中英文翻译资料.doc

中文资料浅析步进电机的PLC控制技术与发展趋势1、概述：随着微电子技术和计算机技术的发展，可编程序控制器有一了突飞猛进的发展，其功能已远远超出了逻辑控制、顺序控制的范围，它与计算机有一效结合，可进行模拟最控制，具有一远程通信功能等。有-人将其称为现代丁业控制的三大支柱(即PLC，机器人，CAD/CAM)之一,目前可编程控制器广泛应用于冶金、矿业、机械、轻丁等领域，为工业自动化提供了有一力的工具。PLC控制的步进电机开环伺服机构应用于组合机床自动生产线上的数控滑台控制，可省去该单元的数控系统,使该单元的控制系统成本降低。2、步进电机的基本特点:（1）、一般步进电机的精度为步进角的3-5%且不累积。（2）、步进电机外表允许的最高温度步进电机温度过高首先会使电机的磁性材料退磁，从而导致力矩下降乃至于失步，因此电机外表允许的最高温度应取决于小同电机磁性材料的退磁点;一般来讲，磁性材料的退磁点都在摄氏130度以上，有一的甚至高达摄氏200度以上，所以步进电机外表温度在摄氏80-90度完全正常（3）、步进电机的力矩会随转速的升高而下降。当步进电机转动时，电机各相绕组的电感将形成一个反向电动势;频率越高，反向电动势越大在它的作用大，电机随频率(或速度)的增大而相电流减小，从而导致力矩下降。（4）、步进电机低速时可以正常运转，但若高于一定速度就无法启动，并伴有一啸叫声步进电机有一个技术参数:空载启动频率，即步进电机在空载情况下能够正常启动的脉冲频率，如果脉冲频率高于该值.，电机不能正常启动，可能发生丢步或堵转。在有一负载的情况下，启动频率应更低如果要使电机达到高速转动，脉冲频率应该有一加速过程，即启动频率较低，然后按一定加速度升到所希望的高频.步进电动机以其显著的特点，在数字化制造时代发挥着重大的用途伴随着小同的数字化技术的发展以及步进电机本身技术的提高，步进电机将会在更多的领域得到应用。3、步进电机控制系统的组成：步进电机是一种将电脉冲转化为角位移的执行机构。当步进驱动器接收到一个脉冲信号，它就驱动步进电机按设定的方向转动一个固定的角度称为“步距角”，它的旋转是以固定的角度一步一步运行的。可以通过控制脉冲个数来控制角位移最，从而达到确定位的目的;同时,可以通过控制脉冲频率来控制电机转动的速度和加速度，从而达到调速的目的步进电机.可以作为一种控制用的特种电机，利用其没有累积误差精度为百分百的特点，泛应用于各种开环控制。4、步进电机的PLC制技术:应使输入步进电机的输入脉冲总数和脉冲频率受到相应的控制。因此在控制软件上设置一个脉冲总数和脉冲频率可控的脉冲信号发生器;对于频率较低的控制脉冲，可以利用PL的定时器构成，脉冲频率可以通过定时器的定时常数控制脉冲周期，脉冲总数控制则可以设置一脉冲计数器C10当脉冲数达到设定值时，计数器C1。动作切断脉冲发生器回路，使其停止,伺服机构的步进电机无脉冲输入时便停止运转，伺服执行机构定位当伺服执行机构的位移速度要求较高时，可以用PLC的高速脉冲发生器. 不同的PLC其高速脉冲的频率可达4000 6000Hz. PLC用来产生控制脉冲,通过PLC编程输出一定数最的方波脉冲，控制步进电机的转角,可编程控制器输出的控制脉冲按步进电机的通电顺序分配到相应的绕组。PLC控制的步进电机可以以采用软件环行分配器，硬件环行分配器采用软环占用的PLC资源较多，特别是步进电机绕组相数大于四时，对于大型生产线应该充分考虑采用硬件环行分配器，虽然硬件结构稍微复杂些，但可以节省占用PLC的输出输入点数，目前市场有一多种专用芯片可以选用.步进电机功率驱动器PLC输出的控制脉冲放大到几十至上百倍, 伏特、几安到几十几安的驱动能力,一般PLC的输出接口具有一定的驱动能力，而通常的晶体管内流输出接口的负载能力仅为十几到几十伏特、几十到几百毫安,但对于功率步进电机则要求几十到上百伏特,几安到几十安的驱动能力，因此应该采用驱动器对输出脉冲进行放大。5、国内外电机的发展趋势:（1）、继续沿着小型化的方向发展随着电动机本身应用领域的拓宽以及各类整机的不断小型化，要求与之配套的电动机也必须越来越小，在57, 42机座号的电动机应用了多年后，现在其机座号向3 9, 3 5,30, 25方向向下延伸。（2）、对电动机进行综合设计即把转速位置传感器，减速齿轮等和电动机本体综合设计在一起，这样使其能方便地组成一个闭环系统，因而具有一更加优越的控制性能。（3）、向五相和三相电动机方向发展.目前,泛应用的二相和四相电动机，其振动和噪声较大，而五相和三相电动机具有优势性而就这两种电动机而言，五相电动机的驱动电路比三相电动机复杂，因此三相电动机系统的性能价格比要比五相电动机更好一些我国的情况有一所小同，直到20纪纪八十年代，一直是磁阻式步进电动机占统治地位，混合式步进电动机是80年代后期才开始发展，至今仍然是两种结构类型同时并存。尽管新的混合式步进电动机完全.可能替代磁阻式电动机，但磁阻式电动机的整机获得了长期应用，对于它的技术也较为熟悉，特别是典型的混合式步进电动机的步距角与典型的磁阻式电动机的步距角不一样，用户改变这种结构小是很客易的，这就使得两种机型并存的局面难以在较短时问内改变。这种现状对步进电动机的发展是不利的。英文资料The shallow treads into the PLC control technique and development trend of electrical engineering1. Say all:Along with the micro-electronics technique and the calculator technical hair Exhibition, the programmable preface controller has an advance by leaps and bounds of hair Exhibition, its function has already outrun a logic control far and far, in proper order The scope of control, it has an effect to combine with calculator, can enter Go to imitate to control most, have along range correspondence function etc. Have-The person is called it the modern D industry controls of three pay pillar greatly(namely PLC, robot, CAD/CAM)it a, currently programmable controller BE applied in metallurgy extensively, Mineral industry, machine, light Class D realm, automate for the industry Provided to there is the tool of one dint The PLC controls of tread to open the wreath servo organization into the electrical engineering should Used for combining tool machine to produce an on-line number to control a slippery pedestal to control automatically Make, can the province go to the number of that unit to control system, making that unit The cost of controling the system lowers.2、Tread into the basic characteristics of electrical engineering:（1）、tread generally into the accuracy of the electrical engineering for tread into Cape of 3-5% and don't accumulate.（2）、tallest temperatures which enter electrical engineering outward appearance and allow tread and lead into the electrical engineering temperature high can make the magnetism material of electrical engineering back first, cause the dint descend thus is as for lose a step, so the electrical engineering outward appearance allow of the tallest temperature should be decided by small back with electrical engineering magnetism material and order; Speak generally, the magnetism material backs to order all above have in 130 C an of even be up to 200C above, so tread completely normal into the electrical engineering outward appearance temperature in 80-90C.（3）、dints which enter electrical engineering would with turn to go up but descend soon，While treading to turn to move into the electrical engineering, electrical engineering each electricity feeling which round a set mutually will become one anti- to electromotive force; The frequency is more high, anti- to electromotive force more big ，big in its function, the electrical engineering enlarges with the frequency(or speed) but mutually the electric current let up, causing the dint descend thus.（4）、 can revolve normally when 4 enter electrical engineering low speed, but if high in certain the speed can't start, and the companion have a roar the interjection tread to have a technique parameter into the electrical engineering: empty carry start frequency, then tread into electrical engineering at empty carry under circumstance can start normally of pulse frequency, if the pulse frequency is high in should be worth., The electrical engineering can't start normally, the possible occurrence throws a step or blocks up to turn. Under the situation that there is one load, the start frequency should be much lower if want to make the electrical engineering attain high speed to turn to move, the pulse frequency should have an acceleration process, then start the frequency is lower, then press certain acceleration to rise the high hoped. Tread to show the characteristics of with it into the electric motor, turn ages of manufacturing to develop important use to accompany with in the numeral small together of numeral turn technical of development and tread into the electrical engineering technical exaltation，tread will get an application in more realms into the electrical engineering.3、enter an electrical engineering control system to constitute：Tread is a kind of performance organization that will give or get an electric shock a pulse conversion to move for the Cape into the electrical engineering. When tread to receive to a pulse signal into the actuator, it drives a step to press the direction of enactment to turn to move an angle for fixing to be called "tread to be apart from Cape" into the electrical engineering, it revolves one-step circulate with the fixed angle one step. Can pass control pulse piece to control a Cape to move to attain the purpose of assurance most and thus; Can pass control pulse frequency to control electrical engineering to become dynamic speed and acceleration in the meantime, the purpose attained to adjust thus soon treads into the electrical engineering. Can be the special kind electrical engineering that a kind of control uses, make use of it didn't accumulate error margin accuracy to 100 to divide 100 of characteristics, be suffused with to apply in various open a wreath control PLC which enter electrical engineering technique.4、make the importation tread to be subjected to a homologous control into total amount and pulse frequency of the importation pulse of electrical engineering. Establish the pulse signal occurrence that a pulse total amount and pulse frequency can control a machine therefore and in control，software; Can make use of PL in fixed time a machine composing for the frequency lower control pulse, the pulse frequency can pass in fixed time machine in fixed time constant control pulse period, the pulse amounts control then can establish a the pulse counter C10 be when the pulse number attain initial value, count machine C1.The action cuts off pulse back track, making it stop, the servo organization tread into the electrical engineering have no the pulse input then stop operation，servo performance organization fixed position be servo performance organization of when move speed to have higher request, can use PLC high-speed pulse，Different PLC it the frequency of high-speed pulse can reach to 4000-6000Hzses. The PLC is used to produce control pulse, passing PLC plait distance exportation several pulses certainly the control treads to turn Cape into the electrical engineering, programmable controller output's control the pulse enters electrical engineering to switch on electricity sequence to assign by the step homologous of round a set. The PLC controls of tread can go an allotment machine by adoption software wreath into the electrical engineering, the hardware wreath goes allotment machine to adopt the PLC resources that the soft wreath takes up more, Tread especially to round a set to count mutually into the electrical engineering big should consider adoption hardware wreath to go allotment machine well for large production line at 4, although the hardware structure is a little bit a little more complicated, can save an exportation importation of taking up the PLC point, the market has a various appropriation chips to choose touse currently. Tread to enlarge to several ten highest hundred folds into the output's control of the actuator PLC of the electrical engineering power pulse, volt, several Anne arrive several ten several Anne s drive an ability, the exportation of general PLC connects to have to certainly drive an ability, but inside usual transistor flow exportation to connect an oscular load ability only for ten several arrive several ten volts, several ten arrive several 100 million Anne but tread to then have several request into the electrical engineering to the power ten arrive up 100 volts, several Anne arrive several ten Anne s drive an abilityso should adopt an actuator to output the pulse carry on enlarging.5、The development trend of 5 domestic and international electrical engineering: （1）、continue along small scaled direction development turned along with electric motor application the realm open widely and each kind of whole machine is continuously small scaled to turn, the electric motor which requests with its kit have to also more and more small, at 57, the electric motor of 42 machine seat numbers applies many after years, now its machine seat number to 39,35,30,25 directions get down extension.（2 ）、right nesses of electric motors carry on comprehensive design namely turn soon position to spread a feeling machine, decelerate the wheel gear etc. and electric motor essence to synthesize design together, so make it be able to constitute 1 to shut wreath system expediently, as a result have one more superior control function.（3）、to five mutually with three mutually the electric motor direction develop，Be suffused with currently applied of two mutually with four mutually the electric motor, its vibration and voice are bigger, but five mutually with three mutually the electric motor have advantage but in regard to these two kinds of electric motors, five mutually the electric motor drive electric circuit compare three mutually electric motor complications, so three mutually the function price of electric motor system than want than five mutually the electric motor is a little bit better our country of the circumstance have small one together, until 20 Ji,Ji,80's, has been is the type of to tread to share governance position into the electric motor, the mixture type tread into the electric motor is after 80's to expect just start developing, still is two kinds of structure types up to now in the meantime keep both. Though new of the hybrid type tread into the electric motor completely. May act for the type electric motor, but the whole machine of the type electric motor acquire to apply over a long period of time, to its technique also compare in order to acquaint with, especially typical of hybrid type's treading to tread type electric motor of being apart from the Cape and typical model to tread into the electric motor be different apart from the Cape the customer changes this kind of structure small is the guest is easy very much, this make two kinds of models keep both of the situation is hard to change in shorter the hour ask. This kind of present condition is disadvantageous to the development which treads into the electric motor.