2021年考研英语一真题【含答案】.docx

2021年考研英语一真题试卷Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Fluid intelligence is the type of intelligence that has to do with short-term memory and the ability to think quickly, logically, and abstractly in order to solve new problems. It 1 in young adulthood, levels out for a period of time, and then 2 starts to slowly decline as we age. But 3 aging is inevitable, scientists are finding out that certain changes in brain function may not be. One study found that muscle loss and the 4 of body fat around the abdomen are associated with a decline in fluid intelligence. This suggests the 5 that lifestyle factors might help prevent or 6 this type of decline.The researchers looked at data that 7 measurements of lean muscle and abdominal fat from more than 4, 000 middle-to-older-aged men and women and 8 that data to reported changes in fluid intelligence over a six-year period. They found that middle-aged people 9 higher measures of abdominal fat 10 worse on measures of fluid intelligence as the years 11 . For women, the association may be 12to changes in immunity that resulted from excess abdominal fat; in men, the immune system did not appear to be 13 . It is hoped that future studies could 14 these differences and perhaps lead to different15 for men and women. 16 there are steps you can 17 to help reduce abdominal fat and maintain leanmuscle mass as you age in order to protect both your physical and mental 18 . The two highly-recommended lifestyle approaches are maintaining or increasing your 19 of aerobic exercise and following Mediterranean-style 20 that is high in fiber and eliminates highly processed foods.1.A pausesB returnC peaks D fades 2.A alternativelyB formallyC accidentallyD generally 3.A whileB sinceC it can protect the environmentD it can benefit grain production 答案：A30. What is the text centred on?A The effectsB The debatesC The processof a program.over a program, of a study.DThe transfer ability of a study.答案：AText 3As a historian who's always searching for the text or the image that makes us re-evaluate thepast, r ve become preoccupied with looking for photographs that show our Victorian ancestorssmiling (what better way to shatter the image of 19th- century prudery?). I've found quite a few,and - since I started posting them on -' they have been causing quite a stir. People havebeen surprised to see evidence that Victorians had fun and could, and did, laugh.They are notingthat the Victorians suddenly seem to become more human as the hundred-or -So years that separate us fade away through our common experience of laughter.Of course, I need to concede that my collection of 'Smiling Victorians' makes up only a tinypercentage of the vast catalogue of photographic portraiture created between 1840 and 1900, themajority of which show sitters posing miserably and stiffly in front of painted backdrops, orstaring absently into the middle distance. How do we explain this trend?During the 1840s and 1850s, in the early days of photography, exposure times were notoriously long: the daguerreotype photographic method (producing an image on a silveredcopper plate) could take several minutes to complete, resulting in blurred images as sitters shiftedposition or adjusted their limbs. The thought of holding a fixed grin as the camera performed itsmagical duties was too much to contemplate, and so a non-committal blank stare became the norm.But exposure times were much quicker by the 1 880s, and the introduction of the Box Brownie and other portable cameras meant that, though slow by today，s digital standards, theexposure was almost instantaneous. Spontaneous smiles were relatively easy to capture by the1890s, so we must look elsewhere for an explanation of why Victorians still hesitated to smile.One explanation might be the loss of dignity displayed through a cheesy grin. "Nature gaveus lips to conceal our teeth. ” ran one popular Victorian maxim, alluding to the fact that before thebirth of proper dentistry mouths were often in a shocking state of hygiene. A flashing set ofhealthy and clean, regular “pearly whites” was a rare sight in Victorian society, the preserve of the super- rich (and even then, dental hygiene was not guaranteed).A toothy grin (especially when there were gaps or blackened gnashers) lacked class: drunks, tramps and music hall performers might gurn and grin with a smile as wide as Lewis Carrolr s gum-exposing Cheshire Cat, but it was not a becoming look for properly bred persons. Even MarkTwain, a man who enjoyed a hearty laugh, said that when it came to photographic portraits there could be unothing more damning than a silly, foolish smile fixed forever” . 31. According to paragraph 1, the author，s posts on .A. illustrated the development of Victorian photographyB. highlighted social media，s tole in Victorian studiesC. re-evaluated the Victorian，s notion of public imageD. changed people* s impression of the Victorians. 答案：D32. What does the author say about the Victorian portraits he has collected?A. They are rare among photograph of that ageB. They show effect of different exposure timesC. They mirror 19th-century social conventionsD. They are in popular use among historians 答案：A33. What might have kept the Victorians from smiling pictures in the 1890s?A. Their inherent social sensitivenessB. Their tension before the cameraC. Their unhealthy dental conditionD. Their distrust of new inventions 答案：C34. Mark Twain is quoted to show that the disapproval of smiles in pictures wasA. a thought-provoking ideaB. a misguide attitudeC. a controversial viesD. a deep-rotted belief 10 答案：D35. Which of the following questions does the text answer?A. Why did most Victorians look stem in photographs?B. When did the Victorians start to view photograph differently?C. What made photograph develop slowly in the Victorian period?D. How did smiling in photograph become a post-Victorian norm? 答案：A Text 4From the early days of broadband advocates for consumers and Web-based companies worried that the cable and phone companies selling broadband connections had the power and incentive to favor affiliated websites over their rivals. That's why there has been such a strong demand for rules that would prevent broadband providers from picking winners and losers online, preserving the freedom and innovation from what have been the lifeblood of the Internet.Yet that demand has been almost impossible to fl- in part because of push-back from broadband providers anti -regulatory conservatives and the courts. A federal appeals court unchanged in again. Tuesday, but instead of providing a badly needed resolution. It onlyU. S. onged the fight. At issue before the U. S. Court of Appeals for the dirtiness of Columbia Courtwas the latest take of the Federal Communications (FCC) om net neutrality, adopted on a party-line vote in 2017. The publican penned order not only eliminated the strict net neutrality rules theFCC had adopted. When it had a democratic majority in2015. But rejected the commission's authority. To require broadband providers to do much of anything. The order also declared that state and local governments couldn，t regulate broadband providers either.The Commission argue that other agencies would protect against anti-competitive behavior, such as a broadband-providing conglornerable like ATRT favors its own videostressing service atthe expense of Notfish and Appie TO caps on their rivals streaming services but not their own.On Tuesday, the appeals court. Unanimously upheld the 2017 order deregulating broadband.provides citing a Supreme Court ruling from 2005 that upheld a similarly deregulating more. ButJudge. Patricia Millett rightly argued in a concurring opinion that "the result is unhinged from therealities of modem broadband service” , and said Congress on the Supreme Court could interveneto avoid trapping Internet regulations in technological.In the meantime, the court threw out the FCC' s attempt to block all state rules. On notneutrality, while preserving the Commission's power to prompt individual going on between theJustice Department and California when enacted a tough net neutrally laws in the world of the FCC，s abdication.The endless legal battles and back- and -forth at the FCC cry out for Congress to act. It needsto give the commission explicit authority once and for all to bar broadband providers frommeddling in the traffic on their network and to create clear rules protecting openness and innovation online.36. There has long been concern that broadband providers wouldA. bring web-based firms under controlB. show partiality in treating clientsC. slow down the traffic on their networkD. intensify competition with their rivals答案：B37. Faced with the demand for net neutrality rules, the FCCA. takes an anti-regulatory stanceB. sticks to an out-of-date orderC. has issued a special resolutionD. has allowed the states to intervene答案：B38. What can be learned about AT&T from Paragraph 3?A. It engages in anti- competitive practicesB. It protects against unfair competitionC. It is under the FCC， s investigationD. It is in pursuit of quality service答案：A39. Judge Patricia Millett argues that the appeals court's decisionA. focuses on trivialitiesB. conveys an ambiguous message.C is out of touch with realityD. is at odds with its earlier rulings.答案：c40. What does the author argue in the last paragraph?A. Broadband providers， rights should be protected.B. The FCC should be put under strict supervisionC. Rules need to be set to diversify online servicesD. Congress needs to take action tO ensure net neutrality.答案：DPart BDirections:In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41-45, choose themost suitable one from the fist A-G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extrachoices, which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10points)In the movies and on television, artificial intelligence (AI) is typically depicted as somethingsinister that will upend our way of life. When it comes to AI in business, we often hear about it inrelation to automation and the impending loss of jobs, but in what ways is AI changing companiesand the larger economy that don，t involve doom-and-gloom mass unemployment predictions?A recent survey of manufacturing and service industries from Tata Consultancy Servicesfound that companies currently use AI more often in computer-to-computer activities than inautomating human activities. Here are a few ways AI is aiding companies without replacing employees:Better hiring practicesCompanies are using artificial intelligence to remove some of the unconscious bias fromhiring decisions. "There are experiments that show that, naturally, the results of interviews aremuch more biased than what AI does, “ says Pedro Domingos, author of The Master Algorithm:How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World and a computer science professor at the University of Washington. In addition, “(41)“ One companythat，s doing this is called Blendoor. It uses analytics to help identify where there may be bias in the hiring processMore effective marketingSome AI software can analyze and optimize marketing email subject lines to increase openrates. One company in the UK, Phrasee, claims their software can outperform humans by up to 10percent when it comes to email open rates. This can mean millions more in revenue. (42)These are utools that help people use data, not a replacement for people, “ says Patrick H. Winston, a professor of artificial intelligence and computer science at MIT.Saving customers moneyEnergy companies can use AI to help customers reduce their electricity bilIs, saving themmoney while helping the environment. Companies can also optimize their own energy use and cutdown on the cost of electricity. Insurance companies, meanwhile, can base their premiums on AImodels that more accurately assess risk. Domingos says, “(43)“Improved accuracy“Machine leaning often provides a more reliable form of statistics, which makes data morevaluable, “ says Winston. It “helps people make smarter decisions. ” (44)Protecting and maintaining infrastructureA number of companies, particularly in energy and transportation, use AI image processing technology to inspect infrastructure and prevent equipment failure or leaks before they happen. "If they fail first and then you fix them, it's very expensive, “ says Domingos.“(45)"A. AI replaces the boring parts of your job. If you，re doing research, you can have AI go out and look for relevant sources and information that otherwise you just wouldn，t have time for.B. There are also companies like Acquisio, which analyzes advertising performance across multiple channels like Adwords, Bing and social media and makes adjustments or suggestions about where advertising funds will yield best results.C. One accounting firm, EY, uses an AI system that helps review contracts during an audit. This process, along with employees reviewing the contracts, is faster and more accurate. D. We，re also giving our customers better channels versus picking up the phone to accomplish something beyond human scale.E. You want to predict if something needs attention now and point to where it's useful for employees to go to.F. AI looks at resumes in greater numbers than humans would be able to, and selects the more promising candidates.G. Before, they might not insure the ones who felt like a high risk or charge them too much, or they would charge them too little and then it would cost the company money.41. F42. B43. G44. C45. EPart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Write your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)World War II was the watershed event for higher education in modern Western societies.(46)Those societies came out of the war with levels of enrollment that had been roughly constantat 3-5% of the relevant age groups during the decades before the war. But after the war, great social and political changes arising out of the successful war against Fascism created a growingdemand in European and American economies for increasing numbers of graduates with morethan a secondary school education. (47) And the demand that rose in those societies for entry to higher education extended to groups and social classes that had not thought of attending a university before the war. These demands resulted in a very rapid expansion of the systems ofhigher educa