(4.14.1)--1.simileandmetaphor.pdf
Semantic Figures of Speech Page 2 I.Simile&Metaphor II.Metonymy&Synecdoche III.Antonomasia IV.Parody V.Synesthesia VI.Transferred Epithet Contents Page 3 Page 4 Simile 1.Origin:Similis(Greek):meaning like”Page 5 The commonest connectives are“like”and“as”.2.Definition Simile is a figure of speech by which two concepts or two dissimilar things are imaginatively and descriptively compared because they have at least one quality or characteristic in common or in resemblance.Other words used in similes are“more than”,“as if”,“resemble,“suggest”,etc.Page 6 The two things should be similar in at least one quality.3.Four Basic Demands:It has the comparative words such as“like”,“as”or“as if”,etc.Two things involved in comparison:tenor and vehicle.The two things must be substantially different.Page 7 b.Jim and his brother are as like as two peas.a.Jim looks like his brother Billy.Page 8 in terms of functions:descriptive simile (描述型明喻描述型明喻)illuminative simile(启示型明喻启示型明喻)illustrative simile (说明型明喻说明型明喻)4.Classifications:Page 9 1)Descriptive Simile:Descriptive similes are used for vivid and effective description.They can draw sharp pictures in the mind with brevity.Her lips were red,her looks were free,her locks（头发）（头发）were yellow as gold.Page 10 2)Illuminative similes:Illuminative similes give deeper insight into persons,things,ideas,even problems,through suggestive association,or to throw light on what would otherwise be inconceivable to ordinary people.Page 11 There was a secret meanness that clung to him almost like a smell.Page 12 In an ordinary beam,the waves are like the people in a crowd going to a football match,jostling and bumping into one another.3)Illustrative Similes Illustrative similes explain abstract or complicated ideas or processes in simple,concrete imagery.They are often used in scientific,technological writing.Page 13 4.Classifications:in terms of structures:closed similes open similes Page 14 He is obese like a pig.(closed simile)Page 15 He is a pig.(open simile)lazy greedy obese dirty Page 16 Metaphor Page 17 metaphora(Greek):transference,carrying over 1.Origin:Page 18 Metaphor involves a word or phrase indicating something different from its literal meaning-one thing is described in terms of another so as to suggest a likeness or analogy between them.2.Definition:Page 19 2)They both involve the comparison between two unlike elements.Similarities between Metaphor and Simile:1)Similes are metaphors distinguished by the presence of words like as and like.Page 20 All the world is a stage.Differences between Metaphor and Simile:The world is like a stage.(the comparison is explicit)(the comparison is implied)Page 21 3.Classification:Visible metaphors Invisible metaphors Page 22 The house will be paradise.Visible metaphors:A is B.You are my sunshine.He is the apple of her eye.Page 23 2)2)The secondary term is present but the primary term is not.The machine sitting at that desk was no longer a man;it was a busy New York broker.(O.Henry)Two Types of Invisible Metaphor:1)1)The primary term is present,but the secondary term is not.Some books are to be tasted,others to be swallowed,and some few to be chewed and digested.(Francis Bacon)Page 24 Sustained Metaphor:the primary term is successively compared to two or more secondary terms Page 25 Poetry is the scent of the rose,the lightening in the sky,the gleam of the fly,the sound of the sea.Page 26 Extended Metaphor:an initial comparison is made and then developed Page 27 All the worlds a stage,And all the men and women merely players;They have their exits and their entrances,And one man in his time plays many parts,His acts being seven ages(W.Shakespeare)Page 28 Mixed Metaphor:two or more incongruous comparison run together I skim over the book to taste the tone of it.The seeds of rebellion were kindled in secret.Page 29 Consistency A metaphor should meet three requirements:Freshness and originality Aptness Page 30 Dead Metaphor:refers to those which have been used for so long that they have lost their figurative strength and become lifeless.Page 31 He is really burned up about that.John is a pig of an eater.Im feeling really down today.His argument came under attack.Youve invested a lot of time in her.The evidence is still being sifted.
