备战2023年高考英语重难题型高分攻略05 名词（教师版）.docx

备枇2023高考语法之名词考点目录内容板块一基础知识解析板块二单句语法填空板块三篇章语法填空-：基础知识解析1：考点归纳名词是历年高考的重要考点，常常出现在完形填空、语法填空题型中。名词部分主要考查：名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数）名词和冠词的搭配抽象名词的具体化名词的词性变化名词的词义辨析2：知识讲解一般情况下在词尾直接加-smouth>mouths,house>houses以-s,-x,-ch,-sh 结尾的名词在词尾加-esglass>glasscs,match>matchcs以辅音字母+-y 结尾的名词变 y 为 i 再加-escountrycountries,factory>factories以元音字母+-y结尾的名词在词尾直接加-sholiday>holidays,monkey>monkeys一般在词尾加-spiano>nianos,photo>nhotos以。结尾的名词有些在词尾加-eshero>heroes,potatopotatoes一般要变 f 或 fe 为 v 加-esselfselves,wolf>wolves可数名词以f,-fe结尾的名词少数直接加-sroof>roofs,belief>bclicfs单复数同形deer, sheep, Chinese, means（方式，方法）,series, speciesman>men, woman»women, child>children, tooth>teeth, foot>feet, 词形变化mouse»micc将主体名词变为系数:passcr-by>passers-by, looker-onlookers-on合成名词的复数无主体名词时通常在最后一个词后加-s:grown-upTgrown-ups,stand-by*stand-bys名词前有man或woman修man/woman和中心词都要变为复数形式。$11:woman doctor>women饰doctors.man teacher*men teachers o抽象名词（不可数）具体化（表达具体的概念时，是可数名词）in surprise 惊讶地a surprise 一件令人惊讶的事achieve success 获得成功a success 一个（件）成功的人（事）win honour赢得荣誉an honour 一个（件）引起尊敬的人（事）failure 失败a failure 一个（件）失败的人（事）不可数名词词是students,表示人，且在定语从句中充当主语。所以用关系代词who或that引导。故填who/that。Passage DShaanxi kuaiban is a 41(tradition) Chinese form of storytelling in the Shaanxi local language to thestrong regular repeated sound of bamboo clappers. On June 10, 2021. the Ministry of Culture and Tourism42(recognize) a new group of 325 national intangible (非物质的)cultural heritage items in Beijing, increasing the list established in 2006 to 1,557 items. Shaanxi kuaiban,43 can date back to the late QingDynasty (1644 1911), has been included. It can 44(perform) by a group or alone. With one or two pairsof kuaiban of different sizes in hand, the performers speak in the local language while 45(tell) stories,which arc usually about sufferers or heroes.Shaanxi kuaiban is 46 popular that there are many professional artists and performers in China.According to its performers, the art was originally used by farmers 47(share) (heir knowledge and earnmoney.48 time going by, more and more people perform Shaanxi kuaiban in different particular events 一for example, at festival celebrations,49(party) and art shows. Supported by the government, it has been one of the 50(good) art forms in Shaanxi and has been introduced to local schools as part of their arteducation.解析：41. traditional 42. recognized 43. which 44. be performed 45. telling 46. so 47. to share 48. With 49. parties50. best41 .考查形容词。句意：陕西快板是一种用陕西方言讲故事的传统中国形式，以强烈而有规律的竹板 重复的声音。修饰后文名词form应用形容词traditional,作定语。故填traditional。42 .考查时态。句意：2021年6月10日，文化和旅游部在北京重新认定了 325项国家级非物质文化遗 产，将2006年确定的非物质文化遗产名录增加到1557项。根据上文On June 10, 2021可知为一般过去时。 故填 recognizedo43 .考查定语从句。句意:可以追溯到清末(16441911)的陕西快板也包括在内。此处为非限制性 定语从句修饰先行词Shaanxi kuaiban,在从句中作主语，指物，故用关系代词which。故填which。44 .考查语态句意：它可以由一组人表演，也可以单独表演。主语It与perform构成被动关系，且can 后跟动词原形。故填be performedo45 .考查省略句。句意：表演者手里拿着一两对大小不一的快板，用当地语言讲故事，故事通常是关 于受害者或英雄的。在whi加引导的状语从句中，当从句主语和主句主语一致且从句含有be的某种形式 时，可省略从句的主语和be,从句完整形式为while the performers are telling stories,相当于省略了 the performers are。故填 telling。46 .考查副词。句意：陕西快板非常受欢迎，中国有许多专业的艺术家和表演者。引导结果状语从句， 表示“如此以至于”应用sothat，修饰形容词popular应用副词so。故填so。47 .考查非谓语动词。句意：据表演者说，这种艺术最初是农民用来分享知识和赚钱的。分析句子结 构可知share在句中应用非谓语动词形式，此处作目的状语，应用不定式。故填to share。48 .考查介词。句意：随着时间的推移，越来越多的人在不同的特定活动中表演陕西快板，例如在节 日庆典、晚会和艺术表演中。表示“随着"应用介词with。本句为with的复合结构。句首单词首字母要 大写。故填With。49 .考查名词的数。party为可数名词，根据上文festival celebrations可知应用复数形式。故填partieso50 .考查最高级。句意：在政府的支持下，它已经成为陕西最好的艺术形式之一，并作为艺术教育的 一部分被引入当地的学校。此处为。ne of+形容词最高级+可数名词复数形式结构，good应用最高级形式。 故填bestoPassage EHuangshan,56(locate) in the south of Anhui province, is a must-see sight for Chinese people. Just like all popular tourist attractions in China, it is very crowded during peak seasons and national holidays, during57 time reservations arc a must. Each season offers 58 unique aspect of this beautiful mountain.Summer is one of the peak seasons, when the mountain is green and refreshing and temperatures are cool and comfortable. In the fall, the colors are 59 their brightest, and blue skies and red maples are picture-perfect.Autumn is also a peak season,60(particular) during the October National holidays. Winter is one of the prettiest seasons and the best time to appreciate the icy peaks surrounded by (he sea of clouds. Also, (his is the most economical time 61(travel). The promise of spring brings fresh greens and wild flowers, and waterfallsand streams are al their besta beautiful time to visit and not as crowded as in the peak 62(month) ofsummer and autumn.It was in this beautiful place that some of the scenes from Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 63( film).Wear comfortable shoes,64 most of all, enjoy the beauty of nature that 65(surround) you in thisamazing Chinese mountain!解析：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了黄山四季优美景色，每个季节都有其特殊的景色，如夏天很凉 爽，秋天看枫叶，冬天看云海，春天看瀑布，充分展现了大自然的美丽。58 .考查非谓语动词。句意：黄山位于安徽省南部，是中国人必去的景点。句中谓语是is,空格处用非 谓语动词，Huangshan和locate之间是逻辑动宾关系，因此空格处用过去分词表被动。故填located。59 .考查定语从句。句意：就像中国所有受欢迎的旅游景点一样，在旺季和国庆节期间，它非常拥挤， 在此期间必须预订。空格处是“介词+which/whom”引导的非限制性定语从句，先行词peak seasons and national holidays是物，因此空格处用which(故填which。60 .考查冠词。句意：每个季节都呈现出这座美丽山峰独特的一面。aspect是可数名词，此处表泛指， 前面要加不定冠词，unique是辅音音素开头，因此不定冠词用a。故填a。61 .考查介词。句意：在秋天，颜色是最明亮的，蓝天和红枫是完美的图画。空格处用at表示颜色处 于最明亮的状态。故填at。62 .考查副词。句意：秋天也是旅游旺季，尤其是在十一国庆期间。空格处用副词修饰“during the October National holidaysparticular 是副词是 particularly,意为“尤其故填 particularly。63 .考查不定式。句意：而且，这是最经济的旅行时间。it is time to do是固定短语，意为“是做某事 的时间”，因此空格处是to travelo故填to travelo64 .考查名词的复数。句意：春天的到来带来了新鲜的绿色植物和野花，瀑布和小溪正处于最佳状态 个美丽的旅游时间，不像夏天和秋天的高峰期那么拥挤。夏天和秋天的高峰期不止一个月，因此空 格处用复数monthso故填months。65 .考查时态，语态和主谓一致。句意：卧虎藏龙中的一些场景就是在这个美丽的地方拍摄的。电 影是被拍摄，句子描述过去的事情，因此空格处用一般过去时的被动语态，即was/were done,主语“some of the scenesw 是复数，因此空格处是 were filmedo 故填 were filmed<>66 .考查连词。句意：穿上舒适的鞋子，最重要的是，在这座令人惊叹的中国山上享受环绕你的自然 之美！ a Wear comfortable shoesw 和“enjoy the beauty of nature” 是并列关系，因此用 and 连接。故填 ando67 .考查时态和主谓一致。句意：穿上舒适的鞋子，最重要的是，在这座令人惊叹的中国山上享受环 绕你的自然之美！空格处作that引导的定语从句中的谓语，句子描述客观事实，时态用一般现在时，that 指代的是先行词beauty,是不可数名词，因此空格处用第三人称单数surrounds。故填surrounds。Passage FOver the past few days, a number of forest fires 36(break) out in Chongqing and its surrounding areasdue to the extremely dry and hot weather. Many rescue personnel and volunteers participated in the rescue overnight,37 moved a lol of people across the country. The mountain fires in several regions in Chongqinghave been 38(eventual) put out on Friday morning. No casualties have been reported.Chongqing motorcyclists are being praised 39 heroes for volunteering lo transport much-neededsupplies to the fire and rescue workers 40(fight) the wildfires caused by prolonged heat and droughtacross multiple districts in the municipality(自治市).Facing the tough situation, the city government called for volunteers with related skills and experience 41(join) the firefighting,42 a large number of motorcyclists have played an important role andwon widespread praise. The team members, with 43 average age of 29, took turns to use five dirt bikes andfour scooters (o carry materials and equipment lo firefighters and to transport people and 44(necessary).The example of a foreign teacher who volunteered to help fight the raging wildfires in Chongqing's Bcibei district with other local residents has touched many.When all the people 45(unite), peace will reign across the country.解析：本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述了重庆发生了多起森林火灾，许多救援人员和志愿者连夜参与救 援的感人事迹。68 .考查谓语动词。句意：在过去的几天里，重庆发生了多起森林火灾。设空处在句中作谓语，根据 时间状语over the past few years,可知句子的时态为现在完成时，主语为forest fires,结合主谓一致。故 填 have broken ,>69 .考查定语从句的引导词。句意：许多救援人员和志愿者连夜参与救援，感动了全国各地的很多人。 设空处引导定语从句且在从句中作主语，先行词为"Many rescue personnel and volunteers participated in the rescue ovemight (许多救援人员和志愿者连夜参与救援)”应用which。故填which。70 .考查副词。句意：重庆多个地区的山火最终于周五上午被扑灭。设空处后为动词，设空处应为副 词修饰动词。故填eventually。71 .考查介词。句意：重庆的摩托车手们被誉为英雄，因为他们自愿为消防和救援人员运送急需的物 资，以扑灭由长期炎热和干旱引起的重庆市多个地区的野火。固定短语be praised as被誉为，故填as。72 .考查非谓语动词。句意见上题解析。设空处在句中作非谓语，和句子的逻辑主语workers之间是 逻辑的主动关系。故填fighting。73 .考查非谓语动词。句意：面对严峻的形势，市政府号召有相关技能和经验的志愿者加入到消防工 作中来。call for sb to do sth ”号召某人做某事"。故填to join。74 .考查连词。句意见上题解析。分析句子的成份可知，设空处后的“motorcyclists”和空前的 volunteersw 并列，应用 and。故填 and。75 .考查冠词。句意：队员们的平均年龄为29岁，他们轮流使用5辆越野摩托车和4辆小型摩托车为 消防员运送物资和设备，并运送人员和必需品。固定短语with an average of平均为，故填an。76 .考查名词。句意见上题解析。设空处和and前的people并列，设空处应用复数的形式作宾语。故 填 necessaries o77 .考查时态语态。句意：全国人民团结起来，天下太平。设空处在句中作非谓语，和句子的主语people 之间为被动关系，叙述客观事实，应用一般现在时，结合主谓一致。故填arc united。Passage GIt is reported that a new subway station in Moscow with a number of Chinese design elements has already become another landmark for Sino-Russian friendship and 41(cooperate). In other words, China RailwayConstruction Corp has completed the construction of the Michurinsky Prospckt Station in the southwest of the Russian capital, and it had 42(official) opened by the end of the year, 202 l.The station and the other twoon the southwestern section of the Moscow Metro stand on the 43(three) transfer line of the city's subway system. This route,known 44 the Great Ring Line, was also built by CRCC, and was the first Europeansubway project 45(design) by a Chinese company. To show respect for 46 friendship betweenChina and Russia, Chinese-style designs have been adopted for the platform at (he new station, including eloud-shaped lamps, red pillars and a suspended ceiling. Red is the dominant color of the platform design,47 features plum blossom and the Eight Immortals-a group of well-known 48(figure)inChinese folklore and Taoism. Up to now the photos of the Chinese-style subway platform 49(appear) onsocial media platforms, and Russians are eager 50(see)the new station for themselves.解析：本文是一篇新闻报道，主要讲的是中国铁建公司已经完成了位于俄罗斯首都西南部的米库林斯 基大道站的建设，并于2021年底正式开放。78 .考查名词。句意：据报道，莫斯科一座带有中国设计元素的新地铁站已经成为中俄友好合作的又 一个里程碑。空格处用名词作宾语，根据语境可知，此处表示“新地铁站已经成为中俄友好合作的又一个 里程碑”，空格处意为“合作"，名词是cooperation,是不可数名词，故填cooperation。79 .考查副词。句意：换句话说，中国铁建公司已经完成了位于俄罗斯首都西南部的米库林斯基大道 站的建设，并于2021年底正式开放。空格处用副词修饰动词opened, official的副词是officially,意为“正 式地”，故填 officially o80 .考查序数词。句意：该站和另外两个位于莫斯科地铁西南段，位于莫斯科地铁系统的第三条换乘 线上。the后跟序数词，three的序数词是third,故填third。81 .考查固定短语和介词。句意：这条被称为“大环路”的线路也是由中国铁建公司建造的，也是第 一个由中国公司设计的欧洲地铁项目。根据语境可知，句子表示“这条被称为“大环路”的线路也是由中 国铁建公司建造的"，be known as是固定短语，意为“被称为”，因此空格处是as,故填as。82 .考查过去分词。句意：这条被称为“大环路”的线路也是由中国铁建公司建造的，也是第一个由 中国公司设计的欧洲地铁项目oand后的句子中was是谓语，空格处用非谓语动词形式,“European subway project ”和"design”之间是被动关系，用过去分词作定语，故填designed。83 .考查定冠词。句意：为了表达对中俄两国友谊的尊重，新车站的站台采用了中国风格的设计，包 括云状的灯、红色的柱子和悬挂的天花板。空格处用定冠词the特指“中俄友谊”，故填the。84 .考查定语从句。句意：红色是平台设计的主色调，以梅花和八仙为特色，八仙是中国民间传说和 道教中的一群著名人物。分析句子结构可知，第7空处引导非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少主语，先行词 design是物，因此关系代词用which, that不能引导非限制性定语从句，故填which。85 .考查名词的复数。句意：红色是平台设计的主色调，以梅花和八仙为特色，八仙是中国民间传说 和道教中的一群著名人物。空格前有a group of,空格处用复数figures,故填figures。86 .考查时态和主谓一致。句意：到目前为止，中国风格的地铁站台的照片已经出现在社交媒体平台 上，俄罗斯人渴望亲眼看看这个新车站。由“Up to now”可知，句子时态用现在完成时，主语photos是 复数，因此空格处是have appeared,故填have appearedo87 考查不定式和固定短语。句意：到目前为止，中国风格的地铁站台的照片已经出现在社交媒体平 台上，俄罗斯人渴望亲眼看看这个新车站。be eager tod。是固定短语，意为“渴望做某事”，因此空格处 是不定式to see,故填to see。with pleasure 乐意a pleasure 一件乐事主要用于表示有生命的人或物的所有关系。(1)一般是名词词尾加-'s。如:John's home约翰的家;(2) 以-s或-es结尾的复数名词，只在词尾加如:students' textbooks学生们的课本;(3)词尾不带-(e)s 的复数名词，仍加，s。如:children's game孩子们的游戏。名词所有格表示无生命的事物的名词通常用of所有格表示所有关系;名词短语或有定语修饰的有生命的名 词也常用 of 所有格。ill:the title of the article 文章的标题;the name of the girl over there 那边那位 女孩的名字。双重所有格的构成为:“名词+of+，s所有格”或“名词+of+名词性物主代词”。表示“其中之一”或“其 中一部分“，名词前川用 a,any,some,a few,two,this,that,these,those 等修饰，但不能用 the。如:a picture of my mother's我母亲(拥有)的一张照片;Ihis little cat of your sister's你妹妹的这只小猫。2：名词词缀后缀例词 ion/tion/-sion/ ationcorrect-*correction 改正 celebrate-*celebration 庆祝attract-*attraction吸引；有吸引力的人或事物conclude-*conclusion 结论；结束discussdiscussion 讨论；论述decidedecision 决定admitf admission 承认；准许加入permitpermission 允许，许可inviteinvitation 邀请explainexplanation 解释graduatek graduation 毕业expect-expectation 期望-er/ orsailsailor海员，水手drivef driver司机；驾驶员gatherf gatherer 收集者，采集者teachteacher 老师announceannouncer 广播员conduciconductor 指挥；售票员men（punishpunishmenl 惩罚achieve_*achievement 成就argue-*argument Mvfe;论据treat-treatment 对待；治疗equip f equipment 装备； 设备governgovernment 政府astonish-*astonishment 惊奇-ance/ence叩pear-叩pearance出现；外貌guidef guidance指引；指导perform-performance 表演； 表现existexistence 存在； 生存preferf preference 偏爱referreference 参考，查阅ure/turefai 1 f fai 1 ure 失败；倒闭press -* pressure 压力departdeparture 离开；出发mixmixlure 混合（物） inghear-hearing 听力，听觉begin-beginning 开始build-*building 建筑-yrecover-*recovery 恢发 discover-*discovery 发现scare-*scarey 害怕2.形容词转化为名词的后缀后缀例词-ageshort-* shortage-cyefficienLefficiency 效率fluent-* fluency 流利accurate-*accuracy 准确性private-*privacy 隐私domfreef freedom 自由wisef wisdom 明智；智慈-encedifferenLdifference 差异silent-silence 沉默 evident ->evidence 证据-nessweakweakness 虚弱； 弱点kind-*kindness友好carelesscarelessness 粗心大意thstrongfstrength 力气；优势wamif wannth 温暖；热情y/ - ty/itysafef safety 安全disablefdisability 缺陷；伤残responsible responsibility 责任honest-* honesty 诚实difficultdifficulty 困难识记小技巧：以一。结尾的下列名词要加一es： “黑人英雄爱吃土豆、西红柿"，即Negroes»heroes, potatoes, tomatoeso以一f或一fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉，加一ves： “为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着 刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半"，即 selves, lives, thieves, wives, knives, leaves, shelves> wolves, halves o二：单句语法填空1 .Filled with (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.解析：curiosity句意:充满了好奇，这位画家收拾好行囊就出发了。设空处作介词with的宾语，所以要 用所给词的名词形式curiosity02 .Historical(accurate) is important but so is entertainment. Museums must competefor people's spare time and money with other amusements.解析：accuracy句意:历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。设空处在句中作主语，应使用名词形式， 故填 accuracy o3 .This switch has decreased(pollute)in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and madedrinking water safer for people.解析：pollution考查名词。设空处作decreased的宾语，故使用pollute的名词形式pollution04 .0ther American studies showed no(connect) between uniforms and school performance.解析：connection(s)句意:美国的其他研究表明，校服和学校表现之间没有联系。设空处作showed的 宾语，且前面有否定词no修饰，故填connection(s)o5 .Few people I know seem to have much desire or time to cook. Making Chinese (dish) is seenas especially troublesome.解析：dishes句意:制作中国菜被视为一件特别麻烦的事。根据语境此处应该指:各种各样的中国菜， 所以要用名词的复数形式disheso6 .We Chinese all have an(agree) to develop science and technology.解析：agreement句意：我们中国人为了发展科学和科技全部达成一致。“an”后加名词单数，所以要 把动词agree变成名词，在"agree”后加故填agreement。7 .When the old man was hit by the car, all(passer-by) just stood by but only Jack came to rescue.解析：passers-by考查名词的数。句意：当这个老人被车撞时，所有的路人都袖手旁观，只有Jack 过来救援。由all判断此处用名词复数形式，故填passers-by。8 .We should encourage our students to have(confident) in themselves.解析：confidence考查名词。句意：我们应该鼓励我们的学生对自己有信心。根据句子结构和意思可 知，这里考查名词confidence做宾语，表示“信心”的意思，是不可数名词。故填confidence。1.1 have to make a(complain) about the poor quality of food and service in your restaurant.解析：complaint所给词complain是动词，设空前有不定冠词a修饰，应用名词complaint作动词 make 的宾语，make a complaint abo