河南大学英语语言学教案.docx

课程名称院（部）教研室授课班级主讲教师职称使用教材河南人学教案20092010学年第一学期英语语言学外语学院英语系第三教研室2006级英语专业刘辰诞教授新编语言学教程河南大学教务处制二OO九年九月教 案（首页）程称 课名英语语言学总计：36学时课程 类别专业必修课学分2讲课：36学时实验： 0 学时上机：学时课师 任教刘辰诞职称教授课象 授对专业班级：英语专业2006级要参考资料 基本教材和主基本教材：刘润清文旭，2006,新编语言学教程，北京：外语教学与研究 出版社参考资料：1. Fromkin, et al, 2003, Introduction to Language. Mass.: Thomson.2 . Hudson, 1989, Invitation to Linguistics, Oxford: Blackwell.4 . Lyons, J. Language and Linguistics, Cambridge: CUP.5 . Poole, 2000, An Introduction to Linguistics, Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.6 .胡壮麟，2001,语言学教程，北京：北京大学出版社7 .张克定，1991,英语语言学导论，郑州：河南人民出版社8 .杨信彰，2005,语言学概论，北京：高等教育出版社和要求 教学目的“语言学”课程的教学要求学生基本掌握语言学的基本知识，激发学生 对语言学学习的兴趣，启发学生对语言问题的额思考，培养学生的创 新意识，为学生分析、解决语言问题打下良好的基础，使其具备从事语 言学研究及相关问题研究的初步能力。学重-, 点 及难点本课程重点为：语言的基本特征、语音和音位学、形态学和句法学、 语义学、语用学和语篇分析领域的有关概念和理论。难点在于语言学内容比较抽象，增加了讲授和理解的难度，这就要 求教师在内容选择、先后编排、课堂讲解等方面精心安排、仔细讲解、 深入浅出，并尽可能地使比较抽象的内容生动有趣，便于学生接受、理 解和掌握。教师在讲授的时候一般采用图表、练习和实际应用分析的方 式、偶尔也使用逻辑学上的真价值条件、日常生活的事例以及数学中拓 扑图形的方式来进行讲解。课次1-3授课方式 （请打J）理论课（含实践）口讨论课口实验课口习题课其他 课时 安排3授课题目：内容简介教学目的、要求：使学生初步了解有关语言学和语言的基本概念教学重点及难点：语言学的研究范围和语言的特性教学基本内容方法及手段1 What is linguistics?2 The scope of linguistics3 Some important distinction in linguistics.4 Design features of language举例讲解/ 课堂讨论作业、讨论题、思考题：1. Why is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication?2. What are the main design features of human language?3. What's the difference between F. de Saussure's terms langue and parole?课后小结：总结本次课程的重要概念1 What is linguistics?1.1 DefinitionLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.1.2 The scope of linguisticsPhonetics: the study of sounds which are used in linguistics communication.Phonology: the study of how sounds are put together and used in communication.Morphology: the study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form words.Syntax: the study of how morphemes and word are combined to form sentences.Semantics: the study of meaning in language.Pragmatics: the study of meaning in context of use.Sociolinguistics: the study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics: the study of language with reference to the workings of mind.Applied linguistics: the study of language application in definite fields.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, neurological linguistics, mathematical linguistics, and computational linguistics.1.3 Some important distinction in linguistics.1.3.1 Prescriptive vs. DescriptiveIf a linguistic study aims to lay down rules for "correct" behavior, i.e., to tell people what they should say and what they should not say, it is said to be prescriptive; if a linguistic study describe and analyzes the language people actually use, it is said to be descriptive.1.3.2 Synchronic vs. DiachronicThe description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study; a diachronic study of language is a historical study; it studies the historical development of language over a period of time, for example, a study of the changes English has undergone since Shakespeare*s time would be a diachronic study.1.3.3 Speech and WritingModern linguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not the written form, because the spoken form is prior to the written form and most writing systems are derived form the spoken form of language.1.3.4 Langue and Parole.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use.1.3.5 Competence and performance.Competence was proposed by the American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950rs in distinction with performance, it refers to the ideal user's knowledge of the rules of his language, according to Chomsky, a speaker has internalized a set of rules about his language, this enables him to produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences and recognize sentences that are ungrammatical and ambiguous and performance the actual realization of this knowledge in linguistic communication.2 What is language?2.1 Definitions of language.Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication.2.2 Design featuresDesign features refer to the defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication. By comparing language with animal communication systems, we can have a better understanding of the nature of language. The design features proposed by the American linguist Charles Hockett include arbitrariness, productivity, duality, displacement, cultural transmission etc.1) ArbitrarinessThe arbitrary property of language means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds. The arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and it makes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressions.This definition has captured the main features of language. First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules. If language were not constructed according t o certain rules, it could not be learned or used consistently. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. All evidence points to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper. Finally, the term "human" in the definition is meant to specify that language is human-specific, i.e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, such as bird songs and bee dance.2) ProductivityLanguage is productive in that it makes possible the construction and interpretation of new signals by its users.3) DualityThe duality nature of language means that language is a system, which consists of two sets of structure, or two levels, one of sounds and the other of meanings.4) DisplacementIt means that language can be used to refer to things which are present or not present, real or imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places.5) Cultural transmission3 Several questions1. Why is language defined as a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication?Short as it is, this definition has captured the main features of language. First of all, language is a system, i.e., elements of language are combined according to rules. If language were not constructed according t o certain rules, it could not be learned or used consistently. Second, language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connection between a word and the thing we use to write with. The fact that different languages have different words for the same object is a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language. Third, language is vocal because the primary medium is sound for all languages, no matter how well developed their writing systems are. All evidence points to the fact that writing systems came into being much later than the spoken forms and that they are only attempts to capture sounds and meaning on paper. Finally, the term "human” in the definition is meant to specify that language is human-specific, i.e., it is very different from the communication systems other forms of life possess, such as bird songs and bee dance.2. What are the main design features of human language?There are many defining properties of human language that distinguish it from any animal system of communication, here only few to mention: arbitrariness means that there is no logical connection between meanings and sounds; this nature enables language to have an unlimited source of expressions. Productivity makes its users possible to construct and interpret any new signals, by means of which they can produce and understand an infinitely large number of sentences, including sentences they have never heard before. Duality means language consists of two sets of structures, or two levels; at the lower or the basic level there is a structure of sounds, which are meaningless, but they can be grouped and regrouped into a large number of units of meaning such as morphemes and words, which are found at the higher level of the system. Displacement designates that language users may refer to things which are present or not present, real er imagined matters in the past, present, or future, or in far-away places. At last, cultural transmission implies that language is culturally transmitted.3. What*s the difference between F. de Saussure's terms langue and parole?Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the members of a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue in actual use. Langue is the set of conventions and rules which langue users all have to abide by, and parole is the concrete use of the conventions and the application of the rules. Langue is abstract; it is not the language people actually use. Parole is concrete; it refers to the naturally occurring language events. Langue is relatively stable; it does not change frequently; while parole varies from person to person, and from situation to situation.课次4-7授课方式 （请打J）理论课（含实践）目讨论课口实验课口习题课其他 课时4 安排授课题目：语音和音位学教学目的、要求：使学生掌握有关语音和音位学的基本概念教学重点及难点：英语的发音方式和英语音标的分类教学基本内容方法及手段1 What is phonetics?2 Classification of English speech sounds3 Phone, phoneme and allophone4 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pair5 Some rules in Phonology6 Suprasegmental features-一 stress, tone, intonation举例讲解/ 课堂讨论作业、讨论题、思考题：1. Why is English very particular about three-consonant clusters at the beginning of a word, give ten words which do not violate any of the three conditions of the rule.2. Distinguish with examples among phones, phoneme and allophones.3. According to the general principles guiding the formation of the English consonant clusters, if the initial consonant isa) /n/or/z/or/r/or/1/b)/t/or/p/or/k/What sounds cannot follow as the second consonant? why?课后小结：总结本次课程的重要概念1 The phonetic medium of language2 Phonetics1.1 What is phonetics?Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language; it is concerned with all the sounds that occur in the world's languages, there are three branches of phonetics, which are articulatory phonetics, auditory phonetics and acoustic phonetics.1.2 Organs of speech1.2.1 The pharyngeal cavity1.2.2 The oral cavity1.2.3 The nasal cavity1.3 Orthographic representation of speech sounds-broad and narrow transcriptionsThe transcription normally used in dictionaries and teaching textbook is broad transcription. Narrow transcription refers to the transcription with the help of the diacritics, so that they can faithfully represent as much of the fine details as it is necessary for the purpose of the phoneticians* research work.1.4 Classification of English speech sounds1.4.1 Classification of English consonantsAccording to manner of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into stops, fricatives, affricatives, liquids, nasals and glides.According to place of articulation, they can be classified into bilabial, labiodental, dental, and alveolar, palatal, velar and glottal.1.4.2 Classification of English vowelsAccording to place of articulation, they can be classified into front vowels, central vowels and back vowels.According to how wide the mouth is opened, vowels are classified into four groups: close vowels, semi-close vowels, semi-open vowels and open vowels.The long vowels are all tense vowels and the short vowels are all lax vowels. Monophthongs and diphthongs.3 . Phonology3.1 Phonology and phoneticsPhonology and phonetics are studies of speech sounds though they have different emphasises.3.2 Phone, phoneme and allophonePhones are the speech sounds we use when speaking a language. It dose not necessarily distinguish meaning.A phoneme is a collection of distinctive phonetic features.The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme.3.3 Phonemic contrast, complementary distribution, and minimal pairPhonetic contrast refers to the relation between two phonemes.Complementary distribution is two allophones of the same phonemes.When two different forms are identical in every way except for one wound segment which occurs in the same place in the strings, the two words are a minimal pair.3.4 Some rules in Phonology3.4.1 Sequential rulesSequential rules are the rules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.3.4.2 Assimilation rulesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by “copying“ a feature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.3.4.3 Deletion ruleIt tells us when a sound is to be deleted although it is orthographically represented.3.5 Suprasegmental features stress, tone, intonationThe phonemic features that occur above the level of the segments are called suprasegmental features3.5.1 StressWord stress and sentence stress.3.5.2 ToneTones are pitch variations, which are caused by the differing rates of vibration of the vocal cord3.5.3 IntonationWhen pitch, stress and sound length are tied to the sentence rather than the word in isolation, they are collectively known as intonation.4 Several Questions1. Why is English very particular about three-consonant clusters at the beginning of a word, give ten words which do not violate any of the three conditions of the rule.the possible three-consonant clusters at the beginning of a word must follow the following rule: the first phoneme must be /s/, the second must be a voiceless stop such as /p/or/t/or/k/, and the third must probably be a liquid such as /1/or/r/or /w/. for example, spring, splash, straight, scramble, spurious, squirrel, squad, squalid , spread, squeeze.2. Distinguish with examples among phones, phoneme and allophones.All the speech sounds we use when speaking a language are phones, a phone is a phonetic unit or segment, it does not necessarily distinguish meaning: some do, some don't, for example, sand tdo, as in si:m and while tl and th don't, as in sthCp and stCp. Both phones and allophones are represented as phones in a phonetic system, to be exact, a phoneme is not a sound, it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features of distinctive value, in one word, it is an abst