产业生态学Industrialecology (5).pdf
All copyright is reservedChap.8 STAF Model and its ApplicationSTAF model and a case for lead Framework A Simplified Material CycleIMPORT/EXPORTOREENVIRONMENTPROCESS-INGFABRICA-TIONUSEWASTEMGT.Flows categoriesNatural resource flows inEnvironmental emission flows outTrade with other regionsThe flows between LC stages Internal flowsFlows between systems Which Flows Did we Analyze Statistically?IMPORT/EXPORTOREENVIRONMENTPROCESS-INGFABRICA-TIONUSEWASTEMGT.IMPORT/EXPORTOREENVIRONMENTPROCESS-INGFABRICA-TIONUSEWASTEMGT.IMPORT/EXPORTOREENVIRONMENTPROCESS-INGFABRICA-TIONUSEWASTEMGT.An case analysis for the LEAD(Pb)Framework may vary with types of material,usage,types of waste treatment,etc The Framework of Lead Multilevel Flows Import/ExportLithosphereEnvironmentOSNSONPProductionStockSPPTSNFFabrication&ManufactureUUseSMEMStockSUWMEUNSWaste ManagementWUEWSystem Boundary “World”STAF Project,Yale UniversityNM Little adjustment:emissions at F&M and Use are considered.All scrap is recycled at production,no returns to F&M DETAILS-Lead as case study Production Model ProductionImport/ExportLitho.EnvironmentScrapLead oreSecondary ProductionSmelt/RefineryLead for consumptionPrimary ProductionMill/ConcentrationSmelt/RefineryMinePrimarySRTailingsNew scrapOld scrapSecondarySlag,LeachingSlagExportImportThe Distribution of Resources in Earths CrustCommon RocksOresMineralogicalBarrierCurrent MiningLog(Grade)Log(Tonnage)Resource reserves:Material that has been identified geologically and can be extracted as a profit at the present timeDepletion time:Td=Reserves/Mine production Lead Resource(kt)Mine ProductionReservesDepletion time(2003,yrs)Depletion time(2015,yrs)Australia694150002216China66011000178USA46081001815Peru3083500116Canada1502000135Mexico14015001110World2950670002317 F&M Model Use PatternFranceUSAItalyChinaJapanGermanybatteries0.73910.86260.74550.6680.79350.5768pipes/sheets0.06880.01450.03230.150.01090.1078cable sheathing0.03620.00110.00720.060.01810.0108alloys0.01450.04410.01080.0660.03620.0216others0.14130.07770.20430.0560.14130.2830 F&M frameworkPTotal consumption of refined leadSTotal new scrapFTotal production of lead productsW Total waste to waste managementULead products put into useETotal emissions to the environmentNTotal net exports of lead productsThe lead flow conceptional model at F&M Fabrication&ManufactureImport/ExportEnvironmentPUBatteriesCable sheathingAlloysSheet/pipeOthersPiFiSWE NNi Framework for Use stageUseImport/ExportEnvironmentUDUBatteriesCable sheathingAlloysSheet/pipeOthersUiDUiEUStockSUHiber.HULead products put into useSNet flow of products into stock-in-useHFlow to the environment in HibernationEEmission to the environmentStTotal accumulation in stock-in-use Waste ManagementSource of DiscardBatteriesAlloys and othersSheet/pipeNSWaste Management Import/ExportEnvironmentDUSECollectionSeparationTreatmentLandfillDiscardS/SS/HWWEEEMSWIWDML An example of results:Lead flow in NA,2000,kt/a Results of Multilevel Lead Flows“global best estimate of anthropogenic lead flow”for 2000Lith.68000EnvironmentOre6520Tailings590New scrap 126Old scrap 2916ProductionRefinedPb3690Slag 2345966Fabrication&ManufactureProducts4270Use114Waste 384Stock740Waste 55.8Waste869Hibernate 87Waste ManagementDiscardsLandfill978Waste419Lead,2000System Boundary “World”STAF Project,Yale UniversityStock612The units are kt Pb/a.8 regions:AF,AS,CIS,EU,LAC,ME,NA,OCImport/ExportLith.EnvironmentOre1772Tailings54.3New scrap 40Old scrap 914Refined Pb 98ProductionSP10RefinedPb339Slag 301591Semis,Finished products 68.6Fabrication&ManufactureProducts1044Use35.6Waste 65.712437108Waste 11.3Waste387Hibernate 52.4Scraps12Waste ManagementDiscardsLandfill104Waste44.7Lead,2000System Boundary “Europe”STAF Project,Yale UniversityMine146SM35952 countriesImport/ExportLith.EnvironmentOre1791Tailings56.6New scrap 47Old scrap 1085RefinedPb340ProductionSP5RefinedPb515Slag 23.31700Semis,Finished products 30.1Fabrication&ManufactureProducts1340Use41.8Waste 67.28082162Waste 12.1Waste198Scraps49.4Waste ManagementDiscardsLandfill149Waste64Lead,2000System Boundary “USA”STAF Project,Yale UniversityMine86SM25 Spatial distribution of lead use,recycled,and emissions in 2000lead ore is mainly extracted in Asia,NA and OC,lead flows into Use chiefly in NA EU and ASlead emissions are largest in AS,followed by NA and EU.WorldNAEUASCISAFMELACOCLead into UseLead recycledLead emittedScale:1000 GgPb/yr Lead losses at different stages of the lead life cycle for the eight world regions Recommended referencesSummery:STAF frameworkIMPORT/EXPORTOREENVIRONMENTPROCESS-INGFABRICA-TIONUSEWASTEMGT.IMPORT/EXPORTOREENVIRONMENTPROCESS-INGFABRICA-TIONUSEWASTEMGT.IMPORT/EXPORTOREENVIRONMENTPROCESS-INGFABRICA-TIONUSEWASTEMGT.
