考研文学复习资料.docx

文学体裁：诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧dramaOrigin 起源：Christianity 基督教-> bible 圣经Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士（笔记）一、The Anglo-Saxon period （449-1066）1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan（异教徒）Christian（基督徒）2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf贝奥武甫（national epic民族史诗）采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration押头韵（写作手法）例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period （1066-1350）Canto诗章1、romance传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight （高文爵上和绿衣骑士）是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer （1340-1400）杰弗里.乔叟时期1> the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed（押韵）lines in iambic pentameter（五步抑扬格）3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales坎特伯雷的故事（英国文学史的开端）大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人，代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体4、说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner; thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions（迷信）and a blind belief in fate（W 目地相信命运）.他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。4、 Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed（笔记）Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission（书上）.歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲，一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance （16世纪）文艺复兴时期（Greek and Roman）戏居lj drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical （Greek and Roman） arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama 文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1）、Thomas More托马斯莫尔Utopia乌托邦2）、Francis Bacon弗朗西斯培根第一个散文家（essayist）3）、Thomas Wyatt托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet（十四行诗）：form of poetry intricately rhymed（间隔押韵）in 14 lines iambic pentameter4） Edmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet's poet（诗人中的诗人）The Fairy Queen仙后（epic poem史诗）5）、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse（无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格）是卜六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。6）、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧 drama四大悲剧：Hamlet（哈姆雷特），Othello（奥赛罗），King Lear（李尔王），The Tragedy of Macbeth（麦克白）五、the period of Revolution and Restoration （17世纪）资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose散文1、文学特点：the Puritans（清教徒）believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。2、代表人物：1）、John Donne约翰多恩“metaphysicaFpoets （玄学派诗人）的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗 Death be not proud（笔记）作品特点： strike the reader in Donne's extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.（坦诚的态度和现实描绘） novelty of subject matter and point（新颖的题材和视角） novelty of its form.（新颖的形式）2）、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人（poem 诗歌 blank verse ）Defense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost失乐园"Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人Paradise Regained复乐园3）、John Bunyan 约翰拜扬 a great prose writer /zgive us the only great allegory（寓言）”Pilgrim's Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned（旧体形式），medieval form of allegory（比喻） and dream"六、The Age of Enlightenment （18世纪）启蒙运动prose散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范，像艾迪生一样创作散文，和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善，而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性，社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在，理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。2、18th century文学的三个方面：Classicism（古典主义）、revival of romantic poetry（新兴的浪漫主义诗歌）、beginnings of the modern novel（刚启萌的现代派小说）3、代表人物：1）、Daniel Defoe丹尼尔.笛福realistic novel现实主义小说Novel：Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记Jonathan Wild乔纳森.威尔德Moll Flanders摩尔.弗兰德斯2）、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction（现代小说之父）Joseph Andrews约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同:Richardsonno humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默,咬文嚼字，说教Fieldingdirect, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity, full of animal spirits,tells the story of a vagabond life语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗，精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事。The History of Tom Jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him3） Jonathan Swift乔纳森斯威夫特Gulliver's Travels格列佛游记novel反讽作品特点：no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice; the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift/s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜，骂不扬声，语调冷酷，锋芒暗藏，讽刺辛辣，仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4）、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 书信体小说5）、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德B谢尔丹School for Scandal造谣学校，喜剧comedy6）、Oliver Goldsmith's奥利佛哥尔德斯密斯散文作家essayistThe Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师，小说novel（She Stoops to Conquer委曲求全，欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村，诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism感伤主义no belief没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾，感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。代表人物：Thomas Gray托马斯.格雷Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌七、the Romantic Period (1798-1832)浪漫主义18世纪晚期散文prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake威廉,布莱克诗人poetRobert Burns罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution 而浪漫：义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。2、教育意义 Educational： liberty, equality and fraternity 自由,平等，博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William WordsworthLyrical Ballads从威廉华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣”开始4、lake poets（湖畔诗人）：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物：1）、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poetlaureate （桂冠诗人）1843The Prelude序曲自传性诗歌 Autobiographical poetryWith S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the "Lyrical Ballads”.与 s.t.coleridge 一起，联合发表了“抒情民谣”作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry筒单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2）、Lord Byron拜伦（Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德?哈罗德游记cantos诗章成名作Don Juan唐璜poem诗satiric masterpiece讽刺的杰作Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗3）> Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧Ode to the West Wind西风颂 poem 诗4）、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem （On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂 poem To a Nightingale致夜莺 poem "Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则5）、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是创造者和历史小说大师6）、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女（Pride and Prejudiced 傲慢与偏见（Sense and Sensibility>理智与情感Emma爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中产阶级小说的发起人。7）、Charles Lamb查尔斯兰伯essayist散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始，艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活，并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期，散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、Critical Realism批判现实主义,Victorian Period维多利亚时期humanism人文主义1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中，宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。2、代表人物：1）、Charles Dickens狄更斯Hard Times艰难时刻Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传（Oliver Twist雾都孤儿A Tale of Two Cities双城记（描述了法国大革命French Revolution）特点： describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。2） Charlotte Bronte夏洛特勃郎特女Shirley雪利Jane Eyre简爱Emily Bronte艾米丽勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄（主人公：Mr. Heathcliff）特点：brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3）、Mrs. Gaskell （Mary Barton, North and Souths 玛丽.巴顿，北方和南方4）、William Makepeace ThackerayVanity Fair名利场this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim's Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的d、说中描绘了广阔的社会生活，无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中，完美的获取财富和地位的手段。特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。5）、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女Adam BedenovelThe mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场，但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。特点：the significance of G. Eliot's work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。3、桂冠诗人（poet-laureate）：1）、Alfred Tennyson2）、Robert Browning My last duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy（嫉妒）Stingy（小气）贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主义"art for art's sake"为艺术而艺术2、代表人物。1） Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者 Pessimists （Tess of the D'Urbervilles苔丝（Jude the obscure裘德 novel特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。2）、Oscar Wilde wart for art's sake'"为艺术而艺术3）、George Bernard Shaw 居lj作家（playwright）Mrs. Warren's profession华莱夫人的职业4） D. H. LawrenceLady Chatterley's Lover查泰莱夫人的情人The Rainbow彩虹Sons and lovers儿子与情人3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1）、Virginia Woolf Mrs. DallowayA Room of One's Own Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重视妇女的地位2）、James Joyce Ulysses英美文学史复习资料来源：王莲惠的日志英国文学史资料1. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages< Beowulf>贝奥武夫 Artistic features:1. Using alliteration 头韵2. Using metaphor 喑喻 and understatement 含蓄陈述Geoffery Chaucer 杰弗里乔叟 The founder of English poetry.三个阶段：The Romaunt of the Rose玫瑰传奇2vTroilus and Crisevde>/罗伊拉斯和克莱希-德 lonaest complete poem3The Canterbury Tales>坎野俏'J；故事:集：Sgnificance :first time to use *heroic 8uplet'（英雄双韵体）by middle English11 The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Bizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Bjrope beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world. Humanism is the key-note of the Ftenaissance.1.1. Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙斯宾塞15521599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。）The poets' poet. The first to be buried in the Ftoefs corner of Westerminster Abbey.The Faerie Queene>仙后（for Queen 曰izabeth）The theme is not “Arms and the man”，but something more romantic “Fierce wars and faithfull loves*. v The Shepherds Calendar牧人日历The theme is to lament over the loss of Rosalinism2. Thomas九 More 托马斯莫尔14781535One of the greatest English humanistsv UtODia>乌托邦vTwo books:1.on the social 8nditions of English2.on an ideal communist society3. Francis入 Bacon 弗兰西斯培根1561T 626The first English essayist, fat her of english eassy. v1 v The Advancement of Learning学术的推进2 .vNew Instrument3V Essays58 essavsv4. Marlowe柯里斯托弗马洛v The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus,浮H忠博L的芯剧（根据德国民间故事书写成）v Tamburlaine,帖木H 大帝vv The Jew of MaltaF U：他岛的犹太人5. William Shakespeare 威廉莎士比亚15641616入共37plays Historical plays: Henry VI : Henry IV : Richard III ; Henry V ； Richard II； Henry VIII四大喜剧:第二阶段 v As You Like lt>皆大欢Twelfth Niqht>第 I .夜；v A Midsummer Niqht'S Dream仲夏夜之梦；Merchant Of Venice,威尼斯商人四大悲剧：vHamlet哈姆莱特:；Othello奥赛罗；vKina Lear>李尔E; vMacbeth麦克向Shakesoeare Sonnet :154The Sonnets>III The 17th Century1. John Milton 约翰弥尔顿1608-1674（失明后写失乐园、复乐园、力士参孙。）Epics:Paradise Lost失乐kl （亚"iAdam 夏娃Eve受魔鬼撒 L Satan诱惑偷喋禁果，被 God逐;I；伊甸园Eden） vv Paradisev Regained,复乐 klDramaticDoem: v Samson Aqonistes力上参切、2. John Bunyan 约翰班扬16281688（代表作天路历程，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。与但丁的神曲、奥古斯的忏悔录并列为世界三大宗教题材文学杰作。）Puritan poet（清教徒派诗人）Reliqionarv Alleqorv：v The Rlqrim's Roqress>大路历程v3. John Donnethe Metaphysical poet（玄学派诗人）.Metaphysical Fbetry（幺.学诗）：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,（形式）the form is frequently an argument with the poefs beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）4. John Dryden:革命时期的保皇派代表royalistIV The 18th Century1. Enlightment 3位代表 Addison,Steele,Pope2. Samuel! Johnson 塞缪尔约翰逊1709-1784Dictionary =vA Dictionary of English Language英语大词典v3. Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特16671745 v Gulliver's Travels,格列佛游记(fictional work)Four parts:Lilliput 小人国 Brobdingnag 大人国Hying Island 飞岛 Houyhnhnm 马岛v A Modest Proposal一个小小的建议v vThe Battle of Books>中战v A Tale of a Tub>木桶的故魁 vThe Drapper's Letters个麻布商的小信4. Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔笛福16601731九v Robinsonv Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记5. Oliver Goldsmith奥利弗格尔德斯密斯1730T774 poems:vThe Deserted Village荒村 novel:The Vicar of Wakefield威克柞尔德牧师传v6 .感伤主义 sentimentalism and pre-romanticism: Blake& Burns7 William Blake 威廉布莱克1757-1827 v Songs of I nnocence>天真之歌. v Songs of Experience,经当佥之歌The Marriaae of Heaven and Hell>天堂叮地狱的始姻v8 Robert Bums 罗伯特彭斯17591796The greatest Scottish poet in the late 18th century.Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect主要用苏格兰方言写的诗 v John Anderson, My Jo>约翰安德生，我的爱人 v A Red, Red Rose朵红红的玫瑰v v Auld Lonciv Syne>友谊地久天长 v A Man's a Man for A'That>不管;那套v v My Heart's in thev Highlands,我的心'在那高原上V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge's < Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott's death.“The Lake Poets”湖畔诗人，who lived in the lake district.William Wordsworth; Samuel Taylor Coleridge; Robert Southey1. William Wordsworth 威廉华兹华斯17701850(与柯尔律治、骚塞同被称为“湖畔派”诗人。The Lake Poets) v Lyrical Ballads,抒怙歌谣集(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge) v I Wondered Lonely As A Qoud> Lines Corwosed A Few Miles Above Tintem Abbey The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女 v The Relude>序曲2. Samuel Taylor Coleridge塞缪尔泰勒科尔律治1772-1834Th