英文版解剖学和生理学基础教材美国大学教科书电子版.docx

Glossary of Key TermsAabdomen: The region of the trunk bounded by the diaphragm and pelvis. (1)abdominopelvic cavity: The portion of the ventral body cavity that contains abdominal and pelvic subdivisions; also contains the peritoneal cavity. (1)abducens: Cranial nerve VI, which innervates the lateral rectus muscle of the eye. (14)abduction: Movement away from the midline of the body, as viewed in the anatomical position. (9)abortion: The premature loss or expulsion of an embryo or fetus. (29)abscess: A localized collection of pus within a damaged tissue. (4, 22)absorption: The active or passive uptake of gases, fluids, or solutes. (25)accommodation: An alteration in the curvature of the lens of the eye to focus an image on the retina. (17)acetabulum: The fossa on the lateral aspect of the pelvis that accommodates the head of the femur. (8) acetylcholine (ACh): A chemical neurotransmitter in the brain and peripheral nervous system; the dominant neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system, released at neuromuscular junctions and synapses of the parasympathetic division. (10, 12, 16)acetylcholinesterase (AChE): An enzyme found in the synaptic cleft, bound to the postsynaptic membrane, and in tissue fluids; breaks down and inactivates acetylcholine molecules. (1(), 12)acetyl-CoA: An acetyl group bound to coenzyme A, a participant in the anabolic and catabolic pathways for carbohydrates, lipids, and many amino acids. (25)acetyl group: -»CH3CO. (25)Achilles tendon: See calcaneal tendon.acid: A compound whose dissociation in solution releases a hydrogen ion and an anion; an acidic solution has a pH below 7.0 and contains an excess of hydrogen ions.(2, 27)acidosis (as-i-D sis): An abnormal physiological state characterized by a plasma pH below 7.35. (2, 25, 26, 27)acinus/acini: A histological term referring to a blind pocket, pouch, or sac.acoustic: Pertaining to sound or the sense of hearing. (17) acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS): A disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); characterized by the destruction of helper T cells and a resulting severe impairment of the immune response. (22)acromegaly: A condition caused by the overproduction of growth hormone in adults, characterized by a thickening of bones and an enlargement of cartilages and other soft tissues. (6, 18)acromion: A continuation of the scapular spine that projects superior to the capsule of the scapulohumeral joint. (8)acrosomal cap: A membranous sac at the tip of a spermatozoon that contains hyaluronidase. (28)actin: The protein component of microfilaments that forms thin filaments in skeletal muscles and produces contractions of all muscles through interaction with thick (myosin) filaments; see also sliding filament theory. (3, 10)action potential: A propagated change in the transmembrane potential of excitable cells, initiated by a change in the membrane permeability to sodium ions; see also nerve impulse. (10, 12)active transport: The ATP-dependent absorption or secretion of solutes across a cell membrane. (3, 26)acute: Sudden in onset, severe in intensity, and brief in duration.adaptation: A change in pupillary size in response to changes in light intensity (17); a decrease in receptor sensitivity or perception after chronic stimulation (15); physiological responses that produce acclimatization (25)Addison's disease: A condition resulting from the hyposecretion of glucocorticoids; characterized by lethargy, weakness, hypotension, and increased skin pigmentation. (5, 18) adduction: Movement toward the axis or midline of the body, as viewed in the anatomical position. (9)adenine: A purine; one of the nitrogenous bases in the nucleic acids RNA and DNA. (2)adenohypophysis: The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. (18)adenoids: The pharyngeal tonsil. (22, 23)adenosine: A combination of adenine and ribose. (2)adenosine diphosphate (ADP): A compound consisting of adenosine with two phosphate groups attached. (2, 25)adenosine monophosphate (AMP): A nucleotide consisting of adenine plus a phosphate 3-group (PO4 ); also called adenosine phosphate. (AM)adenosine triphosphate (ATP): A high-energy compound consisting of adenosine with three phosphate groups attached; the third is attached by a high-energy bond. (2, 10, 25)adenylate cyclase: An enzyme bound to the inner surfaces of cell membranes that can convert ATP to cyclic-AMP; also called adenylyl cyclase. (12) adhesion: The fusion of two mesenterial layers after damage or irritation of their opposing surfaces; this process restricts relative movement of the organs involved (4); the binding of a phagocyte to its target (22)adipocyte: A fat cell. (4)adipose tissue: Loose connective tissue dominated by adipocytes. (4, 18)adrenal cortex: The superficial portion of the adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones. (18)adrenal gland: A small endocrine gland that secretes steroids and catecholamines and is located superior to each kidney; also called suprarenal gland. (18)adrenal medulla: The core of the adrenal gland (18); a modified sympathetic ganglion that secretes catecholamines into the blood during sympathetic activation (16)adrenergic: A synaptic terminal that, when stimulated, releases norepinephrine. (12)adrenocortical hormone: Any steroid produced by the adrenal cortex. (18)adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): The hormone that stimulates the production and secretion of glucocorticoids by the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex; released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland in response to corticotropin-releasing hormone. (18)adventitia: The superficial layer of connective tissue surrounding an internal organ; fibers are continuous with those of surrounding tissues, providing support and stabilization. (24) aerobic: Requiring the presence of oxygen.aerobic metabolism: The complete breakdown of organic substrates into carbon dioxide and water, via pyruvic acid; a process that yields large amounts of ATP but requires mitochondria and oxygen. (3, 1(), 25)afferent: Toward.afferent arteriole: An arteriole that carries blood to a glomerulus of the kidney. (26)afferent fiber: An axon that carries sensory information to the central nervous system. (12)agglutination: The aggregation of red blood cells due to interactions between surface antigens and plasma antibodies. (19, 22)agglutinins: Immunoglobulins in plasma that react with antigens on the surfaces of foreign red blood cells when donor and recipient differ in blood type. (19)agglutinogens: Surface antigens on red blood cells whose presence and structure are genetically determined. (19)aggregated lymphoid nodules: Lymphoid nodules beneath the epithelium of the small intestine; also called Peyer's patches. (22)agonist: A muscle responsible for a specific movement; a.k.a. prime mover. (11)agranular: Without granules; agranular leukocytes are monocytes and lymphocytes. (19)AIDS: See acquired immune deficiency syndrome.alba: White.albicans: White.albuginea: White.aldosterone: A mineralocorticoid produced by the zona glomerulosa of the adrenal cortex; stimulates sodium and water conservation at the kidneys; secreted in responseto the presence of angiotensin II. (18, 26, 27)alkalosis: The condition characterized by a plasma pH greater than 7.45; associated with a relative deficiency of hydrogen ions or an excess of bicarbonate ions. (2, 27)alpha receptors: Membrane receptors sensitive to norepinephrine or epinephrine; stimulation normally results in the excitation of the target cell. (16)alveolar sac: An air-filled chamber that supplies air to several alveoli. (23)alveolus/alveoli: Blind pockets at the end of the respiratory tree, lined by a simple squamous epithelium and surrounded by a capillary network; sites of gas exchange withthe blood (23); a bony socket that holds the root of a tooth (24)Alzheimer's disease: A disorder resulting from degenerative changes in populations of neurons in the cerebrum, causing dementia characterized by problems with attention, short-term memory, and emotions. (16) amination: The attachment of an amino group to a carbon chain; performed by a variety of cells and important in the synthesis of amino acids. (25) amino acids: Organic compounds whose chemical structure can be summarized as R -> CHNH2 -»COOH. (2, 25)amino group: -« NH2 . (2)amnion: One of the four extraembryonic membranes; surrounds the developing embryo or fetus. (29)amniotic fluid: Fluid that fills the amniotic cavity; cushions and supports the embryo or fetus. (4, 29)amphiarthrosis: An articulation that permits a small degree of independent movement; see interosseous membrane (8) and pubic symphysis. (9)ampulla/ampullae: A localized dilation in the lumen of a canal or passageway. (17, 24, 28)amygdaloid body: A basal nucleus that is a component of the limbic system and acts as an interface between that system, the cerebrum, and sensory systems. (14)amylase: An enzyme that breaks down polysaccharides; produced by the salivary glands and pancreas. (24)anabolism: The synthesis of complex organic compounds from simpler precursors. (2, 25)anaerobic: Without oxygen, analgesic: A substance that relieves pain. (15) anal triangle: The posterior subdivision of the perineum. (11) anaphase: The mitotic stage in which the paired chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the spindle apparatus. (3)anaphylaxis: A hypersensitivity reaction due to the binding of antigens to immunoglobulins (IgE) on the surfaces of mast cells; the release of histamine, serotonin, andprostaglandins by mast cells then causes widespread inflammation; a sudden decline in blood pressure may occur, producing anaphylactic shock. (22)anastomosis: The joining of two tubes, usually referring to a connection between two peripheral vessels without an intervening capillary bed. (21)anatomical position: An anatomical reference position; the body viewed from the anterior surface with the palms facing forward. (1)anatomy: The study of the structure of the body. (1)androgen: A steroid sex hormone primarily produced by the interstitial cells of the testis and manufactured in small quantities by the adrenal cortex in either gender. (18, 28)anemia: The condition marked by a reduction in the hematocrit, the hemoglobin content of the blood, or both. (19)angiotensin I: The hormone produced by the activation of angiotensinogen by renin (18); angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I into angiotensin II in lung capillaries. (26) angiotensin II: A hormone that causes an elevation in systemic blood pressure, stimulates the secretion of aldosterone, promotes thirst, and causes the release of antidiuretic hormone (18); angiotensin-converting enzyme in lung capillaries converts angiotensin I into angiotensin IL (21, 26)angiotensinogen: The blood protein produced by the liver that is converted to angiotensin I by the enzyme renin. (18)anion: An ion bearing a negative charge. (2, 27)anoxia (an-ok-s-e-a): Tissue oxygen deprivation. (23)antagonist: A muscle that opposes the movement of an agonist. (10)antebrachium: The forearm. (8)anterior: On or near the front, or ventral surface, of the body.antibiotic: A chemical agent that selectively kills pathogens. (20)antibody: A globular protein produced by plasma cells that will bind to specific antigens and promote their destruction or removal from the body. (19, 22)antibody-mediated immunity: The form of immunity resulting from the presence of circulating antibodies produced by plasma cells; also called humoral immunity. (22)anticholinesterase: A chemical compound that blocks the action of acetylcholine and causes prolonged and intensive stimulation of post-synaptic membranes. (12)anticodon: Three nitrogenous bases on a tRNA molecule that interact with an appropriate codon on a strand of mRNA. (3)antidiuretic hormone (ADH): A hormone synthesized in the hypothalamus and secreted at the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland; causes water retention at the kidneys and an elevation of blood pressure. (18, 21, 26, 27)antigen: A substance capable of inducing the production of antibodies. (22)antigen-antibody complex: The combination of an antigen and a specific antibody. (22)antigenic determinant site: A portion of an antigen that can interact with an antibody molecule. (22)antigen-presenting cell (APC): A cell that processes antigens and displays them, bound to MHC proteins; essential to the initiation of a normal immune response. (22)antihistamines: A chemical agent that blocks the action of histamine on peripheral tissues. (22) antrum: A chamber or pocket. (28, for example) anulus: A cartilage or bone shaped like a ring; also spelled annulus. (9)anus: The external opening of the anal canal. (24) aorta: The large, elastic artery that carries blood away from the left ventricle and into the systemic circuit. (20)apocrine secretion: A mode of secretion in which the glandular cell sheds portions of its cytoplasm. (4, 5)aponeurosis/aponeuroses: A broad tendinous sheet that may serve as the origin or insertion of a skeletal muscle. (4, 6, 10)appendicular: Pertaining to the upper or lower limbs. (8)appendix: A blind tube connected to the cecum of the large intestine. (24)appositional growth: The enlargement of a bone by the addition of cartilage or bony matrix at its surface. (4)aqueous humor: A fluid similar to perilymph or cerebrospinal fluid that fills the anterior chamber of the eye. (17)arachidonic acid: One of the essential fatty acids. (2, 18)arachnoid mater: The middle meninx that encloses cerebrospinal fluid and protects the central nervous system. (13, 14)arachnoid granulations: Processes of the arachnoid mater that project into the superior sagittal sinus; sites where cerebrospinal fluid enters the venous circulation. (14)arbor vitae: The central, branching mass of white matter inside the cerebellum. (14)arcuate (AR-k"u"at): Curving.areolar: Containing minute spaces, as in areolar tissue.areolar tissue: Loose connective tissue with an open framework. (4)arrector pili: Smooth muscles whose contractions force hairs to stand erect. (5)arrhythmias: Abnormal patterns of cardiac contractions. (20)arteriole: A small arterial branch that delivers blood to a capillary network. (21)artery: A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart and toward a peripheral capillary. (4, 20, 21)articular: Pertaining to a joint.articular capsule: The dense collagen fiber sleeve that surrounds a joint and provides protection and stabilization. (6, 9)articular cartilage: The cartilage pad that covers the surface of a bone inside a joint cavity. (6, 9) articulation: A joint (9); the formation of words (23)arytenoid cartilages: A pair of small cartilages in the larynx. (23)ascending tract: A