书面表达专题1.ppt

书面表达专题书面表达专题(一一)书面表达题的基本要求书面表达题的基本要求1语法要正确语法要正确语语法法正正确确就就是是说说写写出出来来的的句句子子必必须须符符合合英英语语语语法法的的规规则则。每每一一句句话话都都要要遵遵守守“三三一一致致”的的原原则则：主主谓谓一一致致、时时态态一致、一致、单单复数一致。复数一致。(1)主谓一致主谓一致汉汉语语说说“你你来来，我我来来，他他也也来来”，谓谓语语都都是是同同一一形形式式的的“来来”。英英语语中中必必须须根根据据人人称称的的不不同同使使用用不不同同形形式式的的谓谓语语，写成英写成英语语就是：就是：You come，he comes and I come，too.(2)时态一致时态一致英英汉汉两两种种语语言言在在时时态态表表达达上上存存在在很很大大差差异异。如如汉汉语语说说：昨昨天天李李平平买买东东西西了了；今今天天，李李平平在在买买东东西西；明明天天，李李平平还还要要买买东东西西。三三种种不不同同的的时时态态，用用同同一一种种形形式式的的谓谓语语“买买东东西西”表表达达。这这在在英英语语里里行行不不通通，必必须须用用三三种种不不同同形形式式的的谓谓语语 来来 表表 达达。上上 句句 译译 为为：Yesterday Li Ping went shopping.Today，Li Ping is going shopping，too.And again，Li Ping will go shopping tomorrow.(3)单复数一致单复数一致英英汉汉两两种种语语言言在在单单复复数数表表达达上上也也存存在在不不同同。如如汉汉语语说说“麦麦克克从从学学校校图图书书馆馆借借了了一一本本英英语语书书，三三本本日日语语书书和和十十本本德德语语书书。”不不管管“书书”前前面面的的量量词词是是多多少少，“书书”本本身身的的形形式式不不会会发发生生变变化化。但但在在英英语语中中就就不不同同了了，book要要根根据据它它前前面面量量词词的的不不同同而而变变化化其其形形式式。上上句句译译为为：Mike borrowed an English book，three Japanese books and ten German books from the school library.2掌握常用句型掌握常用句型句句子子是是表表达达一一个个完完整整意意思思的的最最小小单单位位，所所以以造造句句能能力力在在英英文文写写作作中中非非常常重重要要。好好的的英英语语句句子子能能够够生生动动、形形象象、准准确确地地表表达达内内容容，所所以以要要想想写写出出漂漂亮亮的的书书面面表表达达，必必须须从从写好句子开始。写好句子开始。利用英语基本句型造句：利用英语基本句型造句：(1)主语谓语状语主语谓语状语The sun rises up in the east and sets down in the west.(介词短语作状语介词短语作状语)Glass breaks easily.(副词作状语副词作状语)The meeting lasted 2 hours.(名词短语作状语名词短语作状语)(2)主主语语谓语谓语宾语宾语This factory produces 1,000 cars a week.(3)主主语语谓语谓语介介词词宾语宾语He hates to argue with his wife about such small matters.(4)主主语语谓语谓语间间接接宾语宾语直接直接宾语宾语He paid me a visit yesterday.(5)主主语语系系动词动词表表语语Your explanation sounds reasonable.(形容形容词词作表作表语语)He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.(过过去分去分词词和形容和形容词词作表作表语语)(6)主主语语谓语谓语宾语宾语宾语补宾语补足足语语He invited me to teach at a wellknown university.(不不定式作定式作宾语补宾语补足足语语)I often hear her sing the song.(省省略略to的的不不定定式式作作宾宾语语补补足足语语)I heard her singing in the next room.(现现在在分分词词作作宾宾语语补补足足语语)I must have my watch repaired.(过过去去分分词词作作宾宾语语补补足足语语)(7)主主语语谓语谓语非非谓语动词谓语动词We cant help laughing at the news.(动动名名词词作作宾语宾语)I cant afford to buy such a big house.(不定式作不定式作宾语宾语)(8)主主语语谓语谓语宾语宾语介介词词短短语语Nothing can prevent us from going forward.3要有合并句子的能力要有合并句子的能力写写作作时时，句句子子表表达达的的意意思思要要紧紧凑凑，同同时时做做到到句句型型的的多多样样化化。为为避避免免句句子子呆呆板板单单调调，我我们们必必须须培培养养自自己己的的并并句句能能力力。所所谓谓并并句句，是是指指根根据据前前后后句句子子的的逻逻辑辑关关系系，运运用用适适当当的的连连接接词词把把简单简单句合并成并列句或复合句。句合并成并列句或复合句。(1)两个两个简单简单句合并成一个并列句或复合句。句合并成一个并列句或复合句。例例 如如：Some of the students want to give up smoking.They find it difficult to get rid of that bad habit.这这两两个个简简单单句句在在逻逻辑辑上上有有转转折折关关系系，可可以以用用连连接接词词but合合并并成成一一个个并并列列句句：Some of the students want to give up smoking，but they find it difficult to get rid of that bad habit.(2)三三个个或或三三个个以以上上的的简简单单句句，也也可可根根据据句句子子间间的的逻逻辑辑关关系系选选用用适适当当的的连连接接词词合合并并成成并并列列句句、复复合合句句或或并并列列复复合合句。句。例例如如：My best friend in high school was our English teacher.Her name was Li Ming.She taught us English for three years.这这三三个个简简单单句句所所提提供供的的信信息息量量很很小小，把把一一个个简简单单的的思思想想内内容容割割裂裂成成三三个个短短句句加加以以表表达达，虽虽然然各各个个句句子子语语法法正正确确，但但显显得得乏乏力力。可可改改为为：My best friend in high school was our English teacher，Li Ming，who taught us English for three years.4.要符合连贯性原则要符合连贯性原则 连连贯贯性性是是指指句句中中的的单单词词、词词组组或或分分句句之之间间连连接接适适当当，关关系系清清楚楚，句句意意能能得得到到准准确确、清清楚楚、流流畅畅的的表表达达。不不少少学学生生写写出出的的不不连连贯贯性性句句子子主主要要包包括括垂垂悬悬修修饰饰语语、指指代代不不清清、未未用用平平行行结结构构等等方方面面的的错错误误。例例如如：He likes to sing，to swim，and table tennis.英英语语中中要要表表达达等等同同地地位位的的意意思思时时，应应使使用用平平行行结结构构。此此句句未未用用平平行行结结构构，破破坏坏了了连连贯贯性性原原则则可可改改为为：He likes to sing，to swim，and to play table tennis.或或He likes singing，swimming，and playing table tennis.5要符合完整统一性原则要符合完整统一性原则每每个个正正确确有有效效的的句句子子必必须须符符合合完完整整统统一一性性原原则则。完完整整统统一一性性原原则则是是指指一一个个句句子子必必须须表表达达单单一一的的完完整整的的思思想想。不不能把几个无能把几个无紧紧密密联联系甚至毫不相干的思想放在同一句子里。系甚至毫不相干的思想放在同一句子里。例如：例如：The girl is too young.这这个个句句子子就就不不完完整整，可可改改为为：The girl is too young to go to school/to get married.Being an honest girl，Mary worked very hard.此此句句前前后后两两部部分分意意思思无无密密切切关关系系，违违背背完完整整统统一一性性原原则，可改为：则，可改为：Being an honest girl，Mary never tells a lie to her friends.6要避免连缀句要避免连缀句英英语语中中使使用用频频率率最最高高的的标标点点符符号号是是逗逗号号。写写作作中中，同同学学们们往往往往由由于于用用错错逗逗号号而而产产生生错错句句。按按要要求求并并列列分分句句之之间间需需有有并并列列连连词词连连接接或或由由分分号号断断开开；主主句句和和从从句句之之间间要要有有从从属属连连词词连连接接。可可是是，写写作作时时有有不不少少学学生生不不管管句句子子之之间间的的关关系如何，一概用逗号系如何，一概用逗号连连接，接，结结果造成果造成连缀连缀句句错误错误。例如：误：例如：误：She is too young，she cant join the army.正：正：She is too young，so she cant join the army.She is too young；she cant join the army.如何避免连缀句呢？如何避免连缀句呢？(1)该用连词时就要用该用连词时就要用Jim overslept，so he was late for class.若若去去掉掉so，该该句便成连缀句。句便成连缀句。(2)两个并列句之两个并列句之间间，如不用，如不用连词连词，可改用分号，可改用分号He went to class；he forgot his paper.(3)不要把不要把连连接副接副词误词误用用为连词为连词误误：She continued teaching，however her heart was not in it.正正：She continued teaching；however her heart was not in it.或或She continued teaching，but her heart was not in it.7句子要写得简洁句子要写得简洁英英语语句句子子要要写写得得简简洁洁自自然然，清清楚楚明明白白。这这是是英英语语写写作作的的基基本本要要求求之之一一。要要使使英英语语句句子子简简洁洁，既既要要避避免免使使用用意意思思表达中不必要的表达中不必要的词词，又要避免意思相同，又要避免意思相同词词的重复。的重复。例例如如：Whenever anyone called for someone to help him do some certain things，Jim was always the first to volunteer(自自愿愿)and lend his help.该该句句中中有有很很多多词词是是多多余余的的，实实际际该该句句可可改改成成：Whenever anyone called for help，Jim was always the first to volunteer.原原句句中中所所有有信信息息都都已已包包含含在此句中，这样改动之后不仅结构简洁，而且意思清楚。在此句中，这样改动之后不仅结构简洁，而且意思清楚。8运用英语思维运用英语思维使使用用英英语语思思维维完完成成书书面面表表达达是是正正确确遣遣词词造造句句的的基基础础。熟熟悉悉一一些些常常用用英英语语句句式式，与与表表义义建建立立直直接接联联系系，不不需需要要翻翻译译，便便能能形形成成英英语语思思维维，也也就就可可以以避避免免因因不不正正确确的的直直译译而而导导致致的的表表达达错错误误。在在高高考考英英语语书书面面表表达达中中，有有许许多多因因不不正正确的直确的直译译而而导导致的表达致的表达错误错误。例如：。例如：(1)今天她想待在家里。今天她想待在家里。误误：She thinks to stay at home today.(用用词词不当不当)正：正：She wants to stay at home today.(2)艾艾丽丝丽丝两年前嫁两年前嫁给给了了汤汤姆。姆。误误：Alice married with Tom two years ago.(搭配不当搭配不当)正：正：Alice married Tom two years ago.(3)我我们们英英语语老老师师生病了。格林夫人来代替他。生病了。格林夫人来代替他。误误：Our English teacher was ill.Mr.Green insteaded of him.(词词性性错误错误)正正：Our English teacher was ill.Mr.Green took his place.(4)我我们们都反都反对鲍对鲍勃的勃的计计划。划。误误：We all against Bobs plan.(句型不句型不对对)正：正：We are all against Bobs plan.(5)他的工作很忙。他的工作很忙。误误：His work is busy.(句型不句型不对对)正：正：He is busy with his work.(6)你有必要来你有必要来这这里。里。误误：You are necessary to come here.(句型不句型不对对)正：正：Its necessary for you to come here.(7)第二年他第二年他们们国家爆国家爆发发了一了一场战场战争。争。误误：The next year，their country broke out a war.(句句型不型不对对)正：正：The next year，a war broke out in their country.(8)我我们们有二十个学生看有二十个学生看过这过这部部电电影。影。误误：There are twenty students in our class have seen the film.(结结构混淆构混淆)正：正：Twenty students in our class have seen the film.9使用标点符号要规范使用标点符号要规范标标点点符符号号是是一一种种变变相相文文字字，是是作作者者表表达达其其思思想想感感情情的的一一种种代代号号，是是书书面面语语不不可可缺缺少少的的重重要要部部分分。在在一一个个意意思思完完整整的的句句子子结结束束时时，要要打打上上标标点点符符号号：陈陈述述句句和和祈祈使使句句用用句句号号，疑疑问问句句用用问问号号，感感叹叹句句用用感感叹叹号号。但但英英汉汉两两种种语语言言在在标标点点符符号号及及其其使使用用上上存存在在着着差差异异。如如汉汉语语中中有有书书名名号号“”和和顿顿号号“、”，但但英英语语里里没没有有。汉汉语语中中省省略略号号为为六六点点“”，英英语语中中省省略略号号为为三三点点“.”。汉汉语语中中句句号号为为空空心心小小圆圆圈，英圈，英语语中的句号中的句号为实为实心小心小圆圆点。点。汉汉语语中中并并列列成成分分之之间间仅仅用用逗逗号号连连接接即即可可，英英语语里里则则必必须须加加上上并并列列连连词词等等。在在平平时时阅阅读读时时，我我们们要要重重视视标标点点符符号号的作用。写作的作用。写作时时要使用正确要使用正确规规范的范的标标点符号。点符号。例例如如：误误：Reading China Daily can help to improve our English.正正：Reading China Daily can help to improve our English.