(3.2.1)--(修）选词2英语修辞学常霜林课件.pdf

Choice of Words 2 1.What are general words and specific words?2.How to speak or write specifically?General words and specific words Page 3 1)Definitions:general words refer to a group or class;specific words refer to a member of that class.General words and specific words plant tree oak black oak water oak post oak elm poplar willow Page 4 General words and specific words plant tree oak black oak water oak post oak elm poplar willow Page 5 hierarchy hypernym(superordinate)上义词 hyponym(subordinate)下义词 General words and specific words Page 6 The specific words tend to give color and tang,tend to appeal to the imagination.General words often used for the sake of diplomacy.2)Proprieties in writing or speaking specifically or generally Page 7 e.g.He saw a ship on the horizon.ship?Page 8 He saw a liner/brig/bark/tank/cargo steamer on the horizon.General words and specific words Page 9 example:a.Bill,Mary,and Sam have been tying up the office phones with personal call.b.Some employees have been tying up the office phones with personal call.A balance of“telling”and“showing”Abstract and general expressions“tell”,while concrete and specific expressions“show”.2.How to speak or write specifically?Page 12 1.Choosing words that bring about specific instead of vague ideas 2.Listing specific details 3.Using illustrative examples 3 approaches to writing or speaking in a specific way:Page 13 3 approaches to writing or speaking in a specific way:1.Choosing words that bring about specific instead of vague ideas e.g.(1)a.She uses simplicity in her style of writing.b.She writes with plain words and simple sentence patterns.(2)a.The new expressway will shorten the journey between the two cities a great deal.b.The new expressway will shorten the journey between the two cities by 30 percent.Page 14 2.Listing specific details e.g.a.Near the water there was a big tree that was rather impressive.b.On the edge of the pond(池塘),at the far side(在远的那边),there was an enormous walnut tree(核桃树),standing like an open umbrella whose ribs(伞骨)extended halfway(延伸到池塘中点的上方)across the still water of the pool(横跨 静静的池塘水面).Page 15 3.Using illustrative examples e.g.In this century,the president is much more cut off from contact with the people than in earlier times.Ordinary citizens,for example,could get to see Abraham Lincoln directly in the White House and make their requests to him in person.Thank you!