《基础医学英语》.docx

基础医学英语教学大纲（供英文班临床麻醉影像专业使用）锦州医科大学教务处二。一六年六月ExercisesPartBText AWarm-upGroup discussionWhat is the musculoskeletal system composed of?What are the functions of the musculoskeletal system?【教学基本要求】Part A TerminologyStems /Affixes and its Meaning 前缀含义Stems/affixesMeaningExamplesarthr(o)-j=joint(articulation)arthritisE.g. My left knee acts up in damp weather. Her arthritis is acting up again.我的左膝一到阴湿天气就犯病。她的关节炎又犯了。E.g. The treatment of certain diseases, especially rheumatoid arthritis, with gold compounds. 金疗法用金的化合物治疗某些疾病，如风湿性关节炎。E.g. She was plagued with arthritis,她患关J 炎十分痛占。brachi(o)-armbrachiumE.g. brachium: The part of the upper arm or forelimb extending from the shoulder to the elbow.肱,上臂:从肩至肘之间的上臂部分或前肢。cervic(o)-necknervicalE.g. Application of the cervical back muscle trainer in the cervical back muscle exercise 项背肌功能锻炼颈椎康复器的临床应用E.g. Function: Tightenes unwanted cervical flesh, increases cervical elasticity, promotes lymphatic metabolism and eliminates redundant fat.功效:收紧颈部多余赘肉，增强颈部韧性,促进淋巴代谢，排除多余脂肪。crani(o)-skullcranialE.g. Craniosynostosis is the term that designates premature fusion of one or more cranial sutures that causes severe cranial deformities.颅缝早闭症是指单一或多个颅缝过早闭合所引起的影响大脑发育和功能的严重先天性 疾病。E.g. Cranial nerve tutorial. Fundamental information about the cranial nerves. 大脑神经导引:脑神经的基本资讯。femorfemurfemoralE.g. X-ray film of her right hip showed evidence of a subcapital comminuted fracture of the femoral neck with displacement. An internal prosthetic replacement of the femoral head was advised. After application of traction and proper medication, her condition sX线片显示右股骨头下部粉碎性骨折兼移位。建议行人工股骨头内修复置换术。经用药 物及牵引治疗后症状减轻。E.g. X-ray film of her right hip showed evidence of a subcapital comminuted fracture of the femoral neck with displacement. An internal prosthetic replacement of the femoral head was advised.x线片显示右股骨头下部粉碎性骨折兼移位。建议行人工股骨头内修复置换术。fibr(o)-fiberfibrousE.g. fibrous, membranous, or fatty sheath that encloses an organ or part, such as the sac surrounding the kidney or the fibrous tissues that surround a joint.被膜，囊似纤维的，呈膜状或含很多脂肪的套，内包有一个器官或部位，如包裹着肾的囊或 包裹着一个关节的纤维状组织E.g. Conclusion: The osteo-fibrous apertures, osteo-fibrous canal and the tendinous decussating fibers of the nuchal muscles passed through by cervical dorsal rami might be the anatomic basis of the cervical dorsal rami compression syndrome.结论:颈神经后支穿行的骨纤维孔、纤维管及项部肌肉的腱性交叉纤维是造成颈神经后 支卡压的解剖学基础。kyph(o)-humpbackkyphosisE.g. characteristic of or suffering from kyphosis.具有驼背的特点或者患有驼背症。E.g. A 16-year-old male with Scheuermann kyphosis of up to 45 degrees involving the levels from T10 to L3 underwent spine correction operation.本篇报告一位16岁男性脊柱后突患者，胸椎第十一节至腰椎第三节角度高达45度。lumb(o)-loin (lower back)lumbarE.g. The main injured parts included prolapse of lumbar intervertebral, muscles of waist and back myofascitis, epiphysitis of lumbar spine, malposition of lumbar spine and lumbar muscle strain.结果表明:97.5%的运动员患有腰部损伤00%的运动员表示有过不同程度的腰部疼痛； 发病率前5位的损伤部位是腰椎间盘突出、腰椎峡部裂、棘突偏歪、腰椎错位和腰肌劳 损;损伤多发生在重要赛事前准备期。E.g. Results 6 cases lied in spinl canal between third and fourth lumbar, 29 cases lied in spinal canal between fourth and fifth lumbar, 15 cases lied between fifth lumbar and first sacrum.结果椎管狭窄位于13,4平面6例,14,5水平者29例，位于15,si平面者15例。E.g. The causes of sciatica include: prolapsed lumbar intervertebral disc; spinal canal stenosis of the lumbar vertebra and lumbar hyperosteogeny.是指位于下腰部的坐骨神经，受到外力的压迫而产生后下腰部疼痛并反射到病侧下肢的 情形。pelv(i)pelvic(cavity)pelvicE.g. Both pelvic and thoracic sling restraints are used.用吊带约束酸部和胸部。E.g. Deformities of the pelvic girdle in females may lead to difficulties in child-birth many years later.妇女骨盆带变形,在以后分娩时会产生困难。tendin(o)tendontendonitise.g. "Hargreaves won't be playing at all on the tour,” said Ferguson. HIt,s just tendonitis. Its becoming an irritant rather than a big problem.随着离新赛季开幕还有不到两周时间，以及保罗斯科尔斯也在受伤病困扰,弗格森爵士将 会尽力让他的新弟子恢复健康。e.g. You can get tendonitis.你会得肌腱炎的-trophygrowthhypertrophyE.g. Certain other cardiovascular disorders cause right ventricular hypertrophy.某些其他心血管病，导致右心室肥大。E.g. Hypertrophy also allows the abnormally high pressure to be developed by a greater number of myofibrils,肥厚也可使大量肌纤维产生异常高的压力。E.g. hypertrophy of certain body parts (usually legs and scrotum); the end state of the disease filariasis.身体的某个部分(腿或阴囊)过于肥大。ExercisesI Give the meaning for the following affixes or stems and provide one example for each.II Choose the definition from Column B that best matches the stem or affix in Column A.Ill Translate the following words and phrases into English.【重点与难点】1) Grasp of medical vocabularies:subject to易受.影响的，屈服于.的，让步于.例句：Peasants used to be subject to the local landowner.农民过去受地主的压迫。Trains are subject to delay（s） after the heavy snowfalls.一下大雪火车就往往误点。We are subject to many influences.我们都受著多方的影响。with regard to 关于，至于例句：A person considered with regard to his or her credit or reliability in discharging debts.W 良好信用的 人，有支付能力的人被认为是在还债方面守信或可靠的人I have nothing to say with regard to your complaints.对於你的投诉，我无可奉告。Do you have all you need?你所需的设备都有了吗？account forvt.（在数量方面）占，说明（原因等），对负责例句：Please account for your disgraceful conduct.对你的可耻行为请作解释。He has been asked to account for his conduct.他被要求解释他的行为。He'll have to account for where every cent goes.他得说明所花掉的每一分钱的用途。experience n.经历,经验；vt.经历，体验例句：It was the most educational experience I had ever had.这是我有过的教育意义最大的一次经历。We learn from the past, experience the present and hope for success in the future.我们从过去中学 习，体验现在，展望未来的成功。I know from my own experience how difficult the work can be.从我自己的经验我明白这项工作会 有多难。occupy fokjupai vt.占领，占用，占据，使忙碌，使从事例句：Her time is fully occupied with her three children.她的时间全部用在她的三个孩子身上了。How does he occupy himself now he,s retired?他既已退休，那如何打发日子呢？The striking office workers have occupied the whole building.罢工的办公室人员占据了整座建筑 物。transmit vt.传输，传送，代代相传，传达;vi.（以无线电或有线电的方式）发送信号例句：The World Cup final is being transmitted live to over fifty countries.世界杯决赛现在正向五十多个 国家现场转播。The tension soon transmitted itself to all the members of the crowd.这种紧张情绪很快感染了 人群 中所有的人。This infection is transmitted by mosquitoes.这种传染病是由蚊子传染的。 in response to 回答，响应例句：In response to your inquiry兹答覆您的询问.In response to their hospitality, we wrote a thank-you note.为回报他们的热情,我们写了 一封感谢 信。A thin disk, especially in a microphone or telephone receiver, that vibrates in response to sound waves to produce electric signals, or that vibrates in response to electric signals to produce sound waves.膜片，振 动板一种薄的圆盘（尤其是在麦克风和电话收话器里那种）响应声波振动产生信号或者响应电信号振 动产生声波coordinate n.同等的人物;（色调，图案，样式等）配套服装;adj.同等的，等位的,（大学）男女分 院制的;v.协调，整合，使一致;计算机坐标例句：In computer graphics, to enlarge or reduce all or part of a display image by multiplying their coordinate by constant values.在计算机图形学中，以常数值乘以图象的坐标来放大或缩小全部或部分 显不图象。An anchor coordinate a newscast in which several correspondent give report.新闻节 目 主播在新闻节 目中综合整理若干记者的报导。This is a coordinate clause.这是一个并列子句。attach v.附上，系上，贴上，使依恋例旬This middle school is attached to a teachers' college.这所中学附属于一所师范院校。He attached a label to his baggage.他往行李上贴了一个标签。We are much attached to each other.我们之间感情深厚。bound n.跳跃，界限，范围;adj.必定的，受约束的，装订的，有义务的;vt.跳跃前进，形 成界限例句：I don't like being desk-bound （eg in an office） all day.我不喜欢整天拴在办公桌旁（如在办公室里）.With one bound, he was over the wall.他纵身一跃就跳过了墙。The dog bounded down the hill.狗跳跃着朝山下跑去。2） Knowledge about the musculoskeletal system2.1 useful websiteshttp:/wvw. hse. gov. uk/msd/index, htm. wikipedia. org/wiki/IIuman_musculoskeletal_system2.2 . Human musculoskeletal systemMusculoskeletal system （also known as the locomotor system） is an organ system that gives animals （including humans） the ability to move using the muscular and skeletal systems. The musculoskeletal system provides form, support, stability, and movement to the body.It is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilagejl tendons, ligaments, joints, and other connective tissue (the tissue that supports and binds tissues and organs together). The musculoskeletal system's primary functions include supporting the body, allowing motion, and protecting vital organs. 2 The skeletal portion of the system serves as the main storage system for calcium and phosphorus and contains critical components of the hematopoietic system. 3This system describes how bones are connected to other bones and muscle fibers via connective tissue such as tendons and ligaments. The bones provide the stability to a body in analogy to iron rods in concrete construction. Muscles keep bones in place and also play a role in movement of the bones. To allow motion, different bones are connected by joints. Cartilage prevents the bone ends from rubbing directly on to each other. Muscles contract (bunch up) to move the bone attached at the joint.There are, however, diseases and disorders that may adversely affect the function and overall effectiveness of the system. These diseases can be difficult to diagnose due to the close relation of the musculoskeletal system to other internal systems. The musculoskeletal system refers to the system having its muscles attached to an internal skeletal system and is necessary for humans to move to a more favorable position. Complex issues and injuries involving the musculoskeletal system are usually handled by an orthopaedic surgeon.1 .A MeSH Musculoskeletal+System2 .A Mooar, Pekka (2007). "Introduction11. Merck Manual. . Retrieved 2008-11-12.3 .A二htm/bc/90100.htm.4 .3 Diseases and disordersBecause many other body systems, including the vascular, nervous, and integumentary systems, are interrelated, disorders of one of these systems may also affect the musculoskeletal system and complicate the diagnosis of the disorder's origin. Diseases of the musculoskeletal system mostly encompass functional disorders or motion discrepancies; the level of impairment depends specifically on the problem and its severity. Articular (of or pertaining to the joints)l disorders are the most common. However, also among the diagnoses are: primary muscular diseases, neurologic (related to the medical science that deals with the nervous system and disorders affecting it)2| deficits, toxins, endocrine abnormalities, metabolic disorders, infectious diseases, blood and vascular disorders, and nutritional imbalances. Disorders of muscles from another body system can bring about irregularities such as: impairment of ocular motion and control, respiratory dysfunction, and bladder malfunction. Complete paralysis, paresis, or ataxia may be caused by primary muscular dysfunctions of infectious or toxic origin; however, the primary disorder is usually related to the nervous system, with the muscular system acting as the effector organ, an organ capable of responding to a stimulus, especially a nerve impulse.3. One understated disorder that begins during pregnancy is PGP Pelvic girdle pain), it is complex and multi-factorial and likely to be also represented by a series of sub-groups driven by pain varying from peripheral or central nervous system, 4 altered laxity/stiffness of muscles, 5 laxity to injury of tendinous/ligamentous structures f 19 to cmal-adaptive, body mechanics. 41. A "articular”. Random House Unabridged Dictionary. Random House, Inc. 2006. . Retrieved 2008-11-15.2. A "neurologic”. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. 2006. . Retrieved 2008-11-15.3. A a b Diagnosis and classification of pelvic girdle pain disorders Part 1: A mechanism based approach within a biopsychosocial framework. Manual Therapy, Volume 12, Issue 2, May 2007, PB. O'Sullivan and DJ Beales.4. A European guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pelvic girdle pain. Eur Spine J. 2008 Feb 8, A Vleeming, HB Albert, HC Ostgaard, B Sturesson, B Stuge.5. A Possible role of the long dorsal sacroiliac ligament in women with peripartum pelvic pain. Acta Obstetricia et Gynecologica Scandinavica, Volume 81, Issue 5 , Page 430-436, May 2002, A Vleeming, HJ de Vries, JM Mens, J-P van WingerdenUnit3 The Nervous System 神经系统【教学内容】Part A Terminology 术语用法ExercisesPart BText AWarm-upGroup discussion【教学基本要求】Part A TerminologyStems/ affixes and its meaning 词根/词缀及含义stems / affixesmeaningexamplesathr(o)-articulation 关节dysarthria构音困难cerebell(o)-cerebellum 小脑cerebellar 小脑的cerebr(o)-cerebrum 大脑cerebrotomy 脑切开术comat(o)-deep sleep深度睡眠comatose昏迷crani(o)-skull头盖骨cranium头盖骨dur(o)-dura mater 硬膜subdural硬膜下的encephal(o)-brain月窗encephalasthenia 脑衰弱esthesi(o)-sensation 感觉hyperesthesia 感觉过敏gangli(o)-ganglion神经节ganglioneuroma神经节细胞瘤gli(o)-neuroglia神经胶质glioma神经胶质瘤gnos(o)-knowing 认知gnosia灵知；认知，感知hypn(o)-sleep睡眠hypnosis催眠状态eg. In this lecture, he introduced the theory of inducing hypnosis.在这个讲座中，他介绍了催眠术引导睡眠的理论。lept(o)-thin, slender 瘦的，弱的leptomeningitis 柔脑膜炎lex(o)-word or phrase 词"匚dyslexia诵读困难mening(o)-membranes薄膜，细胞膜meningocele脑（脊）膜突出meningi(o)-meninges脑膜,髓膜meningitis 脑膜炎narc(o)-stupor, sleep 昏迷,麻木narcotic麻醉药neur(o)-nerve神经neuralgia神经痛phob(o)-exaggerated fear夸张的恐惧phobia恐惧症phren(o)-mind精神schizophrenia精神分裂症Before the mid-1950s, a diagnosis of schizophreniawas a life sentence without a possibility ofparole.五十年代中期以前，一个人若被诊断患有精神分裂症，就等于被判了无期徒刑而终无出狱的希望。pont(o)-pons脑桥的cerebellopontine 小脑脑桥psych(o)-mind精神psychotic精神病的radicul(o)-nerve root神经根radiculopathy 神经根病schiz(o)-split分裂schizoid精神分裂症的somn(i)-sleep睡眠somnific催眠的somat(o)-corps躯体，体somatesthesia 躯体感觉spin(o)-spine脊髓spinal脊髓的tax(o)-order, coordination 整理，排列ataxia共济失调thalam(o)-thalamus 丘脑thalamic丘脑的thec(o)-sheath鞘，套；护套intrathecal 鞘内的thym(o)-corps胸腺，情感，精神dysthymia精神抑郁vag(o)-vagus nerve 迷走神经vagal迷走神经的vertebr(o)-vertebra 椎骨vertebral椎骨的eg. At the caudal end of the sacrum the roof of the vertebral canal is commonly deficient. 在骨氏管末 端，椎管往往缺损。-lepsyseizure 发作epilepsy癫痫症-paresisslight paralysis 轻瘫hemiparesis 轻偏瘫-phasiaspeech言语aphasia失语症-plegiaparalysis 瘫痪hemiplegia 偏瘫-praxiaaction行动apraxia精神性失用症-stheniastrength 力量neurasthenia神经衰弱症Part BText AUnit 3 The Nervous SystemWarm-upBackground knowledge 背景知识The nervous system is an organ system containing a network of specialized cells called neurons that coordinate the actions of an animal and transmit signals between different parts of its body. In most animals the nervous system consists of two parts, central and peripheral. The central nervous system of vertebrates (such as humans) contains the brain, spinal cord, and retina. The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory neurons, clusters of neurons called ganglia, and nerves connecting the