历年考研英语真题答案完美打印版.docx

2012年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语二试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B,C or Don ANSWER SHEET 1.(10 points)Millions of Americans and foreigners see Gl.Joe as a mindless war toy, the symbol of American military adventurism, but that's not how it used to be. To the men and women who L in World War II and the people they liberated, the GL was the 2 man grown into hero, the poor farm kid tom away from his home, the guy who 3a the burdens of battle, who slept in cold foxholes, who went without the 4_of food and shelter, who stuck it out and drove back the Nazi reign of murder. This was not a volunteer soldier, not someone well paid,5_an average guy up 6 the best trained, best equipped, fiercest, most brutal enemies seen in centuries.His name isn't much. GL is just a military abbreviation 7.Government Issue, and it was on all of the articles 8 to soldiers. And Joe? A common name fbr a guy who never 9 it to the top. Joe Blow, Joe Palooka. Joe Magrac.a working class name. The United States has W had a president or vice-president or secretary of state Joe.G.I. Joe had a 11 career fighting German, Japanese, and Korean troops. He appears as a character, or a 12 of American personalities, in the 1945 movie The Story of G.I. Joe, based on the last days of war correspondent Ernie Pyle. Some of the soldiers Pyle 13 portrayed themselves in the film. Pyle was famous for covering the 14 side of the war, writing about the dirt-snow-and-mud soldiers not how many miles were _5 or what towns were captured or liberated. His reports 16 the 4Willie cartoons of famed Stars and Stripes artist Bill Maulden. Both men _7 the dirt and exhaustion of war, the _18 of civilization that the soldiers shared with each other and the civilians: coffee, tobacco, whiskey, shelter, sleep.19 Egypt France, and a dozen more countries, G.I. Joe was any American soldier,20 the most important person in their lives.l.A performedB served2 .A actualB commonC rebelledC specialD betrayedD normal3 .A boreB casedC removedDloaded4.A necessitiesB facilitiesC commoditiesD properties5.A andB norC butD hence6.A forB intoC formD against7.A meaningB implyingC symbolizingD claiming8.A handed outB turn overC brought backD passed down9.A pushedB gotC madeD managed1O.A everB neverC eitherD neither1 l.A disguisedB disturbedC disputedD distinguished12.A companyB collectionC communityD colony13.A employedB appointedC interviewedD questioned14.A ethicalB militaryC politicalD human15.A ruinedB commutedC patrolledD gained16.A paralleledB counteractedC duplicatedD contradicted17.A neglectedB avoidedC emphasizedD admired18.A stagesB illusionsC fragmentsD advances19.A WithB ToC AmongD Beyond2O.A on the contraryB by this meansC from the outsetD at that pointSection II Reading ComprehensionText 1Homework has never been terribly popular with students and even many parents, but in recent years it has been particularly scorned. School districts across the country, most recently Los Angeles Unified, are revising their thinking on his educational ritual. Unfortunately, L.A. Unified has produced an inflexible policy which mandates that with the exception of some advanced courses, homework may no longer count for more than 10% of a student's academic grade.This rule is meant to address the difficulty that students from impoverished or chaotic homes might have in completing their homework. But the policy is unclear and contradictory. Certainly, no homework should be assigned that students cannot do without expensive equipment. But if the district is essentially giving a pass to students who do not do their homework because of complicated family lives, it is going riskily close to the implication that standards need to be lowered for poor children.District administrators say that homework will still be a pat of schooling: teachers are allowed to assign as much of it as they want. But with homework counting for no more than 10% of their grades, students can easily skip half their homework and see vey little difference on their report cards. Some students might do well on state tests without completing their homework, but what about the students who performed well on the tests and did their homework? It is quite possible that the homework helped. Yet rather than empowering teachers to find what works best for their students, the policy imposes a flat, across-the-board rule.At the same time, the policy addresses none of the truly thorny questions about homework. If the district finds homework to be unimportant to its students9 academic achievement, it should move to reduce or eliminate the assignments, not make them count for almost nothing. Conversely, if homework does nothing to ensure that the homework students are not assigning more than they are willing to review and correct.The homework rules should be put on hold while the school board, which is responsible for setting educational policy, looks into the matter and conducts public hearings. It is not too late for L.A. Unified to do homework right.1.1 It is implied in paragraph 1 that nowadays homework.A is receiving more criticismBis no longer an educational ritualCis not required fbr advanced coursesDis gaining more preferences22. L.A.Unified has made the rule about homework mainly because poor students.Atend to have moderate expectations for their educationBhave asked for a different educational standardCmay have problems finishing their homeworkDhave voiced their complaints about homework23. According to Paragraph 3,one problem with the policy is that it may.Adiscourage students from doing homeworkBresult in students* indifference to their report cardsCundermine the authority of state testsDrestrict teachers* power in education24. As mentioned in Paragraph 4, a key question unanswered about homework is whether.A it should be eliminatedBit counts much in schoolingCit places extra burdens on teachersDit is important for grades25. A suitable title for this text could be.AWrong Interpretation of an Educational PolicyBA Welcomed Policy for Poor StudentsCThomy Questions about HomeworkDA Faulty Approach to HomeworkText 2Pretty in pink: adult women do not remember being so obsessed with the colour, yet it is pervasive in our young girls9 lives. It is not that pink intrinsically bad, but it is a tiny slice of the rainbow and, though it may celebrate girlhood in one way, it also repeatedly and firmly fusedgirls9 identity to appearance. Then it presents that connection, even among two-year-olds, between girls as not only innocent but as evidence of innocence. Looking around, despaired at the singular lack of imagination about girls9 lives and interests.Girls* attraction to pink may seem unavoidable, somehow encoded in their DNA, but according to Jo Paoletti, an associate professor of American Studies, it*s not. Children were not colour-coded at all until the early 20th century: in the era before domestic washing machines all babies wore white as a practical matter, since the only way of getting clothes clean was to boil them. What*s more, both boys and girls wore what were thought of as gender-neutral dresses. When nursery colours were introduced, pink was actually considered the more masculine colour, a pastel version of red, which was associated with strength. Blue, with its intimations of the Virgin Mary, constancy and faithfulness, symbolised femininity. It was not until the mid-1980s, when amplifying age and sex differences became a dominant children's marketing strategy, that pink fully came into its own, when it began to seem innately attractive to girls, part of what defined them as female, at least for the first few critical years.I had not realised how profoundly marketing trends dictated our perception of what is natural to kids, including our core beliefs about their psychological development. Take the toddler. I assumed that phase was something experts developed after years of research into children's behaviour: wrong. Turns out, according to Daniel Cook, a historian of childhood consumerism, it was popularised as a marketing gimmick by clothing manufacturers in the 1930s.Trade publications counseled department stores that, in order to increase sales, they should create a "third stepping stone” between infant wear and older kids* clothes. It was only after "toddler" became common shoppers* term that it evolved into a broadly accepted developmental stage. Splitting kids, or adults, into ever-tinier categories has proved a sure-fire way to boost profits. And one of the easiest ways to segment a market is to magnify gender differences - or invent them where they did not previously exist.26. By saying nit is . The rainbowf,(line 3, Para 1), the author means pink.A should not be the sole representation of girlhoodB should not be associated with girls, innocenceC cannot explain girls* lack of imaginationD cannot influence girls* lives and interests27. According to Paragraph 2, which of the following is true of colours?A Colors are encoded in girls* DNAB Blue used to be regarded as the color for girlsC Pink used to be a neutral color in symbolizing gendersD White is preferred by babies28. The author suggests that our perception of children's psychological devotement was much influenced by.A the marketing of products for childrenB the observation of children's natureC researches into children's behaviorD studies of childhood consumption29. We may learn from Paragraph 4 that department stores were advised.A focuses on infant wear and older kids* clothesB attach equal importance to different gendersC classify consumers into smaller groupsD create some common shoppers* terms30. It can be concluded that girl*s attraction to pink seems to be.A clearly explained by their inborn tendencyB fully understood by clothing manufacturersC mainly imposed by profit-driven businessmenD well interpreted by psychological expertsText 3In 2010. a federal judge shook America's biotech industry to its core. Companies had won patents for isolated DNA for decades-by 2005 some 20% of human genes were parented. But in March 2010 a judge ruled that genes were unpatentable. Executives were violently agitated. The Biotechnology Industry Organisation (BIO), a trade group, assured members that this was just a "preliminary step" in a longer battle.On July 29th they were relieved, at least temporarily. A federal appeals court overturned the prior decision, ruling that Myriad Genetics could indeed hold patents to two genes that help forecast a woman*s risk of breast cancer. The chief executive of Myriad, a company in Utah, said the ruling was a blessing to firms and patients alike.But as companies continue their attempts at personalised medicine, the courts will remain rather busy. The Myriad case itself is probably not over. Critics make three main arguments against gene patents: a gene is a product of nature, so it may not be patented; gene patents suppress innovation rather than reward it; and patents* monopolies restrict access to genetic tests such as Myriad's. A growing number seem to agree. Last year a federal task-force urged reform for patents related to genetic tests. In October the Department of Justice filed a brief in the Myriad case, arguing that an isolated DNA molecule “is no less a product of nature. than are cotton fibres that have been separated from cotton seeds.”Despite the appeals court*s decision, big questions remain unanswered. For example, it is unclear whether the sequencing of a whole genome violates the patents of individual genes within it. The case may yet reach the Supreme Court.AS the industry advances, however, other suits may have an even greater impact. Companies are unlikely to file many more patents for human DNA molecules - most are already patented or in the public domain .firms are now studying how genes interact, looking for correlations that might be used to determine the causes of disease or predict a drug's efficacy. Companies are eager to win patents for 'connecting the dots', explains Hans Sauer, a lawyer for the BIO.Their success may be determined by a suit related to this issue, brought by the Mayo Clinic, which the Supreme Court will hear in its next term. The BIO recently held a convention which included sessions to coach lawyers on the shifting landscape for patents. Each meeting was packed.31. It can be learned from paragraph I that the biotech companies would likeA. their executives to be activeB. judges to rule out gene patentingC. genes to be patentableD. the BIO to issue a warning32. Those who are against gene patents believe thatA. genetic tests are not reliableB. only man-made products are patentableC. patents on genes depend much on innovationsD. courts should restrict access to genetic tests33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents forA. establishing disease compellationsB. discovering gene interactionsC. drawing pictures of genesD. identifying human DNA34. By saying “each meeting was packed,(line4,para6)the author means thatA. the Supreme Court was authoritativeB. the BIO was a powerful organizationC. gene patenting was a great concernD. lawyers were keen to attend conventions35. Generally speaking, the author's attitude toward gene patenting isA. criticalB. supportiveC.scornfulD. objectiveText 4The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends,It will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years.No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending.But fbr the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the U.S., lengthy periods of economi