动词时态与语态.doc

动词的时态和语态【知识点归纳】I.动词时态和语态的构成形式主动语态的构成一般现在时一般过去时do/does,( is/am/are )did,(was/were)现在进行时过去进行时is/am/are doing was/were doing现在完成时过去完成时has/have done had done现在完成进行时过去完成进行时has/have been doing had been doing一般将来时过去将来时will/shall do          is/am/are going to do is/am/are(about)to do would/should do      was/were going to dowas/were(about)to do被动语态的构成一般现在时一般过去时is/am/are done/was/were done现在进行时过去进行时is/am/are being done/was/were being done现在完成时过去完成时has/have been donehad been done一般将来时过去将来时will/shall be done      is/am/are going to be doneis/am/are(about)to be donewould/should be donewas/were going to be done               was/were(about)to be doneII.动词时态的用法1.一般现在时一般现在时表示经常发生、习惯性动作、客观真理、科学事实、格言，目前的特征、状态、能力等;主句是一般将来时,时间、条件状语从句中用一般现在时表示将来;Ill go there after I finish my work.If it rains tomorrow,I wont go there.在以here,there开头的句子里，go,come等少数动词的一般在时表示正在发生的动作;There goes the bell.铃响了。There comes the bus.汽车来了。Here she comes.她来了。注意：近几年，对一般现在时的考查常用过去时态或现在完成时态对考生进行干扰Months ago we sailed ten thousand miles across the open sea, which_ the Pacific,and we met no storm.A. was called B. is called C. had been called D. has been called虽然航海发生在过去，但是，海洋的名称不会因此而变化，所以要用一般现在时。2.现在进行时表示正在进行的动作;表示按计划安排即将发生的动作。She is leaving for Beijing.她要去北京。He is working as a teacher tomorrow.从明天起他要做老师。My father is coming to see me this Saturday.这个星期六我爸爸要来看我。代替一般现在时，描绘更加生动。The Changjiang River is flowing into the east.江水滚滚向东流。The sun is rising in the east.太阳从东方冉冉升起。与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩，但并非强调动作正在进行;He is always helping others.他总是肯帮助他人。She is always forgetting something.她老是忘记某些事情。大多数动词可用于进行时，但也有些动词不用于进行时。常见的有：感觉类：look, smell, feel, sound, taste, see, hear情感类：like, love, prefer, admire, hate, fear心态类：wish, hope, expect, want, need, believe, think, understand, agree, knowt所有类：have, contain, won, hold, belong to等。3.现在完成时表示过去发生的动作对现在产生的影响或结果，或说话时已完成的动作;I have finished the report./ She has cleaned the room.表示从过去开始，待续到现在的动作或状态，往往和“for.”, “since.”表述的一段时间状语连用;He has learned English for six years./ They have worked here since they left college.表示“曾经到过某地(人已回来)”用“have/has been to”;表示“到某地去了(还未回来)”用“have/has gone to”。Where is Li Hua? -He has gone to the reading-room.She knows a lot about Shanghai. -She has been there.在时间状语从句,条件状语从句或让步状语从句中表达将来某时已经完成的动作。When you have learned English, you will find it a bridge to so much knowledge.Well start at six if it has stopped raining by then.注意：这里的现在完成时强调从句动作在主句动作之前完成, 如果两个动作同时或几乎同时发生, 则不必用完成时;试比较：Ill let you know as soon as I hear from her.She will call you when she gets home.短暂动词(即瞬间动词)，join,lose,buy,borrow,leave,go,come,arrive,die,marry, finish,complete,begin,start,break out等，在完成时态中，其肯定式不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。要译“他参军已经三年了”不能说：He has joined the army three years.可采用：“ago法”：He joined the army three years ago.“延续法”：He has been in the army for three years.“since法”：It is/has been three years since he joined the army.注意：没有包括“现在”在内或不是截至“现在”为止的时间状语不能与现在完成时连用, 但“in(over) the past/last+时间段”要与现在完成时连用。4.现在完成进行时用来表示从过去某一时刻开始一直持续到现在(或今后还要继续一去)的动作;He has been doing the maths problems since 8:00.凡是不能用于现在进行时的动词均不能用于现成完成进行时。5.一般过去时表达特定的过去时间内发生的动作或存在的状况，或过去某一时间内经常发生或反复发生的动作或为; He often sang when he was a boy.He went to the cinema last night with her boy friend.用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。用于I didnt know或I forgot，表示事先不知道或不记得，但现在已知道或记得的事情。I didnt know you were here.(现在已经知道)Sorry, I forgot to bring my book.(“忘记带书”已成为过去的事了)这一用法考生要特别注意。注意：参看过去将来时的用法。6.过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作(这一过去时间须用时间状语表示);He was preparing his lecture all day yesterday.表示动作在另一过去动作发生时进行;They were still working when I left.用在两个过去进行时动作同时发生;I was writing while he was watching TV.过去计划、安排好的将来动作(只限于come, go, leave, arrive, start, move, sail, fly, travel, stay等);He said she was arriving the next day.与always, forever, constantly, continually连用，表示赞赏或厌恶等感情色彩。(参看现在进行时的用法)Comrade Lei Feng was always thinking of others never thinking of himself.过去进行时可用来描绘故事发行的背景。The wind was blowing and it was raining hard.7.过去完成时表示在过去某一时间以前已经完成的动作。He had shut the door before the dog came up.Everything had been all right up till this morning.表示动作或状态从过去某个时刻开始一直延续到另一个过去时刻才完成，甚至还要继续下去。At the age of ten,he had learned 500 English words.He had been ill for a week when we learned about it.过去未曾实现的意图、打算或希望(只限于think, want, plan, mean, intend, hope, expect, suppose，wish, want等动词)。I had wanted to pay a visit to you yesterday, but the rain prevented me.我本来想昨天拜访你的，但是下雨(让我不能来)。注意：过去完成时必须以过去某一时刻为基点，即“过去的过去”。因此只有在和过去某时或某动作相比较时才用到它;before, after本身表示时间的“前”“后”明显，因此可用一般过去时代替过去完成时。He (had) left before I arrived.8.一般将来时一般将来时有下列一些构成形式需要记住：will/shall do (侧重将来行为，不突出计划安排去做某事)be going to do (主观上打算或客观上可能发生)be doing (按计划将要发生，常和表示最近的将来时间连用)be about to do (按计划即将发生)一般将来时的用法：现在看来以后要发生的动作或存在的状态Tom will come next week.He will be here tomorrow.事物的固有属性或必然趋势Oil will float in water.Fish will die without water.对将来某个动作的安排、计划He is going to speak on TV this evening.9.将来完成时用来表示在将来某个时刻(前)将完成的动作。常和by短语，when,before引起的时间状语连用。We will have finished senior Book 2 by the end of this term.10.过去将来时过去某一时刻后将要发生的过去动作或过去的意图打算(主要用于宾语从句中);She was sure she would succeed.I thought you would come.把一般将来时中的助动词变成过去式，便成了过去将来时的表达形式。表示过去经常发生的动作。When he was young, he would go swimming.注意：would与used to的区别：would只表示过去，不涉及现在，而used to表示“过去常常”要与现在比较，即现在不是这样了。11.要求一定时态的固定的句型was/were doing sth. whendid sth.(正在做某事，这时突然)I was reading a book when the bell rang.was/were about to do sth. whendid sth. (正要做某事，这时突然)We were about to leave when the telephone rang.It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ thatIts the first time Ive seen her.We have been there three times.如果句中有比较确定的时间状语，则服从时间状语的要求。Last year I saw him many times.It is/has been sinceIt is (has been) two weeks since I came here.She said it was five hours since she had finished her work.Hardly whenNo sooner thanHardly had we got in the crops when it began to rain.I had no sooner come into the room than the door was closed.It(This) is(will be ) the first/second/thirdtime+ thatThis is the first time I have been here.It'll be the first time I've spoken in public.III.被动语态的用法被动语态表示句子的主语是动作的承受者，也就是动作的对象，一般说来只有及物动词才有被动语态。其构成为"be+及物动词的过去分词"。助动词be有人称、数和时态的变化，其变化规则与be作为连系动词时完全一样。含有情态动词的谓语变化为被动语态时，由"情态动词(can, may must, have to等)+be +动词的-ed形式。含有"be going to , be to, used to, be about to"等结构的复合谓语变为被动语态时，其构成为"be going to (be to, used to, be about to)+ be +动词的-ed形式"构成。1.被动语态的适用范围当我们不知道谁是动作的执行者，或者没有必要指出谁是动作的执行者时。这时不用by短语。This jacket is made of cotton. 这件上衣是棉料的。为了强调动作的承受者时Visitors are requested not to touch the exhibits. 要求参观者不可触摸展品。出于策略、委婉、礼貌等不提出动作的执行者You are said to be active recently. 据说你最近很活跃。常用于如下句型：It's not known that 不得而知 It's said that 据说It's reported that 据报道 It's not decided that尚未决定It's believed that 据认为 It's announced that据宣布2.被动语态的句型常见句式是：主语(受动者)+be+过去分词+(by+施动者)He was scolded by the English teacher.主语+get+过去分词+其它成分The boy got drowned last summer./ She got fired because of her faults.使用这种结构不能带有“by+施动者”在现代英语中大量地出现了由"get+及物动词的过去分词"构成的被动语态，这就叫做get-型被动语态。get-型被动语态中的过去分词数量有限，通常为单个的动词或比较简单的动词短语。get+及物动词的过去分词get常同marry, beat, break, damage, tear, strike, hurt, paint, invite, repair, dress, pay, wound等动词的-ed形式连用，构成被动语态。这种结构一般指动作的结果而非动作本身，常指"最后终于，突然发生"等意义。He got wounded in the battle. 他在战斗中受伤了。The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 男孩在回家的路上受伤了。get-型被动语态一般不宜用在含有双宾语的结构中，也不宜与see, hear, watch, listen to等感官动词构成被动语态。The old man was offered a large sum of money. (正)有人给了这位老人一大笔钱。The old man got offered a large sum of money. ( 误)get-型被动语态有时有言外之意或具有感情色彩He got taught a lesson. 他被教训了一顿。(有“活该”之意)How did the window get closed. 窗户怎么关上了?(有“不该关上之意)get-型被动语态有时表示开始进入某种状态，而be+动词的-ed形式只表示存在的状态。She got tired. 她感到累了。(有开始感到疲劳的含义)She was tired. (只表示”她累了”)带有双宾语(直接宾语和间接宾语)的主动句变为动句，其主语可以是直接宾语，也可以是间接宾语。She lent me a bike.®被动：I was lent a bike(by her).A bike was lent to me(by her).情态动词+be+过去分词This problem must be worked out in half an hour.双重被动式：主语+被动式谓语+不定式的被动式+其它成分These magazines are not allowed to be taken out of the reading-room.The murderer was ordered to be shot.3.主动表示被动的几种情况不及物动词与状语连用，用以表示主语的品质和状态常见动词是：cut,sell,read,write,fill,cook,lock,wash,drive,keep等This knife cuts well.这把刀好切。These books sell well.这些书好卖。The pen writes smoothly.这支笔写起来流畅。Meat wont keep long in such hot weather.肉在这样热的天气里放不长久。The cloth washes well.这种布好洗。一些连系动词的主动式+形容词。常见动look,smell,taste,sound,feel,prove,turn out等The apples taste good.The flower smells wonderful.The news proved/turned out trueCotton feels soft.4.不可变为被动语态的几种情况当句子的宾语是反身代词时(因为反身代词不可作主语)He can dress himself. 他能自己穿衣服。不可变为Himself can be dressed by him.当句子的宾语是相互代词时(因为相互代词不可作主语)We help each other/one another.不可变为Each other/One another is helped by us.动宾结构的固定短语只能用于主动式，不能用被动式He lost heart.不可变为Heart was lost by him.类似lose heart词组的还有make a face,keep silence,keep words,lose in thought等等take part in,belong to ,own,have,hate,fail,contain等表状态动词没有被动语态She took part in the sports meet.不能变为The sports meet was taken part in by her.当have, cost, fit, last, hold等表示状态的及物动词作谓语时Our village has twenty tractors. 我们村有20台拖拉机。The hall can hold 2000 people. 这个大厅能盛2000人 The war lasted four years. 这场战争持续了4年 当某些及物动词(如leave, enter, join,等)的宾语是表示处所、地点或组织时The students entered the classroom one by one. 学生门陆续地进了教室。My brother joined the Party two years ago. 我哥哥2年前入了党。My father left his hometown five years ago. 我父亲5年前离开了家乡。当句子的宾语是同源宾语时The Browns live a happy life. 布朗一家过着幸福的生活。当句子的宾语为行为者(主语)身体上某一部分时I couldn't believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。                        He hurt his foot by jumping over a fence. 他跨越栅栏时伤了脚。当用非谓语动词作宾语时He likes studying English. 他喜欢学习英语I wish to go there myself. 我想亲自去那里一趟 注意：少数以不定式(短语)做宾语的动词(如agree, feel, decide, think等)可以变为被动句，但不能以不定式(短语)直接做被动句的主语，而要借助it为先行主语，将不定式(短语)置于谓语动词之后 He has decided to go and study abroad.It has been decided(by him)to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。5.含有短语动词在被动语态中介词不能丢Much attention must be paid to your handwriting.【高考预测】1.Why didnt you buy the calculator?I _, but Mother _ allow me.A. would want to; didnt B. had wanted to; didntC. wanted to; wouldnt D. had wanted to; wouldnt2.This returned scholar has become one of the top experts in this field.Yes, I know him very well. He _ for ten years at an institute in the USA.A. has worked B. had worked C. worked D. has been working3. We _ dinner at six oclock when JSTV _ to show the film “If you are not the one”.A. are having; will start B. will be having; startsC. have; will start D. will have had; starts4. Is Robert abroad ?I think so. He _ for a better job, but he didnt get it.A.hopes B.has hoped C.was hoped D.had hoped5. Mr. Wang _ table tennis well, though he suffers from a waist pain and _ it for a long time.A. played; has not played B. plays; had not playedC. plays; did not play D. plays; has not played6. Isnt it a great surprise that I happened to meet my university English teacher at the South Bank Parkland last week?How long _ you _ each other, then?A. hadnt; seen B. havent; seen C. didnt; see D. dont; see7. It is said that the meeting _ for three hours. Why should I regret missing it?!A. has lasted B. has been lasting C. lasted D. had lasted8. What I wanted to know was when and where the meeting_.A.was holding B.had held C.was to hold D.was to be held9. 一Is there any possible way to help them get rid of such a bad habit?一To tell the truth, its very hard.But we on this problem.A.worked B.had worked C.are working D.had been working10. Is there anything wrong with you, Jake? You look so pale.I feel very tired.I _on this boring paper every day so far this month.A.work B.have been working C.had been working D.am working11. Look out, there is a bus ahead.Oh, dear, _A. I am not noticing it B. I havent noticed it C. I wasnt noticing it D. I had not noticed it12. The truck ran down the hill, and the driver _, according to the local newspaper, to have been killed.A. was reported B. was reporting C. reported D. had been reported13. He will come to see you the moment he his work.A. will finish B. finishes C. would finish D. had finished14. The news came as no surprise to me. I for some time that the factory was going to shut down.A. knew B. had known C. have known D. know15. I'm going to the USA.How long you there?A. are; staying B. are; stayed C. have; stayed D. did; stay16. Tom, its time that you _your own clothes.I would rather you _that for me just like before.A. washed; had done B. wash; have done C. washed; have done D. wash; had washed17. Its reported that by the end of this year the output of cars of the factory by about 20%A.will have risen B.will be raised C.will rise D.will have been risen18. Had we been more careful, the accident might not have happened. But we _ at that time.A. hadnt B. didnt C. werent D. might not19. Im sure Andrew will come out first in this gymnastic competition.I think so. He _ for it for months.A. is preparing B. was preparing C. had been preparing D. has been preparing20. Miss wang once art at Bardon School for ten years and now is a singer.No wonder I often hear her sing in the garden.A. had taught B. taught C. is teaching D. has been teaching21.I wonder how long you _ in Hawaii.Just for the weekend, then I had to attend a conference in Los Angeles.A.will stay B.were staying C.have stayed D.stayed22.Im sorry, I shouldnt have been so rude to you.You_ your temper but thats OK.A. have lost B. had lost C. did lose D. were losing23.Hi, Nancy, I you had come back. So have you graduated from college?Yes. I_ French for four years in Nanjing.A. dont know,have studied B.didnt know, had studiedC. didnt know,studied D.dont know, am studying24. _ in the regulations that you should not tell other people the pa