is+某物/人+地点。它即可以表示某地方 有什么东西,也可以表达某地方有什么人。There are 20 students in a class.班里有 20 名学生。There is an apple on the desk.桌子上有个苹果。There are many students in the classroom.教室里有很多学生。_、There be句型的句式否定句:be后加not。注意肯定句中的some变为any。There isn't any water in the bottle.瓶子里没有水。疑问句:be提到主语前。同样,some变为any。一般