备战2023年高考英语重难题型高分攻略01 阅读理解之词义猜测题（学生版）.docx

备假2023高考阅读之词义精泅题目录内容板块一题型解析板块二高考真题感悟板块三模考题练手板块四课后习题训练-：题型解析1：词义猜测设题方式1 .对考纲外生词的猜测2 .对考纲内熟词新义的猜测3 .对句义的猜测4 .对文段中的习语、短语及划线部分的猜测或对指代进行理解2:解题思路顺藤摸瓜法：定义、重述、对比、因果、构词、语法、常识、上下文实词联系理解1：定义法：由生词后的同位语或定语从句可猜词义，也就是定义猜词法。常见信号词mean, the same as, that is to say, in other words,注意：同位语有时也使用破折号、冒号、分号、引号和括号等表示例题分析：1 ： A person who is skilled at making or repairing wooden objects is called a carpenter. 木匠2： We are on the night shit -from midnight to 8 a.m. - this week. 夜班2：对比法：根据对比关系猜测词义。句中有 yet, though, although, on the other hand, instead, but, however等表转折的词时，前后句含有对比意义，据此可猜测生词词义。例题分析：1. Though Tom's face has been washed quite clean, his neck still remains grubby. 脏的2. John usually wastes a lot of money on such useless things; his wife, however, is very thrifty. 节俭的3：语义复现法：根据同义词、近义词或反义词猜测词义。这类同义词、近义词或反义词往往有and, or, but, however, namely, that is to say, in other words 等信号词作暗示。例题分析：I ： In competitive world of today, examinations have a highly selecting or filtering role. 过滤4：列举法：根据举例猜测词义。这类信号词有：for example, such as, for instance, consist of, include, especially 等词语.例题分析：I ： Today young couples who are just starting (heir household often spend lots of (heir money on appliances. other words, foodto turtles and other wildlife creatures, thus, attractive to those animals and then endangering them, he says.7： What docs "environmental silver lining" in Papagraph 1 refer to?A. An environmental organization.B. The closure of some wildlife markets.C. The decrease of carbon dioxide emissions.D. Benefits on environment from the coronavirus.（2022 江苏连云港市二模）In the latest of these findings, due lobe published in the journal Communications Biology in the next few weeks, Thomas Yales, a professor at the University of Leicester, showed that walkers who adopt a quick pace can have a biological age 15 years younger than those who take their time. Yates and his team looked at the length of telomeres （端粒）of chromosomes（染色体）in 405,981 middle-aged adults in the UK. As we grow older, our telomeres shorten, which results in accelerated cell ageing. 4tIf wc can keep them long for as long as possible, it acts as a buffer against ageing,“ says Yates.8： What docs the underlined word buffer' in Paragraph 2 mean?A. Something shortening telomeres.B. Something speeding up cell ageing.C. Something counting the walking pace.D. Something helping protect from harm.篇章训练题Passage AIt is something one half of the population has long suspected and the other half always vocally denied- women really do talk more than men. In fact, women talk almost three times as much as men, with the average woman chalking up 20.000 words in a day - 13,000 more than the average man.Women also speak more quickly, devote more brainpower to chit-chat, and actually enjoy hearing their own voices, a new book suggests. The book - written by a female psychiatrist. Dr. Luan Brizendine - says that inherent （生来就有 ）differences between the male and female brain explain why women are naturally more talkative than men.In The Female Mind、Brizendine says the differences can be traced back to the womb （子宫），where the sex hormone （激素）called testosterone moulds the developing male brain. The areas responsible for communication, emotion and memory are all reduced before a baby boy is born.The result is that boys - and men - chat less chan their female peers and struggle to express their emotions to the same extent.Women have an eight-lane superhighway for processing emotion, while men have a small country road,M said Brizendine.There are, however, advantages of being the strong, silent type. Brizendine explains in her book that testosterone also reduces the size of the section of the brain involved in hearing - allowing men to become "dear' to the most logical arguments put forward by their wives and girlfriends.Other scientists, however, say many of the differences between the male and female personality can be explained by social conditioning, with a child's upbringing greatly influencing their character.Deborah Cameron, an Oxford University linguistics professor with a special interest in language and gender, said the amount we talk is influenced by who we are with and what we are doing. 44If you look through a large number of studies you will find there is little difference between the amount men and women talk,“ she added.8. Which claim does the book The Female Mind probably support?A. Women enjoy arguing.B. Women are bom talkative.C. Women arc great public speakers.D. Women take pride in (heir talents.9. Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word “moulds" in Paragraph 3?A. Influences. B. Stimulates.C. Enlarges.D. Harms.10. How arc men affected by testosterone according to Dr. Brizcndinc?A. They have a small size of brain.B. They are not so logical in talking.C. They are usually less communicative.D. They are unwilling to listen to females.11. What message does Cameron carry in the last paragraph?A. Further studies need to be carried out.B. Gender seldom affects one's talking style.C. The amount we talk shapes our character.D. Men talk as much as women on the whole.Passage BThe confidence people place in science is frequently based not on what it really is, but on what people would like it to be. When I asked my students how they would define science, many of them replied that it's an objective way of discovering certainties about the world. But science cannot provide certainties.Actually, doubt and science often go hand in hand. Science, when properly functioning, questions accepted understandings and brings both new knowledge and new questions not certainty. Doubt does not create trust, nor does it help public understanding. So why should people trust a process that seems to require a troublesome slate of uncertainty without always providing solid solutions?As a historian of science, I would argue that it's the responsibility of scientists and historians of science to show that the real power of science lies precisely in what is often regarded as its weakness: its drive to question and challenge accepted understandings. Indeed, the scientific approach requires changing our understanding of the natural world whenever new evidence arises from either experimentation or observation. Scientific findings arc temporary understandings that involve (he state of knowledge at a given moment. In the long run, many of them are challenged and even overturned. Doubt might be troubling, but it pushes us towards a better understanding. Certainties, reassuring as they may seem, prevent the scientific process.Scientists understand this, but in the dynamic between the public and science, there are two opposite misconceptions (误解).The first is a form of blind scientism-a belief that science is unquestionable and has the capacity to solve all problems. Such an idealized representation actually ignores the universal existence of controversy, conllict and error at the very heart of the scientific world.12. What's the real power of science according to the author?A. It provides solid solutions.B. It defends accepted understandings.C. It discovers certainties about the world.D. Il keeps bringing questions and challenges.13. What does the underlined word “reassuring” probably mean?A. Disappointing. B. Surprising. C. Comforting.14. What may be the belief of the second misconception?A. Science is unchallengeable and a cure-all.C. Science is objective but impractical.15. What can be the best title for （he text?A. Why Is Doubt Vital to Science?C. What Is the Weakness of Science?D. Challenging.B. Science is unreliable and of little useD. Science is doubtful but useful.B. Why Should Wc Trust Scientists?D. What Is Scientists5 Responsibility?Passage CA school's "peace room” aims to end fighting in the hallsBy the time Marquita Riley, 16, and Aaliyah Hudson, 17, ended up in their school's "peace room,“ minors （传闻） had floated through the halls that the two girls were going to fight.The peace room at Manley is a part of the school's restorative justice initiative, a growing social movement that, among other things, focuses on healing and teaching how to solve conflicts. The philosophy aims to bring together victims and offenders to cooperatively work through their problems.The concept is increasingly being used in schools, community centers and churches in Chicago as a way to teach young people how to analyze their anger. They learn to confront tension before it turns violent. It is also being used as an alternative to punitive （处罚的）measures, like suspensions and arrests, which can lead to more trouble for hurting communities.The idea is that “when harm happens or someone misbehaves, （here needs to be a process of restoralion in order fbr the community to move forward,n said Ilana Zafran of Umoja Student Development. Umoja runs restorative justice programs in Chicago schools.The concept forces all sides in a disagreement to communicate and understand one another instead of resorting 2 violence. There may still be punishment for wrongdoing, but restorative justice emphasizes identifying him and thinking of ways to fix it.“A lot of our kids don't want to be involved in fights. They don't want to be suspended or away from school/' Jackson said. uWc had to create an environment of peace. High school has to be a pleasurable experience for our kids. If they come here and feel the same anxiety they feel in the streets, how can we expect them to stay?”Among the people there were Marquita and Aaliyah, the two girls rumored to be gearing up for a major fight. After another 20 minutes of discussion, they agreed they had simply misunderstood each other. The girls decided they would not fight, and promised they would talk it over if they found themselves facing tension again.75. What is Manloy's peace room aimed at?A. Preventing rumors from spreading.C. Helping siudenls restore relations.B. Developing students, team spirit.D. Warning students to behave well.76. What may result from lack of restorative justice in communities?A. Alternatives to punishment.B. Violent tension.C. Processes of restoration.D. Controlled anger.77. Which can replace the underlined phrase in Paragraph 5?A.Falling back on.B.Putting up with.C.Looking hack to.D.Making up for.78. Why does the author give an example of Marquita and Aaliyah?A. To prove effectivenessofpeace room.B.To show the harm of campusviolence.C.To explain the reason forsuspension.D.To introduce kids' school experiences.for instance, washing machine, fridge and color TV sets,电器用具5：上下文联系：俗话说，“词不离句，句不离文”。特定的上下文往往是推测词义不可忽视的重要因 素10例题分析：1 ： The pupils assembled in front of the school hall. They came together to listen to the headmaster announce the result of the sports meeting. 集合6：根据因果关系猜测词义。表示因果关系的信号词有：because, so, therefore, thus, so.thal等。例题分析：I ： Since I could not afford to purchase the original painting, I bought a replica. An inexperienced eye could not tell the difference. 复制品2： He's such a shrewd businessman that he loses no money in any trade. 精明的-：高考真题感悟例题 1： As they grew more mobile, we let them move freely around (he house during (he day, but when we were asleep we had to contain them in a large room, otherwise they'd get up to mischief. We'd come down in the morning to find they'd turned the room upside down, and left it looking like a zoo.1 ： What do the underlined words “get up to mischief“ mean in paragraph 3?A. Behave badly.B. Lose their way.C. Sleep soundly.D. Miss their mom.例题2： Ever since her childhood. Ginni, now 71, has had a deep love for travel. Throughout her career (职业) as a professional dancer, she toured in the UK, but always longed to explore further. When she retired from dancing and her sons eventually flew the nest, she decided it was time to take the plunge.2： Which of (he following best explains 44 take the plunge n underlined in paragraph 2?A. Try challenging things.B. Take a degree.C. Bring back lost memories.D. Stick to a promise.例题 3： That includes huge savings in maintenance costs and better protection of railway personnel safety. It is calculated that European railways alone spend approximately 20 billion euros a year on maintenance, including sending maintenance staff, often at night, to inspect and repair the rail infrastructure. That can be dangerous work that could be avoided with drones assisting the crews' efforts.3： What does u maintenanceM underlined in paragraph 3 refer to?A. Personnel safety.B. Assistance from drones.C. Inspection and repair.D. Construction of infrastructure.例题 4： Wendy Wilson, extra care manager at 60 Penfold Street, one of the first to embark on the project, said: ''Residents really welcome the idea of the project and the creative sessions. We are looking forward to the benefits and fun the project can bring to people here.”4： What do the underlined words “embark on” mean in paragraph 7?A. Improve.B. Oppose.C. Begin.D. Evaluate.例题 5： Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing .1 loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam （横杆）,I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: " Safe! Safe! Safe! ” And that's what mattered-landing tricks, being a good skater.5： What do the underlined words 44Safe! Safe! Sa佗!” probably mean?A. Be careful! B. Well done!C. No way!D. Don't worry!三：模考题练手例题LinThe Female MEd, Brizendine says the differences can be traced back to the womb （子宫）,where the sex hormone （激素）called testosterone moulds the developing male brain. The areas responsible for communication, emotion and memory are all reduced before a baby boy is born.1 ： Which is closest in meaning to the underlined word "moulds” in Paragraph 3?A. Influences. B. Stimulates. C. Enlarges.D. Harms.例题2： Feeling overloaded by your to-do list can certainly make you unhappy, but new research suggests that more free time might not be the elixir many of us dream it could be.In a new study released last week, researchers analyzed data from two large-scale （大规模）surveys about how Americans spend their time. Together, the surveys included more than 35,000 respondents. The researchers found that people with more free time generally had higher levels of subjective well-being - but only up to a point. People who had around two hours of free time a day generally reported they felt better than those who had less time. But peopl