(精品)08-学习.ppt

Myers PSYCHOLOGY Chapter 8Learning Learning Learningrelatively permanent change in an organisms behavior due to experienceAssociationWe learn by associationOur minds naturally connect events that occur in sequenceAristotle 2000 years agoJohn Locke and David Hume 200 years agoAssociative Learninglearning that two events occur togethertwo stimulia response and its consequencesAssociationLearning to associate two eventsEvent 1Event 2Sea snail associates splash with a tail shockSeal learns to expect a snack for its showy anticsClassical or Pavlovian ConditioningWe learn to associate two stimuliOperant ConditioningWe learn to associate a response and its consequenceClassical ConditioningIvan Pavlov 1849-1936Russian physician/neurophysiologistNobel Prize in 1904studied digestive secretionsPavlovs Classic ExperimentBefore ConditioningDuring ConditioningAfter ConditioningUCS(foodin mouth)Neutralstimulus(tone)NosalivationUCR(salivation)Neutralstimulus(tone)UCS(foodin mouth)UCR(salivation)CS(tone)CR(salivation)Classical ConditioningPavlovs device for recording salivationClassical ConditioningClassical Conditioningorganism comes to associate two stimulia neutral stimulus that signals an unconditioned stimulus begins to produce a response that anticipates and prepares for the unconditioned stimulusBehaviorismJohn B.Watson viewed psychology as objective sciencegenerally agreed-upon consensus todayrecommended study of behavior without reference to unobservable mental processesnot universally accepted by all schools of thought todayClassical ConditioningUnconditioned Stimulus(UCS)stimulus that unconditionally-automatically and naturally-triggers a responseUnconditioned Response(UCR)unlearned,naturally occurring response to the unconditioned stimulussalivation when food is in the mouth Classical ConditioningConditioned Stimulus(CS)originally irrelevant stimulus that,after association with an unconditioned stimulus,comes to trigger a conditioned responseConditioned Response(CR)learned response to a previously neutral conditioned stimulusClassical ConditioningAcquisitionthe initial stage in classical conditioningthe phase associating a neutral stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus so that the neutral stimulus comes to elicit a conditioned responsein operant conditioning,the strengthening of a reinforced responseClassical ConditioningUCS(passionate kiss)UCR(sexualarousal)CS(onionbreath)CS(onion breath)CR(sexualarousal)UCS(passionate Kiss)UCR(sexualarousal)Classical ConditioningExtinctiondiminishing of a CR in classical conditioning,when a UCS does not follow a CSin operant conditioning,when a response is no longer reinforced Classical ConditioningStrengthof CRPauseAcquisition(CS+UCS)Extinction(CS alone)Extinction(CS alone)Spontaneousrecovery ofCRClassical ConditioningSpontaneous Recoveryreappearance,after a rest period,of an extinguished CRGeneralizationtendency for stimuli similar to CS to elicit similar responsesClassical ConditioningDiscriminationin classical conditioning,the learned ability to distinguish between a CS and other stimuli that do not signal a UCSGeneralizationDrops of salivain 30 seconds6050403020100HindpawPelvisShoulderFrontpawThighTrunkForelegPart of body stimulatedNausea Conditioning in Cancer PatientsUCS(drug)UCR(nausea)CS(waiting room)CS(waitingroom)CR(nausea)UCS(drug)UCR(nausea)Operant ConditioningOperant Conditioningtype of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by reinforcement or diminished if followed by punishmentLaw of EffectThorndikes principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely,and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likelyOperant ConditioningOperant Behavioroperates(acts)on environmentproduces consequencesRespondent Behavioroccurs as an automatic response to stimulusbehavior learned through classical conditioningOperant ConditioningB.F.Skinner(1904-1990)elaborated Thorndikes Law of Effectdeveloped behavioral technologyOperant ChamberSkinner Boxchamber with a bar or key that an animal manipulates to obtain a food or water reinforcercontains devices to record responsesOperant ConditioningReinforcerany event that strengthens the behavior it followsShapingoperant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer approximations of a desired goalOperant ConditioningPrinciples of ReinforcementPrimary Reinforcerinnately reinforcing stimulusi.e.,satisfies a biological needConditioned Reinforcerstimulus that gains its reinforcing power through its association with primary reinforcersecondary reinforcerSchedules of ReinforcementContinuous Reinforcementreinforcing the desired response each time it occursPartial(Intermitent)Reinforcement reinforcing a response only part of the timeresults in slower acquisitiongreater resistance to extinctionSchedules of ReinforcementFixed Ratio(FR)reinforces a response only after a specified number of responsesfaster you respond the more rewards you getdifferent ratiosvery high rate of respondinglike piecework paySchedules of ReinforcementVariable Ratio(VR)reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responsesaverage ratioslike gambling,fishingvery hard to extinguish because of unpredictabilitySchedules of ReinforcementFixed Interval(FI)reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsedresponse occurs more frequently as the anticipated time for reward draws nearSchedules of ReinforcementVariable Interval(VI)reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervalsproduces slow steady respondinglike pop quizSchedules of ReinforcementVariable IntervalNumber of responses1000750500250010203040506070Time(minutes)Fixed RatioVariable RatioFixed IntervalSteady respondingRapid respondingnear time forreinforcement80PunishmentPunishmentaversive event that decreases the behavior that it followspowerful controller of unwanted behaviorPunishmentCognition and Operant ConditioningCognitive Mapmental representation of the layout of ones environmentExample:after exploring a maze,rats act as if they have learned a cognitive map of itLatent Learninglearning that occurs,but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate itLatent LearningCognition and Operant ConditioningOverjustification Effectthe effect of promising a reward for doing what one already likes to dothe person may now see the reward,rather than intrinsic interest,as the motivation for performing the taskCognition and Operant ConditioningIntrinsic MotivationDesire to perform a behavior for its own sake and to be effectiveExtrinsic MotivationDesire to perform a behavior due to promised rewards or threats of punishmentsOperant vs Classical ConditioningObservational LearningObservational Learninglearning by observing othersModelingprocess of observing and imitating a specific behaviorProsocial Behaviorpositive,constructive,helpful behavioropposite of antisocial behaviorObservational LearningMirror Neuronsfrontal lobe neurons that fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing somay enable imitation,language learning,and empathy