初中英语语法讲座讲课讲稿.docx

初中英语语法讲座这一讲里，主要帮助同学们掌握名词、冠词、数词的用法，特别是针对同学不易掌握的方面。一、名词关于名词，我们必须掌握名词的数，名词的格。厂单数-可用a、an来修饰可数名词单数，在元音发音开头的单词前用an,而不是a 厂可数名词名词的根据数I-复数不可数名词1 .复数的构成方法：(1)一般在复数名词后加s,如：dogdogso(2)以 s、x、ch、sh 结尾的名词加 es,如：watch-watcheso(3)以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加es,如：country-countrieso请区别：如果是元音字母加y结尾的名词，则只须加s如：monkey-monkeyso(4)以o结尾的名词，只有potato(土豆)，tomato(西红柿)加es构成复数。(5)以f、fe结尾的名词，变f、fe为v再加es,如:knife-kniveso2 .单复数形式相同的词：sheep一一sheep, fishfish, Chinese一一Chinese, Japanese一一Japanese3 .特殊变化的单词有：(1) toothteeth, foot feet(2)man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, Frenchman-Frenchmen请区别：German (德国人)-Germans3 3) child一children4 .常以复数形式出现的名词:people(人),clothes (衣服)，trousers (裤子)glasses (眼镜)，这些名词作主语 时，同学们应特别注意它们的谓语，用复数。如：My clothes are (be) newer than yours.5 .有些名词看似复数形式，实际上是单数。这一点是同学不易掌握的，应特别加以记忆。如：news(消息)，maths(数学)，physics (物理)No news is good news.6 .可用 how many, many, a few, few, a lot of, lots of, some, any 等来修饰可数名词复数。How many_are there in your pencil-box? (knife)不可数名词：1 .常见的不可数名词有：water, rice, fish, meat,等。应特别记medicine, news, work, homework, housework, money, chalk, weather, cotton, wood.2 .不可数名词无复数，作主语时常看成单数。如：Some bread over there. (be)3 .常用 how much, much, a little, little, a lot of , some, any 等来修饰不可数名词。4 .常用a piece of, a cup of等来表示不可数名词的量。如要表达“两片面包”这样的意义，bread仍为不可数名词，不加s,而piece则可加s。即：two pieces of bread请区别：可数名词也可用量来表示,如:三箱苹果three boxes of apples彳列： 1、 These two pieces of bread are over there, (be)3 .引导原因状从的有：because (不能与so同时出现在句中)4 .引导时间状语从句的连词：A. when (当时候)，as soon as(一就)，notuntil (直到才)，after (在之后)，引导的主从 复合句，主句为一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时来代替一般将来时。eg: I won't leave until he comes back.B. since (自从以来)引导的主从复合句，主句为现在完成时，从句用一般过去时。eg： We haven't met each other since she left here last year.C. while (当时候，一边一边)它引导的时间状语从句常用进行时态。eg: My father came in while I was doing my homework.5 .引导条件状语从句的连词：if “如果”，引导条件状从，主句用一般将来时，从句则用一般现在时。请区别于if “是否”相当于whether,引导宾语从句，时态根据语境确定eg:1)I don，t know if it(rain) tomorrow.2)If it (rain) tomorrow, I (not climb) the hills.3)Joan and Mary haven，t seen each other they left school five years ago.A. as B. before C . after D. since八、动词可以分为四类：实义动词(或称行为动词)连系动词、情态动词以及助动词。一、实义动词(行为动词)1 .不及物动词:不能直接跟宾语,常须加了介词后方能加宾语$13: look at (for, after), get to (on), operate on, hear of, hear from, point to (at), worry about, knock at, play with, think about 等2 .及物动词:后面必须跟宾语,意义才完整在及物动词+副词 构成动副搭配时，代词放中间这一点同学们常易忘记,故应特别加以记忆。如：turn on( V) turn on the radio( V) turn the radio on( V) turn on it(X) turn it on( V)常见的动副搭酉己的词组有：put on, pick up, look up, wake up, try on, write down, move away, take away 等3 .注意行为动词的几种变化形式原形enjoy第三人称单数enjoys过去式enjoyed过去分词enjoyed现在分词enjoying象过去式，过去分词，同学们须熟记初中所学的不规则动词变化表。现在分词的变化方法，一般是直接在动词后加ing,有几个特殊的可加以记忆：lie-lying, die-dying 要双写的单词有：一个 m(swim-swimming) 一个 g(dig-digging)三个 n （run-running, win-winning, begin-beginning）Hyb p（stop-stopping, shop-shopping , drop-dropping）还有六个 t （sit-sitting, hit-hitting, get-getting, let-letting, put-putting, forget-forgetting） 同学们特别应注意forget, begin这种双音节单词。另外，eat, wait这两个词不是重读闭音节，故不能双写加ing,这也是同学们易犯的错误。4 .请区别几组易混淆的同义动词第一组look-see-watch-readlook看 look at the birdsee看见 see a filmwatch 观看、注视 watch TV, watch a football matchread读 , 阅读 read a book, read newspapers第二组say-speak-talk-tellsay说（不及物动词）say to sb.,（后跟引语）say it again （后常跟it）speak讲，发言（不及物动词）©speak at the meetinglearn to speakspeak Englishtalk谈话（不及物动词）talk about sth.（谈论某事）talk with sb.（和某人交谈）tell告诉，讲（及物动词）tell sb. to do sth. / tell sb. not to do sth. tell sb. about sth.（后常跟某人）tell the time “报时” / tell a story "讲故事”用say, speak, talk, tell的适当形式填空：1. Can you Japanese?2. The teacher us not to play in the street.3. Would you please it in English?4. What are you about?第三组borrow-lendborrow借进（短暂动词）borrow sth.（借某物）borrow sth. from sb.（向某人借某物）如 May I borrow your bike? Mine is broken.lend 借出（短暂动词）lend sb. sth. = lend sth. to sb.（把某物借给某人）如：You mustn，t lend it to others.keep借（一段时间），常与一段时间的时间状语连用，为延续性动词。如：How long may I keep it?第四组bring-takebring 带来（表示从远处拿到说话的地点来），常与here, me搭配如：Please bring my hat to me tomorrow.take 带走（表示从说话地点拿到远处去），常与there, away搭配如：Take your raincoat with you. It's going to rain.第五组listen-hearlisten听 不及物，常与介词to连用如：I listened carefully, but heard nothing.Hear听到及物后直接跟宾语hear from sb收到某人的来信如：Jim's mother haven，t heard from him for a long time.hear of听说如：Have you heard of the news?第六组lookfor-find-find outlook for寻找（强调动作）find找到发现（强调结果）如：We looked for him everywhere but didn，t find him.find out查明（通过调查研究找到事实的真相）如：Can you find out who broke the window?第七组put on-wear-dressput on穿上（强调动作）如：It's cold outside. Please put on your coat.wear穿着（强调状态）如：Lucy is wearing a blue sweater today.dress打扮，给.穿衣服dress sb. / oneself给某人（或自己）穿衣服get dressed穿好衣服dress up打扮穿上盛装”如：She often dresses up in a red skirt.第八组forget-leaveforget忘了某物如：I forgot to tell you about it.leave把某物忘在某地如：Kate left her key to her room at home.5. 有些及物动词后可以跟双宾语即直接宾语（表物）和间接宾语（表人），间接宾语通常位于直接宾语之前, 若颠倒两者的位置，则通常在间接宾语前加一个介词（to或for）。1）2）draw sth. for sb.pass sth. to sb.make sth. for sb.give sth. to sb.mend sth. for sb.buy sth. for sb.get sth. for sb.cook sth. for sb.keep sth. for sb.return sth. for sb.Eg: How much did youA. spend B .give 二.连系动词lend sth. to sb.show sth. to sb.bring sth. to sb.take sth. to sb.write sth. to sb.send sth. to sb. all these things?C. cost D. pay foreg: His grandpa has beenfor over ten years, (die)是，在 变成 变得 变得 长得 保持着感到 看上去 看起来好象 闻起来入睡常见的连系动词有:be + adj. / n. become + n. /adj. turn + adj.get + adj.grow + adj.keep + adj. feel + adj. look + adj. seem + adj. /n. smell + adj.fall asleep三.情态动词1. can:能,会表示能力,相当于be able to。可以，表示许可，相当于may。can' t be不可能may:可以，可能，或许may be可能请区别maybe副词可能2. must:必须，表示肯定的猜测must be 准是，一定是3. could:比can语气更委婉，客气，并不表示过去时。4. .注意回答形式：(DMay I. . ? Yes, you may. No, you can't (mustr/t).(2)Must I . ? Yes, you must. No, you needn' t.5. must表示说话人的主观看法，have to表示外界客观愿望，不得不。如：(l)Her mother is ill. She has to stay at home and take care of her.(2)You must look after your clothes.6. should表示应当，应该，与疑问词连用表意外，惊奇。What should I do?我该怎么办呢？7. will, would在交际用语中，would更客气，表邀请。Will you. ?.好吗？Would you. ?四、助动词助动词有 do, does, did, have, has, will, would 等五、动词不定式形式：to +动词原形特点：1.无人称和数的变化。2 ,在句中不能作谓语。3,可以有自己的宾语或状语，构成不定式短语。1 .使役动词：let, make感观动词：see, hear, watch, feel, notice之后必须使用省略to的动词不定式。 如：(DNothing could make him get angry.(2)1 often hear her sing in the morning.2 . had better后使用省略to的动词不定式。如：You had better do_ it by yourself.3 . It作形式主语，可用to do作真正的主语。如：(l)It took me half an hour to finish the work.(2)It' s bad for you to read in bed.(3)It，s very kind of you to help me.4 .动词不定式常与特殊疑问词连用。如：(DHe didn，t know when to start.(2)We don，t know how to get there.(3)1 can，t decide which sweater to choose.5 .记住一些特殊结构：Would like/love to do 想要做Why not do ?为什么不做Help sb. (to) do sth.帮助某人做某事(4)It，s time to do sth.是干某事的时候了。spend (in) doing sth. =It takes sb. to do sth.花费(时间)做某事(6)too. . to do sth.太以致不能.can't wait to do sth.等不及做某事，迫不及待做某事(8)stop doing sth.停止做某事stop to do sth.停下来开始做某事练习题一一Can you answer this question in English? No, I .A. needn，t B. mustn，t C. may not D. can，tThe teacher wanted us Exercise 1, but you let me Exercise 2.A. to do, do B. to do, to do C. do, to do D. do, doMiss Green saw a wallet on the ground when she walked past the school gate.A. lie B. Lying C. lies D. to lieWhat have you done the milk? I've just it.A. with, eaten B. for, eaten C. with, drunk D. for, drunkt，s rather cold today. You，d better more clothes before you go out.A. put on B. wear C. to put on D. to wearThe radio it will get warmer later.A. says B. speaks C.talks D. tellsYou must be very tired. Why not a rest?A. stop having B.stop to haveC. to stop having D. to stop to haveLi Ping is young, but hemany places of interest in South China.A.went to B. has been in C.has gone to D. has been toMother told me in the sun.A. not read B. don，t readC. read not D. not to readDo you often see her volleyball on the playground?A. play B. played C. plays D. to play- It's fine today.Why out for a picnic?- That's a good idea.A. not go B. don，t go C. to not go D. not to go 思考题Alice didn，t hear what the teacher said just now, so she doesn，t know how the problem.A. do B. did C. to do D. doingWhen the little boy someone coming upstairs,he stopped .A. heard*crying B. listened*to cry C. heard*to cry D. listened*cryAnn was just falling when the telephone rang.A. asleep B. sleep C. sleeping D. slept 4.I my ruler at home. Can I use yours,please?A. forgot B. have forgotten C. left D. have left5.Jim the good news to his classmates this morning.A. spoke九、构词法B. toldC. saidD. talkedeg: To anAmerican, a Chinese is a . (foreign)前缀例词派生词un- “不”happyunhappylikeunlikeusualunusualfriendlyunfriendlyim- “不”possible impossible后缀例词派生词-er “人”teach/play/cleanteacher/player/cleanerdrivedriver （以 e 结尾，-r）runrunner （重读闭音节,双写-er）winwinnertraveltraveller-or “人”inventinventorvisitvisitor-ly （副词后缀）badbadlyquickquicklycarefulcarefullyhappyhappilydeepdeeplyluckyluckilyusualusuallynoisynoisilyslowslowlyangryangrilystrongstronglyquietquietly特例：true - trulyterrible - terribly possible-possibly-ful （形容词后缀）carecarefulhelphelpfuluseusefulforgetforgetful-y （形容词后缀）rainrainyluckluckycloudcloudynoisenoisy （以e结尾，去e,加1-y）snowsnowysunsunny （双写，力口一y）windwindy-ion （名词后缀）inventinventionoperateoperation-ness （名词后缀）busybusinessgoodgoodness一些特例：动词形容词动词现在分词转化为名词sleepasleepboatboatingdiedeadbuildbuildingenjoyenjoyablebeginbeginningcrosscrossing名词形容词meetmeetingfriendfriendlyturnturningsouthsouthernshopshoppingwoolwoolendangerdangerous动词过去分词转为形容词differencedifferentfryfriedworryworried动词名词breakbrokenknowknowledgeloselostflyflightpleasepleasedpleasepleasurecolourcoloured名词名词动词现在分词、过去分词转为形容词farmfarmer农夫follow followinginterestinterested “感兴趣的”只作表语，仅用于 be interested indevelop interesting ”有趣的”可作表语和定语developed “ 发达的”developing ”发展中的”练习题1、 Lucy can write a letter Japanese though she has learned it only a few months.A. from B. to C. in D. withThey will have an English test two days.A. for B. at C. in D. afterWu Dong was born the evening of April 2,1975.A. at B. in C. on D. to4、I haven ' t heard her she left home.A. from, since B. from, after C. of, when D. of , asTom didn，t know Jack would leave for Beijing tomorrow.A. how B. weather C. whether D. whatHis parents were (happy) because he had failed the exam again.5、 Mrs. Green liked to stay (safe) at the same place.6、 The (visit) from France are going to visit our school this afternoon. 思考题The farmer was tired he couldn't fall asleep.A. very-to B. tooto C. so-*that I). neither*nor2、Work hard,you won，t catch up with the others.A. but B. and C. if D. or3、 The game is very and she's in it.A. interesting, interestinginterested, interestedB. interested, interesting D. interesting, interested2、 Could I have three ,please?A. piece of bread B. .piece of breads C. pieces of bread D .pieces of breads名词的格名词所有格的构成方法，在名词后加“飞”。如：Tom-Tom's译为“的”，若遇上以s结尾的复数名词，则 在s后加“即可。如：Teachers' Day , two weeks， holiday,而不以s结尾的复数名词的所有格，仍按惯例 加's o 如:Children's Day关于名词所有格，应掌握以下几点：1 .可用名词所有格表示地点。如：my aunt，s我姑姑家。go to the doctor，s去医生家。2 .表示两人共同拥有，在最后一个名词后加's如：Lucy and Lily's露西和莉莉的3 .掌握词组：a girl of five 一个五岁的女孩a friend of mine我的一个朋友eg ; The white shirt is and blue one isA、 Kate , my B .Kate's , mine C . Kate , mine D . Kate，s, my二、冠词冠词是词汇中的基础的，也是简单的部分，所以同学们有必要掌握其基本用法，中考也会体现这一点。归纳起来， 同学们应该掌握以下几点：1 .冠词指不定冠词a, an和定冠词the2 .不定冠词an常用于元音发音开头的词前，如：an hour, an English car. 请区别：a useful machine3 .指上文提到过的人或物，用定冠词the4 .在世界上独一无二的事物前用定冠词the.如：the sun , the moon, the earth5 .定冠词the用于序数词前，表示方位的名词和形容词最高级前。如：the first, the best , in the south6 .在复数姓氏前加the,表示XX 一家人，常看成复数。如：The Browns are going to Shanghai for a holiday this summer.7 .在介词短语中常用定冠词the,如：in the box , behind the chair8 .特别注意不能用定冠词the的几个方面：(1)在节日、星期、月份、季节、年等词前不用冠词。如：in summer, in August 请区别：in the spring of 1945. (这里表示特指，故加the)(2) 一日三餐和球类运动名不用冠词。如：have breakfast , play football(3)一些固定词组中，如：go to bed , go to school , by bus , at night.9 .在有些词组中，有冠词和无冠词意思不同，请注意区别：in front of 在前面in the hospital 在医院里in the front of在范围内的前部in hospital (生病)住院There's 800-metre-long road behind hospital.A. an, an B . a, aC . an, the D. a, the三、数词同学们首先应会读会写所有基数词和序数词，以及与数词有关的钟点表达法。对数词的考查，中考常采用单选题 及听力题，这些题型归纳起来，应掌握以下几点特别容易出错的地方。1 .基数词变序数词。其规律为:1,2, 3 特殊记，加 th 从 4 起(first, second, third, fourth)8少t, 9去e,千万别忘记(eighth , ninth)逢5逢 12, ve 变 f (fifth ,twelfth)20 到 90, y 要变 ie (twentieth , ninetieth)若是几十几，前基后序别倒位(ninety-first). hundred, thousand, million 在构成具体的数字时用单数形式。 如：five hundred people.只有在表达笼统的多数时才加s,构成复数形式。hundreds of数以百计的，成百上千的thousands of数以千计的，成千上万的millions of数百万的这些词组前不能用具体数字。2 .序数词常与定冠词the连用。eg: Henry has learned eight French words this year.A. hundredB. hundreds C .hundred ofD .hundreds ofThe lesson is the most difficult one in Book Two. (twenty)另外，同学们还应掌握与数词有关的钟点表达法。顺读法(钟点 + 分钟) 如：4:30 four thirty 4:45 four forty-five 4:15 four fifteen倒读法(分钟+ to / past +钟点)如：4:30 half past four 4:15 fifteen past four / a quarter past four 4:45 fifteen to five / a quarter to five练习题1.At the beginning of the1.At the beginning of the2.Are these(watch)yours? Yes.3.You don，t look well. You，d better go to the(doctor) at once.4 .Would you give me,please?A. two papersB .two piece of paperC. two pieces of paperD .two pieces of papers5 .There arethreeand sevenin the picture.A. monkeys ,sheepsB. monkeys, sheepC. monkies,sheepD. monkies, sheeps6 . A lot ofare talking with twoA. Germans, FrenchmansB. Germen, FrenchmansC. German, FrenchmenD. Germans, Frenchmen7. June1 isA. theChildren，s8. the C hildrens， Day C .Children，s DayD. Childrens， Day(twenty) century, the world，s population was about 1700 million.思考题1.1.peoplewent out to see what had happened.A. Thousands of B.Three thousand of C. Thousand of D. Three thousands2.We have been in the school forA. three and a half monthB .three and a half monthsC. three month and a halfD .three months and half3.English isuseful language.A. A, an四、代词B. /, aC. The,anD. A, /人称代词主格I you heshe it we you they宾格 me y