教育精品：虚拟语气(1).ppt

虚拟语气虚拟语气虚拟语气概述虚拟语气概述 虚拟语气用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事虚拟语气用来表示说话人所说的话并不是事实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。实，而是一种假设、愿望、怀疑或推测。例例如：如：If I had time,I would certainly go to the movie with you.I wish I were a white cloud.虚拟语气的表现形式虚拟语气的表现形式虚拟语气通过虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。来表示。例如：例如：1.God bless you.2.If he were here,he would know what to do.3.If you had come a little earlier,you would have met her.4.She suggested that we should keep emailing each other.5.They should have arrived by now.6.Should I have time,I would read the book again.7.I wish I hadnt done that.8.He talked as if he had seen it with hisown eyes.虚拟语气的用法虚拟语气的用法v虚拟语气用虚拟语气用在非真实在非真实条件句条件句中中v虚拟语气用虚拟语气用在在宾语从句宾语从句中中v虚拟语气用虚拟语气用在在表语从句、同位语从句表语从句、同位语从句中中v虚拟语气用虚拟语气用在在主语从句主语从句中中vwish和和as if/though后的后的虚拟语气虚拟语气v虚拟语气用在其他句型中虚拟语气用在其他句型中虚拟语气用于虚拟语气用于非真实非真实条件句条件句v真实真实条件句条件句VS非真实非真实条件句条件句 试比较：试比较：If it rains tomorrow,well have to stay at home.If I were you,I would accept the offer.v虚拟语气虚拟语气在在非真实条件句非真实条件句中的中的假设通常有三种情况：假设通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反与过去事实相反 与现在事实相反与现在事实相反 与将来事实可能相反。与将来事实可能相反。非真实条件句中谓语动词形式非真实条件句中谓语动词形式条件从句条件从句主句主句与现在事实相反与现在事实相反If sb.+过去式过去式（be的过去式是的过去式是were）sb.+would(should,could,might)+动词原动词原形形与过去事实相反与过去事实相反If sb.+had donesb.+would(should,could,might)+have done与将来事实可能与将来事实可能相反相反If sb.+A.过去式过去式 B.were to do C.should+动动词原形词原形sb.+would(should,could,might)+动词原动词原形形与现在事实相反（例句）与现在事实相反（例句）vIf I were rich enough,I would travel around the world.假如我很富有，我就会假如我很富有，我就会周游世界。周游世界。(The fact is that I cant travel around the world because I dont have enough money.)vIf I had a car,I should be very happy.假如我有假如我有一辆汽车，我应该很高兴。一辆汽车，我应该很高兴。vIf I were a bird,I could fly freely in the sky.假如假如我是一只鸟儿，我就会在空中自由飞翔。我是一只鸟儿，我就会在空中自由飞翔。与过去事实相反（例句）与过去事实相反（例句）vIf I had known her telephone number,I would have called her.假如我当时知道她的电话号码，假如我当时知道她的电话号码，我就会给她打了电话。我就会给她打了电话。(The fact is that I didnt call her because I didnt know her telephone number.)vIf he had got up earlier,he could have caught the train.假如他假如他早点起身的话早点起身的话，他本来能赶上那趟，他本来能赶上那趟火车。火车。与将来事实可能相反（例句）与将来事实可能相反（例句）vIf she were to marry Jack,she would be happy.如果她嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。如果她嫁给杰克，她会幸福的。vIf I should go abroad,I would go to America.假假如我要出国，我就会去美国如我要出国，我就会去美国。snowed(常用形式常用形式)vIf it were to snow(可能性较小可能性较小)tomorrow,I should snow(可能性较大可能性较大)should(would)stay at home.友情提醒友情提醒1.错综时间条件句错综时间条件句在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件在错综时间条件句中，虚拟条件从句和主句从句和主句动作动作发生的时间不一致发生的时间不一致，因此，主句和从句，因此，主句和从句的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用的谓语动词要根据各自所指的不同时间选用适当的虚拟语气形式。例如：适当的虚拟语气形式。例如：vIf you had listened to the teacher carefully in class,you would know what to do now.（过去现在）（过去现在）vIf I were you,I wouldnt have missed the film last night.(现在现在 过去过去)vIf they had left home in early morning,they would arrive in half an hour.(过去将来过去将来)vIf Mary should arrive today,she must have started three days ago.(将来过去将来过去)2.If的省略的省略 条件句中如有条件句中如有were,should,had，可以省去，可以省去if，而把而把were,should,had放在主语前，放在主语前，用倒装用倒装结结构。例如：构。例如：vWere it necessary,he would resign.vShould he fail,he would never get another chance.vHad they met 20 years earlier,they would have achieved greater success.虚拟语气用于宾语从句虚拟语气用于宾语从句 表示表示“要求、建议、命令要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语等动词后面的宾语从句中的虚拟语气从句中用从句中的虚拟语气从句中用“should+动词原动词原形形”构成。而且构成。而且should可以省去。用于此结可以省去。用于此结构的动词构的动词常见的常见的有：有：advise,ask,demand,decide,desire,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,suggest,recommend等。等。例如：例如：vI suggested that the meeting(should)be put off.我建议会议延期举行。我建议会议延期举行。vThe doctor ordered that she(should)stay in bed for a few days.医生要她卧床休医生要她卧床休息几天。息几天。vThey demanded that their pay(should)be raised.他们要求增加工资。他们要求增加工资。友情提醒友情提醒1.表示表示“要求、建议、命令要求、建议、命令”等动词后面的宾语等动词后面的宾语从句中从句中谓语动词所表示的动作均没有发生，谓语动词所表示的动作均没有发生，这些这些“要求、建议、命令要求、建议、命令”等是否会执行尚不等是否会执行尚不得而知。再如：得而知。再如：vThey required that the book should be returned immediately.vHe suggested that we go for an outing this weekend.2.insist作作“力言力言”、“强调强调”，suggest作作“暗示暗示”、“表明表明”等等解时解时,宾语从句不用虚拟语气宾语从句不用虚拟语气。例如：。例如：vThe farmer insisted that he had never seen the camel.vHis pale face suggests that he is frightened.虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句虚拟语气用于表语从句、同位语从句v在在suggestion，proposal，order,decision,plan，idea，advice，desire等等需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同位语需要有内涵的名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词用动从句中，要使用虚拟语气。其谓语动词用动词原形词原形或或should 动词原形。动词原形。例如：例如：vMy suggestion is that we should go there at once.vWhat do you think of his proposal that we should put on a play at the English evening?vAn order has come that no language but German should be taught in the local school.虚拟语气虚拟语气用于用于主语从句主语从句v1.It be+形容词形容词+that(should).用于该句型的形容词用于该句型的形容词主要有主要有：necessary,good,important,right,wrong,better,natural,proper,funny,strange,surprising 等。等。necessaryimportantnaturalstrangevIt is important that we should master a foreign language.vIts necessary that we should ban smoking in all public places.vIts natural that she should come and take care of her aged parents.2.It be+过去分词过去分词+that（should）.用于用于该结构中的过去分词是表示该结构中的过去分词是表示“建议、请求、命建议、请求、命令令”等词的过去分词。如：等词的过去分词。如：desired，suggested,requested,ordered，required,proposed等。等。例如：例如：vIt is required by law that every family should send their child of the right age to school.vIt is proposed that parents take care of their childs safety.vIt is requested that every guest arrive at the restaurant by 8 pm.wish和和as if/though后的后的虚拟语气虚拟语气v1.动词动词wish后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。与现后的宾语从句用虚拟语气。与现在事实相反，用在事实相反，用were或动词的过去式；与过或动词的过去式；与过去事实相反，用去事实相反，用had+过去分词或过去分词或would/could have+过去分词；表示将来没有把握过去分词；表示将来没有把握或不太可能实现的愿望，用或不太可能实现的愿望，用would/should(could,might)+动词原形。例如：动词原形。例如：vI dont know her phone number,but I wish I knew her phone number.vI wish I had taken your advice.vI wish you would go with us tomorrow.与与当时当时（或更早的过去）（或更早的过去）事实相反的事情事实相反的事情请比较下列两句：请比较下列两句：You work too hard;I wish you didnt work so hard.（现在（现在希望与希望与现在现在事实相反的事情事实相反的事情）You worked too hard;I wished you didnt work so hard.（过去希望与过去希望与当时当时事实相反的事情事实相反的事情）再如：再如：v过去希望与过去希望与当时当时事实相反的事情事实相反的事情vHe was so ill that he wished that he were dead.v过去希望与过去希望与更早的过去更早的过去事实相反的事情事实相反的事情vI wished I hadnt spent so much money.vI wished I had taken your advice.as if/thoughvas if/though引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有引导的方式状语从句或表语从句，有时用虚拟语气。从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动时用虚拟语气。从句表示与现在事实相反，谓语动词用一般过去式；表示与过去事实相反，词用一般过去式；表示与过去事实相反，had+过去过去分词；表示可能性不大，用分词；表示可能性不大，用would(might,could)+动词原形。例如：动词原形。例如：vHe talks as if he knew all about it.vYou look as if you had seen a ghost.vIt looks as though it might rain.v在虚拟语气中，无论主句中动词是现在时还是过去在虚拟语气中，无论主句中动词是现在时还是过去时，只要时，只要as if/though从句所指的时间与其同时，从句所指的时间与其同时，都用过去式，若都用过去式，若非非同时而是较早，或表示已经持续同时而是较早，或表示已经持续了若干时间，则用过去完成式。了若干时间，则用过去完成式。例如：例如：vHe ordered me about as though I were his wife.vI was so happy that I felt as if I had wings and could fly.vHe looked as if he hadnt had a decent meal for a month.v注意注意as if/though从句中用陈述语气与虚拟语气的从句中用陈述语气与虚拟语气的区别。区别。试比较：试比较：vHe walks as if he is drunk.(=He is probably drunk.)vHe walks as if he were drunk.(=He walks as if he were drunk,but he is not.)虚拟语气用于其他句型虚拟语气用于其他句型1.无无“条件条件”的虚拟语气句的虚拟语气句 所谓无所谓无“条件条件”，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的，指的是句子表层没有通常使用的if等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下等引起的表示条件的句子，但其深层结构或是上下文中还是有条件的。这种条件可以用介词、名词、文中还是有条件的。这种条件可以用介词、名词、连词、分词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等来表示连词、分词、不定式、定语从句或上下文等来表示出来。常用的表示无出来。常用的表示无“条件条件”的词有：的词有：with,without,but for,or,but,otherwise,in case of 等。这种句子往往是有主句而无从句。例如：等。这种句子往往是有主句而无从句。例如：1.But for your help,we couldnt have succeeded.(介词短语介词短语)2.She wasnt feeling very well.Otherwise she wouldnt have left the meeting so early.(介词短介词短语语)3.Without the opening up,China would not have achieved so much in the past 30 years.(介词介词)4.Given the opportunity,he might have become a famous singer.(过去分词过去分词)5.Cooked a little longer,the meat would be more delicious.(过去分词过去分词)6.To talk with him,you would know he is a frank man.不定式不定式7.With all the world to rule,he wouldnt be content.8.A gentleman wouldnt have talked like that.(名名词词)9.Your refusal would make him sad.(名词名词)10.I wouldnt be deceived so easily.(上下文上下文,=If I were you,)2.含蓄条件句含蓄条件句有些句子中，没有任何表示虚拟语气的词、短语或有些句子中，没有任何表示虚拟语气的词、短语或从句，但仍要用虚拟语气。这时，要么省略了表示从句，但仍要用虚拟语气。这时，要么省略了表示虚拟语气的部分，要么隐含在上下文中，称为含蓄虚拟语气的部分，要么隐含在上下文中，称为含蓄条件句。例如：条件句。例如：vI would do anything for her.(if I could)vEven stones would shed tears.(to hear the sad story)vWe could have won the battle.(but we were impatient)3.If only 谓语动词用一般过去式表示现在没有实现的愿望，谓语动词用一般过去式表示现在没有实现的愿望，用过去完成式表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为用过去完成式表示过去没有实现的愿望，常译为“要要是是就好了就好了”。例如：。例如：vIf only she had known where to find you.vIf only I could speak several foreign languages!4.It is(high,about)time.在该句型中，谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的在该句型中，谓语动词用过去式，指现在或将来的情况，表示情况，表示“早该干某事而已经有些晚了早该干某事而已经有些晚了”。例如：。例如：vIt is high time that we were off.vIt is time that somebody taught you to behave yourself.vIt is about time that we should go to bed.5.would rather 接从句，用虚拟语气。用一般过去式时，表示一个接从句，用虚拟语气。用一般过去式时，表示一个现在或将来的愿望；用过去完成式时，表示一个过现在或将来的愿望；用过去完成式时，表示一个过去的愿望。例如：去的愿望。例如：vId rather you paid the money yourself.vId rather she painted the wall green next time.vId rather she hadnt sent me the text message that day.6.If it were not(had not been)for.在这个结构意为在这个结构意为“如果没有（当时没有）如果没有（当时没有），表，表示同现在（过去）事实相反的假设。例如：示同现在（过去）事实相反的假设。例如：vIf it were not for the rain,the crops would be ruined.vIf it had not been for the captains determination,the ship would have sunk.7.情态动词情态动词have done 有时，情态动词有时，情态动词have done可用来对过去事实进可用来对过去事实进行猜测，表示行猜测，表示“本来该（能、需）做而没有做的事本来该（能、需）做而没有做的事”，或表示，或表示“本来不该（能、需）做而做的事本来不该（能、需）做而做的事”等。例等。例如：如：vHe should have told me earlier.(But he didnt)v I might have got into trouble.(But I didnt)vYou neednt have watered the flowers.(But you did)vIn those circumstances,we couldnt have done better.(But we did)8.in case in case 引导的从句既可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟引导的从句既可用陈述语气，也可用虚拟语气，由语气，由should构成，构成，should可以省略。例如：可以省略。例如：vThe game will be postponed in case it snows.vThe game will be postponed in case it(should)snow.in case it snows比比in case it should snow可能性可能性大些。大些。