高一英语上学期重难点知识点汇总.docx

高一英语上学期重难点知识点汇总重点1.的成分和种类2.状语、定语、名词性从句3.重点词汇和句型难点1.翻译的技巧2.时态(含现在完成进行时和将来完成时)及语态(含主动表被动)一、英语简单句的五种基本结构S+V是主谓S+V+DO是主谓加双宾S+V+P是主谓宾S(主语)+V(谓语)+I(间接宾语)+D(直接宾语)S(主语)+V(动词)+O(宾语)+Complement(补语)1Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)Thestudentsworkveryhard.学生们学习很努力。Sheapologizedtomeagain.她再次向我道歉。Theaccidenthappenedyesterdayevening.事故是昨天晚上发生的。2Subject(主语)+Link.V(系动词)+Predicate(表语)这种句型中的系动词一般可分为下列两类：表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be,look,seem,appear,smell,taste,sound,keep,remain,等等。如：Severalplayerslayflatontheplayground.几个队员平躺在操场上。Weshouldremainmodestandprudentanytime.我们在任何时候都应该保持谦虚谨慎。Thiskindoffoodtastesterrible.这种食物吃起来很糟糕。Thepicturelooksmorebeautifulatacertaindistance.这幅画在一定的距离看更漂亮一些。春天到了，天气变得越来越暖和。Don'thavethefood.Ithasgonebad.不要吃那种食物，已经变质了。Thefactsprovetrue.事实证明是正确的。3Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+Object(宾语)这种句型中的动词应为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。作宾语的成分常是：名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。如：Youcanputthebooksinyourbag.你可以把书放在书包里。Farmersinourareagrowlotsofvegetables.我们这里的农民种很多种蔬菜。Shelostthechancetomakeherappearanceonthestage.她失去了在舞台上露面的机会。Iprefertomakewebpages.我更喜欢做网页。4Subject(主语)+Verb(谓语)+Indirectobject(间接宾语)+Directobject(直接宾语)这种句型中作间接宾语的常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。如：Yesterdayherfatherboughtherabicycleasabirthdaypresent.昨天她父亲给她买了一辆自行车作为生日礼物。TheoldmanistellingthechildrenstoriesintheLongMarch.老人正在给孩子们讲长征中的。这种句型还可转换为其他两种句型：1)动词+宾语+forsb.;2)动词+宾语+tosb.。如：Pleaseshowmeyourpicture.-Pleaseshowyourpicturetome.请把你的画给我看一下。I'llofferyouagoodchanceaslongasyoudon'tloseheart.I'llofferagoodchanceforyouaslongasyoudon'tloseheart.只要你不失去信心，我会给你提供机会的。4Subject(主语)+Verb(动词)+Object(宾语)+Complement(补语)这种句型中的宾语+补语可统称为“复合宾语”。担任补语的常常是名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式等。如：Keepthechildrenquiet,please.请让孩子们安静下来。Hepaintedthewallwhite.他把墙漆成白色。Wefoundhimanhonestperson.我们发现他是一个诚实的人。Hismothertoldhimnottoplayonthestreet.他母亲告诉他不要在街上玩。注意：动词have,make,let,see,hear,notice,feel,observe,watch等后面所接的动词不定式作宾补时，不带to。如：Thebossmadehimdotheworkallday.老板让他整天做那项工作。二、英语句子种类两种分类法按句子的用途可分四种：1)陈述句(肯定、否定)：Heissixyearsold.Shedidnthearofyoubefore.2)疑问句(一般、特殊、选择、反意)：Dotheylikeskating?Howoldishe?Ishesixorsevenyearsold?Marycanswim,cantshe?3)祈使句：Becareful,boys.Donttalkinclass4)感叹句：Howclevertheboyis!Whatacleverboyheis!按句子的结构可分三种：1)简单句：只有一个主语(或并列主语)和一个谓语(或并列谓语)。HeoftenreadsEnglishinthemorning.TomandMikeareAmericanboys.Shelikesdrawingandoftendrawspicturesforthewallnewspapers.并列句：由并列连词(and,but,or等)或分号(;)把两个或两个以上的简单句连在一起构成。Youhelphimandhehelpsyou.Thefutureisbright;theroadistortuous.前途是光明的，道路是曲折的。复合句：含有一个或一个以上从句的句子。英语从句包括名词性从句(主语从句,表语从句,宾语从句和同位语从句),定语从句和状语从句等。TheforeignvisitorstookalotofpictureswhentheywereattheGreatWall.小练习判断下列句子是简单句、并列句还是复合句：Thefarmerisshowingtheboyhowtoplantatree.BothTomandJackenjoycountrymusic.TheboywhoofferedmehisseatiscalledTom.seven.HeisinClassOneandIaminClassTwo.Hewasfondofdrawingwhenhewasyetachild.Neitherhashechangedhismind,norwillhedoso.Whathesaidatthemeetingisveryimportant,isntit?三、英语句子成分分析1主语(subject):句子说明的人或事物。Thesunrisesintheeast.(名词)Helikesdancing.(代词)Twentyyearsisashorttimeinhistory.(数词)Seeingisbelieving.(动名词)Toseeistobelieve.(不定式)Whatheneedsisabook.(主语从句)Itisveryclearthattheelephantisroundandtalllikeatree.(It形式主语，主语从句是真正主语)附带复习一下it作形式主语的一些用法:当主语部分太长时为了句子平衡采用it作形式主语。所谓形式是指句子的真正主语将在句子末段出现itis+名词+从句:Itisasurprisethatyougivesuchananswertothisquestion.itis+形容词+从句:Itiscertainthatfreemedicalcarewillbegiventomostpeopleinourcity.It+动词+从句:Itappearedthathehadatasteformusic.Itbe+分词+从句:ItissaidthatLiTaohasbeentoEurope.2谓语(predicate):说明主语的动作、状态和特征WestudyEnglish.Heisasleep.3表语(predicative):系动词之后的成分，表示主语的性质、状态和特征。Heisateacher.(名词)Seventy-four!Youdontlookit.(代词)Fiveandfiveisten.(数词)Heisasleep.(形容词)Hisfatherisin.(副词)Thepictureisonthewall.(介词短语)Mywatchisgone/missing/lost.(形容词化的分词)常见的系动词有:be,sound(听起来)，look(看起来)，feel(摸起来)，smell(闻起来)，taste(尝、吃起来)，remain(保持，仍是)，feel(感觉).Itsoundsagoodidea.Thesoundsoundsstrange.Hervoicesoundssweet.Tomlooksthin.Thefoodsmellsdelicious.Thefoodtastesgood.Thedoorremainsopen.NowIfeeltired.4宾语：1)动作的承受者动宾IlikeChina.(名词)Hehatesyou.(代词)Howmanydoyouneed?Weneedtwo.(数词)Weshouldhelptheoldandthepoor.Ienjoyworkingwithyou.(动名词)Ihopetoseeyouagain.(不定式)Didyouwritedownwhathesaid?(宾语从句)2)介词后的名词、代词和动名词介宾Areyouafraidofthesnake?Underthesnow,therearemanyrocks.3)双宾语间宾(指人)和直宾(指物)Hegavemeabookyesterday.Givethepoormansomemoney.5宾补：对宾语的补充，全称为宾语补足语。Weelectedhimmonitor.(名词)Wefoundnobodyin.(副词)Pleasemakeyourselfathome.(介词短语)Dontlethimdothat.(省to不定式)Hisfatheradvisedhimtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(带to不定式)Dontkeepthelightsburning.(现在分词)Illhavemybikerepaired.(过去分词)6主补：对主语的补充。Hewaselectedmonitor.Shewasfoundsinginginthenextroom.Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboya7定语：修饰或限制名词或代词的词、词组或句子。AiYanlingisachemistryteacher.(名词)Heisourfriend.(代词)Webelongtothethirdworld.(数词)Hewasadvisedtoteachthelazyboyalesson.(形容词)Themanoverthereismyoldfriend.(副词)Thewomanwithababyinherarmsismysister.(介词)TheboysplayingfootballareinCla2.(现在分词)Thetreesplantedlastyeararegrowingwellnow.(过去分词)Ihaveanideatodoitwell.(不定式)YoushoulddoeverythingthatIdo.(定语从句)8状语：用来修饰v.,adj.,adv.,or句子。表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步。(以下例句按上述顺序排列)Iwillgotheretomorrow.Themeetingwillbeheldinthemeetingroom.Themeatwentbadbecauseofthehotweather.HestudieshardtolearnEnglishwell.Hedidntstudyhardsothathefailedintheexam.Ilikesomeofyouverymuch.Ifyoustudyhard,youwillpatheexam.Hegoestoschoolbybike.Thoughheisyoung,hecandoitwell.