2021年宁夏高考英语总复习：阅读理解（附答案解析）.docx

2021年宁夏高考英语总复习:阅读理解1.POETRY CHALLENGEWrite a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.Prizes Grand Prizes： Trip to Washington, D. C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner's choice. Trip includes round - trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World. First Prizes： The book Sky Pioneer： A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch. 0 Honorable Mentions： Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T - shirt in memory of Earhart's final flight.RulesFollow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification. Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines. Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper. On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date. Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.(1) How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip"? A. Two.B. Three.C. Four.D. Six.(2) What will each of the honorable mention winners get? A. A plane ticket.B. A book by Corinne Szabo.C. A special T - shirt.D. A photo of Amelia Earhart.(3) Which of the following will result in disqualification? A. Typing your poem out.B. Writing a poem of 120 words.C. Using both sides of the paper.D. Mailing your entry on October 30.2. Some developed countries in the world have begun to shorten working hours. Japan, on the other hand, has been in the culture of overwork. The problem is so severe that the country has even created a term for it： karoshi, which means death by overwork from stress - induced illnesses or severe depression. If the system of four - day workweek is tested in Japan, what will happen?A growing number of smaller companies are adopting a four - day workweek. Now the results of a recent trial at Microsoft (MSFT) suggest it could work even for the biggest businesses.The company introduced a program this summer in Japan called the “Work Life Choice Challenge, ” which shut down its offices every Friday in August and gave all employees an extra day off each week.The results were promising ： While the amount of time spent on work was cut dramatically, productivity - measured by sales per employee - went up by almost 40% compared to the same period the previous year, the company said in a statement last week.In addition to reducing working hours, managers urged the staff to cut down on the time they spent in meetings and responding to emails.They suggested that meetings should last no longer than 30 minutes. Employees were also encouraged to cut down on meetings altogether by using an online messaging app (Microsoft's, of course).The effects were widespread. More than 90% of Microsoft's 2, 280 employees in Japan later said they were impacted by the new measures, according to the company. By shutting down earlier each week, the company was also able to save on other resources, such as electricity.(1) Why is the idea four - day workweek tested in Japan? A. Because overwork has caused serious problems.B. Because the offices must be shut down on Friday.C. Because the staff can get extra days to rest easily.D. Because smaller companies have taken the measure.(2) Whafs the result of adopting a four - day workweek? A. It is a waste of energy.B. The workers earned less money.C. The working efficiency increases greatly.D. Japan's unemployment rate is barely rising.(3) How can the time the staff spent on meetings be reduced ? A. By cancelling meetings.B. By using emails to respond.C. By cutting down working hours.D. By using a certain online messaging app.(4) What is the staffs attitude to the new measures? A. Supportive.B. Negative.C. Critical.D. Indifferent.3. Royal Dutch Shell is launching a $ 300 million and forestry program,at a time when anincreasing number of oil companies are putting money in carbon offset (碳偿)plans to meet climate goals. The company will spend the money over the next three years on projects to store carbon, including large forests in the Netherlands and Spain, and will start offering motorists the option of purchasing carbon offsets when they buy petrol at the pump.The executives of the company explained that these carbon offset projects were a new business opportunity for Shell > as well as a way to meet is climate targets. "We believe that over time we will be building a business, because these carbon credits will become more valuable as carbon becomes more limited, " they said. Shell recently decided to cut its net carbon footprint （碳排放）by 2 - 3 percent in five years, which includes emissions （排 放）from the products it sells. The company plans to produce carbon credits from the forestry projects, then sell these credits on to customers buying is oil and gas products, or apply the credits to is own operations to lower its carbon footprint.Plants absorb carbon dioxide as they grow and restoring forests and other natural areas is considered one of the simplest ways to store carbon. However, the voluntary market for carbon credits based on forestry projects has its critics, as projects in developing countries can be hard to monitor. Shell's move has also been criticized by some environmentalists. They worried that there was a risk of "green wash" when companies invested in forestry projects. "There is an entire debate about whether forestry projects truly reduce emissions or not, " they said, pointing out that planting in one area could cause deforestation （滥伐森林） to another.Shell said it would rely on the third party to ensure its forest program to meet the Voluntary Carbon Standard and strict biodiversity requirements. Mark Lewis, head of climate change investment research at BNP Paribas, said, " Planting trees to offset emissions, as far as it goes, is a step in the right direction.（1） What is popular among oil companies these days? A. Studying climate changes.B. Launching forestry programs.C. Working out carbon offset plans.D. Attracting motorists to buy their petrol.（2） How will Shell Company make profits from its carbon offset projects? A. By quitting the emissions of its products.B. By reducing its carbon footprint by a quarter.C. By limiting the oil used by its own operations.D. By putting carbon credits it produces on the market.(3) W hat concerns some environmentalists about forestry project? A. The projects can*t really stop carbon emissions.B. The projects are hard to monitor in poor countries.C. The projects may lead to deforestation in other forests.D. The projects haven't met strict biodiversity requirements.(4) What does the underlined word "green wash" in paragraph 3 mean? A. Discount.B. Cheat.C. Decline.D. Change.4. Memories are stronger when the original experiences are accompanied by unpleasant smells, a team of researchers has found. The study broadens our understanding of what can drive Pavlovian responses (巴甫洛夫条件反射)and points to how negative experiences influence our ability to recall past events. "These results prove that bad smells can lead to memory improvement in both adolescents and adults, " explains Catherine Hartley, an assistant professor in New York University's Department of Psychology (心理学)and the senior author of the paper, which appears in the journal Learning & Memory.The effect of negative experiences on memory has long been shown - and is familiar to us. For example, if you are bitten by a dog, you may develop a negative memory of the dog that bit you. Because of the painful memory surrounding the bite, you are likely to have a stronger impression of it than your other past experiences with dogs.In order to better understand how learned negative experiences influence memory during this stage of development, the researchers designed a Pavlovian learning task for individuals aged 13 to 25. The task included the viewing of a series of images belonging to one of two kinds： objects and scenes. As the study's participants viewed the images, they wore a mask connected to a special equipment. While participants viewed images from one kind, unpleasant smells were sometimes sent through the piece of equipment to the mask； while viewing images from the other kind, air with no smell was used. This allowed the researchers to examine memory for images connected with a bad smell as well as for description of related images.A day later, researchers tested the participants, memory fbr the images. Their findings showed that both adolescents and adults showed better memory for images paired with the bad smell 24 hours after they saw these images. They also found that some individuals had larger responses at the point when they thought they would experience either a bad smell or clean air while viewing the image, no matter whether a smell was actually delivered. And those people were proved to have better memory. This suggests that unpredictability (不可预测 性) or surprise was connected with the outcome leading to better memory.(1) What has a stronger influence on our memory according to the text? A. Painful experiences.B. An easy journey.C. Warm weather.D. A lovely toy.(2) What's the function of the equipment connected to the mask in the research? A. To collect data.B. To show images.C. To provide bad smells.D. To protect the participants.(3) What's the best title for the text? A. Bad smells lead to good memoriesB. Surprises improve people's memoriesC. An important lesson on human memoriesD. The relationship between smells and memories5. In an attempt to win back old customers, restaurants and companies often introduce new menu items or new flavors. Most of these are successful with customers because they have always been researched and tested by companies before they meet the public. However, there are still some that are so unpopular with customers and they fail so badly as a product that they become infamous.One of the most well - known marketing failures happened in 1985 with New Coke, a soft drink created to replace the original Coca - Cola flavor. The Coca - Cola Company tested several new flavors and found that people always preferred a sweeter soda. As a result,the CEO decided that the sweeter soda would replace the original Coca - Cola drink.Many customers, however, soon started to express their dissatisfaction with the new drink. The Coca - Cola Company received over 1,500 angry telephone calls every day. The Coca - Cola Company actually employed special experts to talk to customers because they were so angry and sad about the change. Some Americans were buying old Coca - Cola drinks from overseas where the new drink had not yet been introduced. And in some parts of America people were so angry that they emptied bottles of New Coke into the street.So many people were unhappy with Coca - Cola's new drink that the company decided only three months later to return to the old Coca - Cola drink. On July 10, 1985, the Coca -Cola Company said that it would bring back the old Coke and rename the drink "Coca - Cola Classic Why do companies usually introduce new menu items? A.To attract past customers.B. To attract new customers.C. To attract elderly customers.D. To attract customers with special needs. What is the difference between New Coke and the original one? A. New Coke is sweeter.B. New Coke is more acidic.C. New Coke's color is lighter.D. New Coke's bottle is bigger. What is Paragraph 3 mainly about? * or *Coke Classic*.Thousands of customers phoned the company to express their support.Even today, business experts are interested in this case. Even though the Coca - Cola Company had carefully tested and experimented with New Coke before introducing it to customers, the New drink was still very unpopular. So, what did Coca - Cola do wrong? It seems the company simply did not understand customers* deep historical and emotional attachment to the drink.A. Why New Coke failed in America.B. The harm New Coke did to people's health.C. How customers acted in answer to the introduction of New Coke.D. The comparison between sales of New Coke and the original one.(4) When was New Coke put on the market? A. In May 1985.B. In April 1985.C. In June 1985.D. In July 1985.(5) What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows? A. The reasons why New Coke succeeded overseas.B. The history of the Coca - Cola Company in the 1990s.C. The difference between New Coke and Coke Classic.D. The importance of people's feelings about old products.6. If plastic had been invented when the Pilgrims (清教徒移民)sailed from Plymouth, England, to North America - and the Mayflower had been stocked with bottled water and plastic - wrapped snacks - their plastic waste would likely still be around, four centuries later. If the Pilgrims had been like many people today and had simply thrown their empty bottles and wrappers over the side, Atlantic waves and sunlight would have worn all that plastic into tiny bits. And those bits might still be floating around the world's oceans today, waiting to be eaten by unfortunate fish, and eventually perhaps by one of us.Because plastic wasn't invented until the late 19th century, and production really only took off around 1950, we have a mere 9. 2 billion tons of the stuff to deal with. Of that, more than 6.9 billion tons have become waste. And of that waste, a shocking 6.3 billion tons never made it to recycling facilities.No one knows how much unrecycled plastic waste ends up in the ocean, Earth's last sink. In 2015, Jenna Jambeck, a university of Georgia engineering professor, caught everyone's attention with a rough estimate： between 5.3 million and 14 million tons each year just from coastal regions. Most of it isn't thrown off ships, she and her colleagues say, but is dumped carelessly on land or in rivers, mostly in Asia. It's then blown or washed into the sea. It*s unclear how long it will take for that plastic to completely biodegrade (降 解). Estimates range from 450 years to never.Meanwhile， ocean plastic is estimated to kill millions of marine animals every year. Nearly 700 species, including endangered ones, are known to have been affected by it. Some are harmed visibly - - - strangled (勒死)by abandoned fishing nets. Many more are probably harmed invisibly. Marine species of all sizes, from fish to whale, now eat microplastics, the bits smaller than one - fifth of an inch across. On Hawaii's Big Island, on a beach to which no paved road, I walked ankle - deep through mocroplastics. After that, I could understand why some people see ocean plastic as an approaching disaster, worth mentionin