小升初内部资料.docx

郭老师英语辅导学校小升初英语（内部资料）主编：郭秋娟副主编：陈玮玮目录第一章音标第二章名词与冠词第三章代词第四章形容词与副词第五章数词第六章介词和连词第七章动词与动词短语第八章句型第九章情景交际第十章阅读理解第十一章写作小升初专项训练第一章音标小升初专项训练第二章名词和冠词一.名词I.名词的种类：专有名词、普通名词、国名、地名、人名、团体机构名称、可数名词、不可数名词、个体名词、集体名词、抽象名词、物质名词 II.名词的复数：1.规则名词的复数形式：名词的复数形式，一般在单数形式后面加-s或-es。现将构成方法与读音规则如下：规则例词* 一般情况在词尾加-smap-maps, sea-seas, girl-girls, day-days* 以s, x, ch, sh结尾的名词后加-esclass-classes, box-boxes, watch-watches, dish-dishes* 以-域-fe结尾的词变-f和-fe为v再加-esleaMeaves, thief-thieves, knife-knives, loaf-loaves, wife-wives 加-sbelief-beliefs, chief-chiefs, proof-proofs, roof-roofs, gulf-gulfs* 以辅音字母加y结尾的名词，变y为i加-esparty-parties, family-families, story-stories, city-cities* 以元音字母加y结尾的名词，或专有名词以y结尾的，加-s toy-toys, boy-boys ,day-days, ray-rays, Henry-Henrys* 以辅音字母加-o结尾的名词一般加-eshero-heroes, Negro-Negroes, potato-potatoes, tomato-tomatoes 不少外来词加-spiano-pianos, photo-photos, auto-autos, kilo-kilos, solo-solos 两者皆可zero-zeros/zeroes, volcano-volcanoes/ volcanos* 以元音字母加-o结尾的名词加-sradio-radios, bamboo-bamboos, zoo-zoos* 以-th结尾的名词加-struth-truths, mouth-mouths, month-months, path-paths,2.不规则名词复数：英语里有些名词的复数形式是不规则的，现归纳如下：*改变名词中的元音字母或其他形式man-men, wo ma n-women, foot-feet, goose-geese, mouse-mice* 单复数相同sheep, deer, series, means, works, fish, species, li, yuanjin,* 只有复数形式ashes, trousers, clothes, thanks, goods, glasses, compasses, contents* 一些集体名词总是用作复数people, police, cattle, staff* 部分集体名词既可以作单数（整体）也可以作复数（成员） audience, class, family, crowd, couple, group, committee, government,population, crew, team, public, enemy, party* 复数形式表示特别含义customs（海关）,forces（军队）,times（时代）,spirits（情绪）,drinks（饮料）, sands（沙滩）,papers（文件报纸）,manners（礼貌）,looks（外表），brains（头脑智力）,greens（青菜）,ruins（废墟）* 表示“某国人”力口-sAmericans, Australians, Germans, Greeks, Swedes, Europeans单复数同形Swiss, Portuguese, Chinese, Japanese 以-man或-woman结尾的改为-men,Women, Englishmen, Frenchwomen* 合成名词将主体名词变为复数sons-in-law, lookers-on, passers-by, story-tellers, boy friends* 无主体名词时将最后一部分变为复数 grown-ups, housewives, stopwatches* 将两部分变为复数women singers, men servantsIII.名词的所有格：名词在句中表示所有关系的语法形式叫做名词所有格。所有格分两种：一是名词词尾加's构成，二是由介词of加名词构成。前者多表示有生命的东西，后者多表示无生命的东西。l.'s所有格的构成：* 单数名词在末尾加'Sthe boy's father, Jack's book, her son-in-law's photo* 复数名词一般在末尾加the teachers ' room, the twins ' mother,* 不规则复数名词后加'sthe children's toys, women's rights,* 以s结尾的人名所有格加飞或者Dickens ' novels, Charles's job, the Smiths5 house* 表示各自的所有关系时，各名词末尾均须加'sJapan's and America's problems, Jane's and Mary's bikes* 表示共有的所有关系时在最后一词末加'sJapan and America's problems, Jane and Mary's father* 表示"某人家""店铺"，所有格后名词省略 the doctor's, the barber's, the tailor's, my uncle's2 .飞所有格的用法：* 表示时间 today's newspaper, five weeks1 holida y* 表示自然现象 the earth's atmosphere, the tree's branches* 表示国家城市等地方的名词the country's pla n, the world's population, China's industry* 表示工作群体 the ship's crew, majority's view, the team's victory *表示度量衡及价值 a mile 5s journey, five dollars, worth of apples *与人类活动有特殊关系的名词the life's time, the play's plot* 某些固定i司组 a bird's eye view, a stone's throw, at one's wit's end（不知所措）3 . of所有格的用法：* 用于无生命的东西 the legs of the chair, the cover of the book* 用于有生命的东西，尤其是有较长定语时 the classrooms of the first-yea r students* 用于名词化的词 the struggle of the oppressed二.冠词冠词分为不定冠词（a, an）,定冠词（the）,和零冠词。I.不定冠词的用法：* 指一类人或事，相当于a kind of A plane is a machine that can fly.* 第一次提及某人某物，非特指A boy is waiting for you.* 表示“每一"相当于every, one We study eight hours a day.* 表示“相同"相当于the same We are nearly of an age.* 用于人名前，表示不认识此人或与某名人有类似性质的人或事A Mr. Smith came to visit you when you were outThat boy is rather a Lei Feng.* 用于固定词组中A couple of, a bit, once upon a time, in a hurry, have a walk, many a time* 用于quite, rather, ma ny, half, what, such 之后This room is rather a big one.* 用于so(as, too, how)+形容词之后She is as clever a girl as you can wish to meet.II.定冠词的用法：* 表示某一类人或物 The horse is a useful anima 1.* 用于世上独一无二的事物名词前the universe, the moon, the Pacific Ocean* 表示说话双方都了解的或上文提到过的人或事Would you mind opening the door?* 用于乐器前面play the violin, play the guitar* 用于形容词和分词前表示一类人the reach, the living, the wounded* 表示“一家人"或"夫妇"the Greens, the Wangs* 用于序数词和形容词副词比较级最高级前He is the taller of the two children.* 用于国家党派等以及江河湖海，山川群岛的名词前 the United States, the Communist Party of China, the French* 用于表示发明物的单数名词前The compass was invented in China.* 在逢十的复数数词之前，指世纪的某个年代in the 1990飞* 用于表示单位的名词前I hired the car by the hour.* 用于方位名词，身体部位名词，及表示时间的词组前He patted me on the shoulder.III.零冠词的用法：* 专有名词，物质名词，抽象名词，人名地名等名词前Beijing University, Jack,China, love, air* 名词前有this, my, whose, some, no, each, every 等限制I want this book, not that one./ Whose purse is this?* 季节，月份，星期，节假日，一日三餐前March, Sunday, Nationa 1 Day, spring* 表示职位，身份，头衔的名词前Lincoln was made President of America.* 学科，语言，球类，棋类名词前He likes pla ying football/chess.* 与by连用表示交通工具的名词前by train, by air, by la nd* 以and连接的两个相对的名词并用时husband and wife, knife and fork, day and night* 表示泛指的复数名词前Horses are useful anima Is.下面一则定冠词用法口诀可以帮孩子们更好地记忆：沙漠河流与群山，列岛海峡与海湾。阶级党派国家名，组织团体与机关。方位朝代独一词，会议条约与报刊。乐器建筑影剧院，复姓年代海洋群。特指提过人共知，限定抽象单名前。序数全家名次化，序数最高festival前。抓打人体某部位，带language指语言。还有许多惯用法，定冠可添不可删。莫忘规律有例外，灵活使用是关键。小升初专项训练第三章代词I.代词可以分为以下七大类：*人称代词；主格I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they 宾格 me, you, him, her, it, us, you, them*物主代词形容词性物主代词 my, your, his, her, its, our, their 名词性物主代词 mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs*反身代词myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves* 指示代词 this, that, these, those, such, some*疑问代词who, whom, whose, which, what, whoever, whichever, whatever* 关系代词 that, which, who, whom, whose, as*不定代词one/ some/ any, each/ every, none/ no, ma ny/ much, few/ little/ afew/ alittle,other/ another, all/ both, neither/ eitherII.不定代词用法注意点：1. one, some 与any* one可以泛指任何人，也可特指，复数为ones。some多用于肯定句, any多用于疑问句和否定句。One should learn to think of others.Have you any bookmarks? No,1 don't have any bookmarks.I have some questions to ask.*some可用于疑问句中，表示盼望得到肯定的答复，或者表示建议,请求等。Would you like some bananas? Could you give me some money?* some和any修饰可数名词单数时，some表示某个，any表示任何一个。I have read this article in some ma gazine. Please correct the mistakes, if any.*some和数词连用表示“大约”，any可与比较级连用表示程度。 There are some 3,000 students in this school. Do you feel any better today?2. each 和everyeach强调个别，代表的数可以是两个或两个以上，而every强调整体,所指的数必须是三个或三个以上。Each student has a pocket dictionary./ Each (of us) has a dictionary./ We each have a dictionary.Every student has strong and weak points./ Every one of us has strong and weak points.3. none 和nono等于not any,作定语。none作主语或宾语，代替不可数名词，谓语用单数，代替可数名词，谓语单复数皆可以。There is no water in the bottle.How much water is there in the bottle? None.None of the students are (is) afraid of difficulties.4. other 和another* other泛指“另外的，别的”常与其他词连用，如：the other day, every other week,some other reason, no other way,the other特指两者中的另外一个，复数为the others。如：He held a book in one hand and his notes in the other.Two students in our class foiled, but all the others passed the exam.* another指“又一个，另一个”无所指，复数形式是others,泛指“别的人或事”如：I don't like this shirt, please show me another (one).The trousers are too long, please give me another pair / some others.Some like football, while others like basketball.5. all 和both, neither 和eitherall表示不可数名词时，其谓语动词用单数。both和all加否定词表示部分否定，全部否定用neither和none.All of the books are not written in English./ Not all of the books are written in English.Both of us are not teachers./ Not both of us are teachers./ Either of us isa teacher.小升初专项训练第四章形容词和副词I.形容词：*形容词的位置：1 .形容词作定语通常前置，但在下列情况后置：1）修饰some, any, every, no和body, thing, one等构成的复合不定代词时 nobody absent, everything possible2）以-able,-ible结尾的形容词可置于有最高级或only修饰的名词之后 the best book available, the only solution possible3） alive, alike, awake, aware, asleep 等可以后置 the only person awake4）和空间、时间、单位连用时a bridge 50 meters long5）成对的形容词可以后置a huge room simple and beautiful6）形容词短语一般后置 a ma n difficult to get on with* 形容词的作用形容词在句子中一般充当表语、定语和宾语补足语，如：Our school looks very beautiful.俵语）There are fifty students in our class, so we need a big classroom.（定语）Doing morning exercises can make us healthy.（宾语补足语）* 多个形容词修饰同一个名词的顺序：代词数词性状形容词-冠词前的形容词冠词-指示代词-不定代词-代词所有格序数词基数词性质-状态大小长短-形状新旧-温度颜色国籍-产地材料-质地名词限定词+描绘形容词+大小（长短、高低）+物质（材料、质地）+用途（类别、功能、作用）+中心名词* 复合形容词的构成：1）形容词+名词+ed kind-hearted2）形容词+形容词dark-blue3）形容词+现在分词ordinary-look ing4）副词+现在分词hard-working5）副词+过去分词newly-built6）名词+形容词world-famous7）名词+现在分词peace-loving8）名词+过去分词snow-covered9）数词+名词+ed three-egged10）数词+名词 twenty-yearII.副词副词的分类：1 时间副词 soon, now, early, finally, once, recently2 地点副词 here, nearby, outside, upwards, above3 方式副词 hard, well, fast, slowly, excitedly, really4 程度副词 almost, nearly, very, fairly, quite, rather5 频度副词 always, often, frequently, seldom, never6 疑问副词 how, where, when, why7 连接副词 how, when, where, why, whether, however, meanwhile8 关系副词 when, where, whyIII.形容词和副词比较等级：形容词和副词的比较等级分为原级，比较级和最高级。比较级和最高级的构成一般是在形容词和副词后加-er和-est,多音节和一些双音节词前加more和most。1 .同级比较时常常用asas以及not so（as）as如：I am not so good a player as you are.2 .可以修饰比较级的词：much, ma ny, a lot, even, far, a bit, a little, still, yet, by far, any,a great dealo3 .表示一方随另一方变化时用“the morethe more”句型。如：The harder you work, the more progress you will make.4 .用比较级来表达最高级的意思。如：1 have never spent a more worrying day.5 .表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型：Our school is three times larger tha n yours./Our school is four times as large as yours./Our school is four times the size of yours.6 .表示“最高程度”的形容词没有最高级和比较级。如：favourite, excellent, extreme, perfect形容词的比较等级在英语中，形容词和副词都是有比较等级的。分别为原级、比较级和最高级。原级指的是形容词或副词的原形；当二者（人或物均可）进行比较时，会用比较级；当三个或三个以上的人或事物进行比较时,用最高级。e.g.Rose is clever.（用原级）Mary is cleverer than Rose.（用比较级）Bob is the cleverest in our class.（用最高级）1 .形容词比较级的构成（1）规则变化a.单音节形容词及少数以-er,-ow结尾的双音节形容词，力口-er。e.g.strong>stronger更强壮clevercleverer 更聪明narrow 一 narrower更窄的b.形容词的原级是重读闭音节，且以一个辅音字母结尾，则双写这个辅音字母，然后加-er。e.g.更大 更执 更瘦big 一 biggerhot>hotterthin>thinnerc.词尾是不发音字母e结尾的形容词的只加r。 e.g.simple-simpler able>abler brave>braver wide>wider更简单更能干的，更有才华的更勇敢更宽广d.在大多数双音节和多音节形容词前加more,构成比较级。useful>more useful更有用的beautiful*more beautiful更美丽的important_more important,更重要difficultmore difficult0更困难e.以“辅音字母+y”结尾的单音节词及双音节形容词，改y为i,再加-er。easy>easierfunny> funnierhappy 一 happier注意：少数单音节词，前面加more构成比较级。如：fbndmore fond tiredmore tired pleasedmore pleased(2)不规则变化，必须牢记good/wellbetter-best bad/badlyworseworst many/much一more-mostlittle-less-leastfar-farther/further-farthest/furthest2 .形容词比较级的用法基本句式：主语+谓语(系动词)+形容词比较级+than+对比成分。e.g.(1) Your jacket is longer than mine.你的夹克比我的长。(2) It，s colder today than it was yesterday.今天比昨天冷。(3) She is cleverer than any other girl in the class.她比班上任何其他的女孩都聪明。这句话很有意思。“any other girl”任一个其他的女孩是单数，所以我们仍视为二者进行比较，用比较级。意思是“她是所有女孩中最聪明的。“3 .一些特殊用法a. old (老)的比较级和最高级有两种不同形式，意义也不同。 e.g. My elder sister works in a hospital. She is three years older than me.我姐姐在医院工作。她比我大三岁。b. far (远)的比较级也有两种不同形式，意义也不同。e.g.The Palace Museum is farther from our home than the SummerPalace.故宫比颐和园离我家远。He went abroad for further studies.他出国深造。c.“名词(数词)词组+形容词比较级”结构。eg.a head taller, ten minutes earlier ， a few steps further o e.g.My younger sister is a head shorter than I.在这一句中，出现了两个比较级。younger sister 小妹妹 a head shorter 矮一头d.“形容词比较级+and+比较级”表示“越来越”,即more andmore, e.g. Summer is coming. It is getting hotter and hotter.夏天来了。天气变得越来越热。e."the+比较级，the+比较级”表示“越就越"，即themore.the more., e.g.The harder you study, the more knowledge you will get.你学习越努力，得到的知识就越多。形容词的比较级句型1 .应使用连词than或or, e.g.The weather in Shanghai is hotter than that in Beijing.上海的天气比北京的天气热。Which subject is more important, English or math?英语和数学，哪个学科更重要？2 .形容词的最高级前应加上定冠词the,句型中应给出比较范围，e.g. The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河流。The third truck carries the most books of all.第三辆卡车在所有的卡车中载书最多。3 .两个人或物比较时，如果只说明两者相同或不同，则可使用as.as.句型，A+动词+as+形容词原级+as+B.表示A和B两者比较，程度相同，“和相同”否定句为not as (so).as.句型，A+not+as+形容词原级+ as+B 表示A, B两者程度不同，即A不如B那么egMr. Green is as old as Mr. Brown.格林先生和布朗先生年龄一样大。Mr. Green is not as (so) old as Mr. Brown.格林先生和布朗先生的年龄不一样大。4 . the same as 与相同。My friend is the same as me. We are both quiet.A good friend likes to do the same things as me.形容词的靠高级的用法用于三者以上的比较，表示“最”的概念.1 .在形容词最高级前面加“the”；2 .最高级的句子后面可以带of(in)短语表示范围；3 . one of the +最高级+名词复数，表示“最之一”。4 .最高级的一般句型为：主语+系动词(be)+表语(the+最高级)+介词(in, of, among)或从句+比较范围。The Changjiang River is the longest river in China.长江是中国最长的河。5 .最高级前有物主代词时，可不加“the”He is the tallest student in our class.他是我们班上最高的。Sunday is my freest day.周日是我最清闲的一天。6 .在形容词最高级前面可加状语，如：the second, the third, by far, about 等.The yellow river is the second longest river in China.黄河是中国第二长河。7 .最高级前加不定冠词时，表示“非常”的意思。He is a tallest boy.他是个非常高的男孩。8 .在口语中，两者之间表示“最”用"the+比较级+of+两者”表示。This boy is the taller of the two.这个男孩是他们两个中最高的。9 .最高级的构成方法：a.一般情况，直接加estb.以e结尾的词，直接加stc.以辅音字母y结尾的词，变y为i,再加estd.以一个辅音字母结尾的重读闭音节词，双写这个辅音字母，再加este.以ow, er, le,结尾的双音节词，直接加estf.双音节和多音节的形容词前加most构成最高级。g.不规则变化good wellbetterbestbad illworseworstmuchmanymoremostlittlelessleastfarfarther furtherfarthest furthestoldolderoldesteldereldest小升初专项训练第五章数词用来表示数目和顺序的词叫做数词。数词分为基数词和序数词两类。用来表示数目或数来那个的词叫做基数词，表示顺序的词叫做序数词。I .星期的表达方法：星期一（Monday）、星期二（Tuesday）、星期三（Wednesday）、星期四（Thursday）、星期五（Friday）、星期六（Saturday）、星期天（Sunday）备注：星期前用介词onII .英语时间通常用以下两种方法表达：1.直接表达法A.用基数词+ o'clock来表示整点，注意o'clock须用单数，可以省略。如:eight oJ clock八点钟，ten （oJ clock）十点钟B.用基数词按钟点+分钟的顺序直接写出时间。如： eleven-o-f ive H点过五分，six forty六点四十2.间接表达法A.如果分钟数少于30分钟，可用分钟+ past +钟点表示，其中 past是介词，意思是“过"。如： twenty past four 四点二十 eight past one -'点八分B.如果分钟数多于30分钟，可用（60分钟-原分钟数）+ to +（原钟点数+1）表示，其中to是介词，意思是“差”。如：8:35可表示为twenty-five to nine差二十五分钟九点，即八点三十五（其中的分钟数twenty-five是由60分钟减去35分钟得到的;钟点数nine是由8加上1得到的）。注：A.当分钟数是15分钟时，可用名词quarter （一刻钟）表示。如：7:15可表示为 a quarter past seven,12:15可表示为 a quarter past twelveB.当分钟数是30分钟时，可用名词half （一半）表示。如：9:30可表示为 half past nine,3:30可表示为 half past three。 C.若想表明是上午，可在时间后加上am或a. m.。如：thirteen past six a. m.（上午六点十三分）等。若想表明是下午，可在时间后加上 pm 或 p. m.。如：four o' clock p. m.（下午四点）等。D.若表示的时间不够准确，可在时间前加上介词about。如：about eight （大约八点）等。E.在时间前面应用介词at来表示在的意思。如：at nine在九点钟，at about five thirty-five p. m.大约在下午五点三十五分等。时间用法口诀：时间顺读时后分，逆读法分后时。三十以内past连，三十以后t。中间。分用六十减放前，时后加不能欠。III .月份的表达：月份完整形式缩写一月JanuaryJan.二月FebruaryFeb.三月MarchMar.四月AprilApr.五月MayMay六月JuneJun.七月JulyJul.八月AugustAug.九月SeptemberSep.十月SeptemberOct.十一月NovemberNov.十二月DecemberDec.*月日年例：2002年1月17日写作：January 17(th),2002或 January seventeenth,2002(日和年之间需用逗号隔开)读作：January the seventeenth,*日月年例：2002年1月17日写作：17(th) January,2002 the s