英语考研写作资料学生讲义.docx

万方考研基础班2013年考研英语作文“句句突破”基础班讲义主讲人:徐峰万方考研教学研究中心目录第一节:考研写作总论.3第二节:历年考研真题题目解析5第三节:句子写作17第四节:句子写作29第五节:段落构建模式12第六节:写作 英语小作文 23第七节:写作英语大作文32第八节:高分技巧及精彩词汇句式47第一节考研写作总论、课程安排:1、考研写作总论:复习计划、时间分配、写作学习、考研大纲解读、评分原 则2、历年考研真题题目解析,精讲2010真题;3、句子写作:基本要点;常见错误;4、5、6、7小作文写作:7、8、9、10、11、12、“段落突破”13、14、亮点词汇、精彩句式讲解;15、2011、2012年真题讲解,2013预测；二、复习计划:1、词汇的学习:1）词汇书:2、钻研真题:2001-20121）核心单词、词组3）语法框架三、时间分配:1、14： 00-14： 15 写作 A 节3、14： 50-16： 00 阅读 A 节5、16： 20-16： 40 阅读 C 节2）学习方法:2）句式及结构4）思想观点2, 14： 15-14： 50 写作 B 节 4、I6： 00-16： 20 阅读 B 节6、16： 40-17： 00 完型填空四、写作学习:1、加强基本功:1）读中学写:词汇词组:句型句式;结构逻辑顺序;同义词代词;连接 词；观点;2）中译英:对比原文，寻找差距3）背诵：词,短语，句式及段落4）相同或类似题目,进行仿写：2、掌握技巧:逻辑分块,基本框架五、考研大纲解读：1、评价目标（考研大纲解析）：考生应能写不同类型的应用文,包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、摘要、报告等, 还应能写一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。写作时,考生应：1）做到语法、拼写、标点正确,用词恰当;2）遵循文章的特定文体格式;3）合理组织文章结构,使其内容统、连贯;4）根据写作目的和特定读者,恰当使用语域。2、大纲详解:语言,结构,内容语言第一位、结构第二位、内容第三位:1）语言:两大评分标准（1）基本正确:及格分（2）丰富多变（词汇+句型）：高分2）结构：逻辑性（1）段落结构:总分总A.主题句：1句,改写提纲B.描述或论证：2-3句C.小结：1句（2）评分标准：A.关联词：小作文3-5个,大作文5-7个,适可而止B.同义替换：词汇+句型C.代词替换:it, that, they3）内容：论证充分（1）论点：首段尾句或二段首句以及末段首句（2）论据：（3）论证手段：高分作文三大要求：语言精彩、结构严谨、论证充分六、评分原则:A:大作文要求1 .大作文评分重点在于内容的完整性、文章的连贯组织性、语法结构和词汇的 多样性以及语言的准确性。2 .评分时,根据文章的内容和语言确定其所属档次,然后以该档次的要求来评 分。评分人员在档内有1-3分的调节分。3 .字数、拼写、书写的要求。大作文160200词;小作文100-12-词。B:三眼判卷1.字数,段落或结构;2.分段阅读:3.扫描和査看;七、其他事项:1 .最新大纲;关注三本书:（出版单位:教育部考试中心,出版社:高等教育出版社,出版时间;八月份） 第一本；英语大纲第二本书考试分析1）考试说明2）六套考题;参考试题,最新五年真题（08-12）第三本书大纲解析2 .很多题目反复重考:1）小作文A、道歉信（05年，08年真题）B、建议信（07年,08年，09年真题）2）大作文考研写作六大必考话题:（1）健康:2 考，96、97、12（2）两代关系：3考92、03、05（3）环境:4 考 91、99、00、09、11（4）爱心:3 考 95、01、06 小（5）文化:5考A.文化交流:02、10B.流行文化:93、06、09(6)青年面对社会：4考03、04、07、08、2001年英语大作文真题解析：第二节历年考研真题题目解析、历年真题总论()历年真题1991WHERE TO LIVEIN THE CITY OR THE COUNTRY环境1992FOR A BETTER UNDERSTANDING BETWEEN PARENTS AND CHILD环境1993ADVERTISEMENT ON TV社会1994ON MAKING FRIENDS社会1995THE "PROJECT HOPE”社会1996GOOD HEALTH健康1997SMOKING健康1998BUSINESS PROMISE & GUARANTEE社会1999HUMAN POPULATION & WILDLIFE PROTECTION环境2000WORLD COMMERCIAL FISHING环境2001LOVE社会2002CULTURENATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL文化2003YOUTH DEVELOPMENT教育2004NEVER STOP MAKING PROGRESS社会2005A H FOOTBALL MATCH'5社会2006IDOL WORSHIP社会2007SELF-CONFIDENCE社会2008COORPERTATION社会2009INTRNET社会2010CULTURAL HOT POT文化2011ENVIRENMENTAL PROTECTION环境2012ATTITUTE AND CONFIDENCE健康(二)试题类型历届考研英语写作试题主要分为两大类型：1. 19911996给出提纲或开头的命题作文2. 19972011给出提纲的图画或图表写作(三)图画作文分析1 .命题启示次热点话题为主,最热门话题为辅;历年真题的反复;2 .图画作文特点：图画作文较好的考察了考生的论证和写作能力,更能体现学生英语语言功底。在 图画作文常考的段落类型中,图画描述考察考生观察问题、进行描述的能力;举例 论证考察记叙能力;意义阐释考察分析能力,建议措施考察解决能力,后两者同时 考察考生进行说明和议论的能力。3 .对策1）历年真题分类2） TEM 4 和 CET 4/63）思路拓展二、基本框架结构:（一）Introduction:引言/起始/背景介绍,图画/图表描述段,3到4句。1. General description:总体描述,1 句:2. Details 1、2, 3：挖掘细节词、联接成句,1一一2句。3. Caption:文字说明,1句。（二）Body:主体/拓展段,意义阐释段,5句。1. Topic sentence:主题句，即 symbolic meanings （象征寓意），1 句。2. Argument:论证,3 句。（1. 五大角度:background, facts, others' opinions, reasons, consequence（2. K种手段: Cause and effect, Classification, Definition and explanation, Statistics and facts, Exemplification, Compare and contrast3. Summary:小结,1句,概括论证,总结本段。2. ） Conclusion:结论段,建议措施段,4句。3. Conclusion sentence:结论句,1 句。4. Suggestions: 1、2： 针对双方提建议,2句。3,包装结尾,展望未来：1句。三、2002年大作文解析 见教材P. 41页第三节句子写作1、五大基本句型:1 .句型:主语+谓语（这个句型里的谓语是vi）不及物动词本身就可以表达完整的意思,不需要宾语及补语,但有时可有 副词,介词短语等状语修饰语。1 ） The old man walks in the park.2 ）The red sun rises in the east.注:不及物动词与介词连用时,其后也可跟宾语。例如:Peter is waiting for Kate at school gate.2 .句型二：主语+谓语（系动词）+表语常见的系动词有 be, feel, taste, smell, sound,seem, look（看起来），get（变）,appear, keep, remain,及表变化类的动词如 become（变）,turn（变），grow, go,等。prove 表证明是时也是系动词。1） The story sounds interesting.2） Her dream has come true.3 .句型三：主语+谓语（Vt.）+宾语及物动词后需要一个动作的接受者（宾语）,才能使句意表达完整、准确。作 宾语的成分是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词或从句。1） We are learning English.2） Do you know him?3 ） Your radio needs repairing.4 .句型四：主语+及物动词（Vt.）+间接宾语（1.0）+直接宾语（D.0）英语中有些及物动词能跟双宾语,即间接宾语（指人）和直接宾语（指物）。通常 情况下间接宾语在前,直接宾语在后.1） Her mother bought her a skirt.2） Give me the book, please.与介词 for 连用的动词有 buy, make, cook, get, choose, sing, find, order （订购），do （做），play（演奏）等。与介词 to 连用的动词有 give, lend, teach, take, return, send, pass, tell（告诉）sell（卖）, write（写给）,show（出示）,bring（带给），leave（留给）,offer（提供），hand（交给） 等。5.句型五:主语（S）+及物动词（Vt.）+宾语（0）+宾语补足语（0.C）宾语补足语多有以下成分担任:名词/形容词/介词短语/不定式/ why +不定 式/分词/ that从句/Wh从句。1） We named our baby Tom. 2） She always keeps everything in good order .二、句子类型1 .根据结构特点分类1）简单句（simple sentence）:Tom went to town yesterday.2）并歹（J句（compound sentence）Tom went into the house and he sat down near the window.3） 复合句 （complex sentence）She knew the tall boy who had come back from the USA.2,根据句子长度分类:1)短句(Short sentence)短句具有强调意义的作用,比较适合展示重要的想法和事实。First of all, the definition of ""special circumstance is ambiguous.For another, these short-term courses enrich our lives.2) 长句 (Long sentence)长句能够详细地描述复杂的思想。长句多用来解释观点,理论,或运用细节描述 事物。He crouched a little, spreading his hands under the water and moving them round, trying to feel for her.三、优秀句子标准:1 .规范性(Correctness)* He came into the room watch TV. He came into the room to watch TV.* My family is watching IV at the moment. My family are watching TV at the moment.常见语言错误问题:语法、拼写、标点。常见语法错误包括:时态、冠词、主谓一致等。2 .完整性(Unity)一句话只表述一个完整的意思。个句子所表述的思想不完整,说明该句子缺 乏完整性。* Born in Shanghai in 1975, he grew up to be a famous professor.He was bom in Shanghai in 1975. Finally he grew up to be a famous professor.3 .连贯性(Coherence)句子的连贯性指句子的成分之间连接正确、条理清楚,整体结构自然流畅、融 会贯通。连贯性:句子各部分意义上的连贯;句子各部分之间结构上的连贯。个句子可以表达两层或多层意思,但各层意思之间必须有一定的内在联系和 逻辑关系。复合句,要注意句子表达的主要思想和次要思想,确认主次之间的 关系。平行结构使用不合理,代词指代不明,修饰成分位置不当以及非谓语动词作状 语无用等,都会破坏句子的连贯性。* A man is judged not only by what he says but also by his deeds.* Looking out of the window, the grassland stretches as far as the eye can reach.4 .简洁性(conciseness)句子的简洁,意味着该句子不包括任何不必要的词汇。努力做到以下三点: (1)多用熟词,避免生词,空洞词语;(2)避免过多使用较长的句子;(3) 避免不必要的重复。* It was blue in color.* Mr. Black usually likes to drink all kinds of wines that are produced in France.5 .变化性(Variety)句子的变化性指同一意义可以通过变化的句型来表达。一篇文章要使人觉得 内容丰富,语言生动有力,就应该交叉使用长句、短句、简单句、并列句、复 合句等。* English becomes more important. All of us know the fact. Our society is more open to the world. But it is difficult to learn. I have learned English for seven years. But I still can not command it well. Because English is different from Chinese. And we haven't an environment.It is well known that English has become increasingly important, especially to a society more open the outside world. It is difficult, however, to have a better command of-although I have learned English for 7 years-because of its complete difference from Chinese and of the lack of an English-speaking environment.第四节句子写作2、句子结构变化篇文章要求句子结构丰富多彩。除了简单句,并列句,复合句和被动句 以外,我们还可以运用分词短语,介词短语和不定式短语结构等。添彩结构1 .双重否定句It is impossible to meet the challenges of the future without the payment of a fearful price.2 .比较结构Few problems on the American scene cause so much concern and widespread public interest as does the problem of youthful misbehavior and delinquency.3 .同位语结构Instead, she spends her evenings watching TV and tidying up her closets-occupations at which no particular expertise is expected. （归纳） But whatever sad episodes exist in our past, we must hold a positive view of our history, a history that has been the story of hopes fulfilled and dreams made into reality.4 .排比句Our strength makes him strong; our determination makes him determined; our courage makes him a hero.5 .设问句（明知故问）So, if there is little public support for space exploration, where dose the impetus to fund these activities come from? Promoting the cause of science is one possible answer.6 .强调句It is on campus that we can devote ourselves to our studies and prepare more for our bright future.7 .倒装句Only this way can we further our development and finally realize our dreams.Adding to societal changes today is an enormous stockpile of information.8 .虚拟语气Without his careful help, I would not acquire the chance of going abroad.9 .后置修饰句There is an almost infinite variety of magazines available to satisfy the rich variety of interests and tastes.10 .抽象名词使用Heavy exposure to TV will interfere with one's studies.Every trivial act is interpreted as a revelation of the moral philosophy of the individual actor.二、句子开头变化通过对学生习作分析,许多文章句子开头比较单调,以人称主语为多,比如we, I, he等,其次以连词if, because, when开头的句子也很多。1 .使用添彩结构Just as necessary as financial aid is moral support.Continuous efforts on the part of all students are certainly required.2 .隐含状语从句Careful comparison of the two teaching methods will show the superiority of the forme匚(if)Shortage of time has required the omission of some places of historical interest. (Because)The departure of our teacher brought the heated discussion to the end. ( when )3 .非人称主语1)名词化主语a. We eventually find a new pattern. b. A new pattern eventually emerge.2) it is结构a. people agree that the American education system is in deep trouble.b. It is generally agreed that the American education system is in deep trouble.3) there be 结构There is a broad consensus that we must place increased emphasis on training in math and science.4)其他句子成分置前To succeed in that course, you must attend every course.Troubled by a dream, Tim woke up with a start.三、常见英语错句1,句子残缺* He finally decided to leave school. Because he was utterly bored with his work and was failing all his courses.* The next afternoon we came to the waterfiill. The most beautiful sight on our journey.* I spend almost two years on the phone yesterday. Trying to find a garage to repair my car.2 .不间断句* The exam was postponed, the class was canceled as well.* I took lots of vitamin C, I still came down to with the flu.四种改正方法:1)句号;2)逗号和连词;3)分号;4)复合句3 .修饰语错位* Later in the evening the family trimmed the tree along with a few friends.* He always tries to efficiently and promptly do his work.* We are staying at, for the time being, the local hotel.4 .悬垂修饰语指句首的短语和后面的句子逻辑关系混乱不清* Crying her heart out, 1 was deeply moved by the sound.* After explaining my errand to the guard, an automatic gate swung open to let me in.* To do well in college, good grades are essential.5 .不一致单复数,代词,时态等。* When one have money, he can do what he want to do.6 .词性误用* None can negative the importance of money.7 .指代不清代词与被指代的人、物关系不清,或先后所用代词不一致。* Mary were friendly to my sister because she wanted her to be her bridesmaid.* And we can also know the society by serving it yourselves.8 .串句:* There are many ways we get to know the outside world9 .措辞的毛病* The increasing use of chemical obstacles in agriculture also makes pollution.10 .累赘能用单词不用词组（动词词组例外）,能用词组不用从句或句子。* In spite of the fact that he is lazy, I like him.* For the people who are diligent and kind, money is just the thing to be used to buy the thing they need.11 .不连贯指一个句子前言不搭后语,或结构上不畅通。* The fresh water, it is the most important things of the earth.第五节段落构建模式一.开头段语言精练,直接切入主题。开头段的作用:引入主题,步入正轨,为扩展作铺垫。Avoid departing from an essay!避免:开头偏离主题太远;使用抱歉或埋怨词句:内容不具体,言之无物;使用不 言自明的陈述。主题句应该包含主题导向（Controlling Idea）In the Summer of 1998, the PLA soldiers and people fought the floods.（军民奋战洪水, 抗洪救灾）主题句应尽量概括（General）Smoking is harmful to our health, （narrow）Smoking harms us, both physically and financially.（身体和经济）主题句应尽量具体（Specific）Add a topic introducer：介绍语e.g. Of all Jefferson's many talents, one is central. He was above all a good and tireless writer. His complete works now being published for the first time, will fill more than fifty volumes.（-）引入主题的常用格式A proverb says常百道As the proverb goes.As Charles Dickens / etc. puts it, .A recent survey provides.It has been found that.No one can deny that.The chart/pie graph shows.Various views exist that.There are many arguments/opinions / views about.There is much discussion about / attention to.（-）开头段的表达方法1 .使用引语（use a quotation）“Great minds must be ready not only to take the opportunity, but to make them. Colton, a great writer once remarked. But it still has a profound significance now. To a person, in whose lifetime, opportunities are not many, to make opportunities is more essential to his success.（“伟人不仅随时要抓住机会，还要随时创造机会。”大作家格尔顿的这句名言时至今日仍然意义深远。对那些一生当中机会不多的人来说,创作机会对其成功 尤为重要。）2 .使用具体详实的数字或数据（use figures or statistics）In the past 5 years there has been a marked decline in the number of young married couples who want to have children, coupled with a growing trend toward delayed childbearing. According to official statistics, in 2003, about 28 percent of married couples with wives under 35 gave no birth to children, compared with the 1993 level of 8 percent.（近五年来,已婚年轻夫妇打算生育的人数明显下降,而晚育的趋势也愈演愈烈。 据官方统计,2003年已婚夫妇中35岁以下未生育的妇女比例约占28%,而 1993年该比例为8%）3 .提出问题（ask a question）What do you want from your work? Money? Promotions? Interesting challenges? Continual learning? Work-based friendships? rThe opportunity to develop your own idea and potentials? Though we are all individuals and so our answers will differ, all agree that work provide more than material things.（人为什么要工作?金钱,晋升,趣味挑战,进修,共事交友,实现理想和发挥潜 的机会?人生百态,众说纷纭,但有一点是肯定的,那就是工作不仅仅是 为了得到物质享受）4 .给出背景（offer relevant background）Once in a newspaper I read of a crowd of people who remained appallingly indifferent to the plea of a mother. As she failed to offer the required amount of cash as a price to save her drowning son, the woman at last watched her son sink to death. The story is not rare in newspapers and on TV, and the casualness and detachment our people now have developed has aroused nationwide concern.（当一位母亲因拿不出为救溺水儿子被索要的金额向众人求助时,人们竟然无 动于衷,其冷漠程度令人发指。最终母亲眼睁睁地看着儿子沉底身亡。此类 新闻媒体并不少见,人们所表现出的这种麻木不仁已引起全社会的关注。） （appalling:骇人听闻的,令人震惊的;casualness:漫不经心;detachment： 超脱）5 .定义法（givedefinition）（随机应变,灵活变通）Flexibility is defined as being adaptable to change. In the course of your lifetime, it is essential that you learn to bend and flex around every new circumstance, as rigidity deprives you of the opportunity to see new possibilities. Paradigms change over time, and so must you. Your company may restructure, and you will have to survive. Your spouse may choose to leave the marriage, and you will have to cope. Technology will continue to advance and change, and you must constantly learn and adapt or risk becoming a dinosaur. Flexibility allows you to be ready for whatever curve lies ahead in life instead of getting blindsided by it.（Paradigm:范例;blind-side:偷袭）6 .主题句法（use of topic sentence）（学外语的重要性）Now people become increasingly aware of the importance of acquiring a mastery of a foreign language. To them, the kn