通用学术英语 (41).pdf
大学英语高级I：大学学术英语College English Advanced Level I:English for General Academic PurposesLecture 15.2:Lecture 15.2:An Overview of the Academic An Overview of the Academic Writing StyleWriting StyleWhat is Style?The word“style”refers to the particular way you use words and sentences to express ideas.Characteristics010203ObjectiveFormalImpersonalGuidelinesVocabularyRestrict the use of first and second personal pronouns,such as I,we,my,our,us,you and your.Use third person instead:they,them,their.Do not use clichs,idiom,slang and colloquial vocabulary,such as kids,boss.Instead,use standard English:children,manager.Be as precise as possible when dealing with facts or figures.Avoid phrases such as about a hundred or hundreds of years ago.If it is necessary to estimate numbers,use:approximately,rather than,about.Avoid those informal and emotive languages that show your personal attitude,for example,remarkably,surprisingly.Instead,use formal and non-emotive language:widely,uncommonly.Do not contract verb form,such as dont,cant.Instead,use the full form:do not,cannot.Do not shift verb tense unnecessarily,be consistent in your use of tense throughout your paper.Avoid using two-word verbs such as go on or bring up if there is a suitable synonym.Instead,use single verb,such as continue or raise.0506070810e.g.09Avoid using those words that express your opinion too strongly,for example,will,must,need to,have to,should,ought to.Instead,use hedging words and phrases:generally,tend to,could,may,it could be said that.Avoid using non-professional language.Instead,use the technical vocabulary of your subject area.Avoid using discriminatory language offending groups of people such as those racial,ethnic,religious,age and sexual language.StructureA mix of sentence structures:simple,compound,complex,and compound-complex1)Vary sentence length and structure.Worldwide,enrollments in higher education are increasing.In developed countries over half of all young people enter college.Similar trends are seen in China and South America.This growth has put financial strain on state university systems.Many countries are asking students and parents to contribute.This leads to a debate about whether students or society benefit from tertiary education.Worldwide,enrollments in higher education are increasing.In developed countries,over half of all young people enter college,while similar trends are seen in China and South America.This growth has put financial strain on state university systems,so that many countries are asking students and parents to contribute,which leads to a debate about whether students or society benefit from tertiary education.StructureThe default structure of an English sentence is S-V-O:The subject(S)comes first;then the verb(V);and then the direct object(O),if there is one.Usually adverbs,adverbial phrases and clauses,adjective phrases,appositive and absolute phrases can be positioned at the beginning of a sentence.2)Organize sentences for variety and emphasis.a)Adverbs,adverbial phrases and clauses e.g.The companyThe company rapidly overtook its competitor because it adopted new techniques in the last year.RapidlyRapidly,the company overtook its competitor because it adopted new techniques in the last year.In the last yearIn the last year,the company rapidly overtook its competitor because it adopted new techniques.Because it adopted new techniquesBecause it adopted new techniques,the company rapidly overtook its competitor in the last year.b)Adjective phrases e.g.l Guangzhous metro system,flooded by heavy rains,broke down in the rush hour.l Flooded by heavy rains,Guangzhous metro system broke down in the rush hour.e.g.The mayor,Guangzhous highest official,ordered an investigation into the metro systems failure.Guangzhous highest official,the mayor,ordered an investigation into the metro systems failure.c)Appositive phrasesd)Absolute phrases e.g.The students headed for the playground,the task finally completed.The task finally completed,the students headed for the playground.Punctuation e.g.DraftDraft:Many students had difficulties in learning a foreign language(e.g.speaking and writing).RevisionRevision:Many students had difficulties in learning a foreign language,for example,speaking and writing.1)Avoid using brackets and dashes to add information.Draft:What can be done to improve students academic writing skills?Revision:It is necessary to consider what methods could be taken to improve students academic writing skill.Draft:All students should have lessons in academic writing from day one!Revision:Students may require assistance in academic writing at the start of their first year to assist them to succeed in their university studies.Punctuation 2)Do not use question and exclamation marks in your academic essay.e.g.ReviewIn a broad sense,style is the total of all the choices a writer makes concerning words and their arrangement.Though it is a rather formal style which has a high demand on accuracy and precision,you can add interest and variety by using formal and non-emotive vocabulary,various combination of sentence structures and punctuation.谢谢观看Thanks
